Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

In force

Administered by

Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts

This item is authorised by the following title:

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998

Superseded version

View latest version

View as made version

F2024C00159 C05

10 February 2024 - 28 February 2025

Table of contents

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
- 1.01 Name of instrument
- 1.03 References to instruments and documents
- 1.04 References to ICAO documents
- 1.05 References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs, (E)TSOs
- 1.06 Table of Contents
- 1.07 Definitions and abbreviations
CHAPTER 2 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CERTAIN DEFINITIONS IN THE CASR DICTIONARY
- Division 2.1 Definition of special VFR
- 2.01 Special VFR
  - Division 2.2 Definition of specified aircraft performance category
- 2.02 Specified aircraft performance category
- Division 2.3 Definition of standard visual signal
- 2.03 Purpose
- 2.04 Light or projectile signals to aircraft on an aerodrome or in flight
- 2.05 Ground signals for aircraft at aerodromes
- 2.06 Hand signals for marshalling aircraft at aerodromes
- Division 2.4 Definition of VMC criteria
- 2.07 VMC criteria
- Division 2.5 Definitions of specified cruising levels
- 2.08 Specified cruising levels
- 2.09 Specified cruising levels — at or north of 80° south
- 2.10 Specified cruising levels — south of 80° south
CHAPTER 3 NVIS FLIGHTS
- Division 1 Purpose, application and definitions
- 3.01 Purpose
- 3.01A Application
- 3.02 Definitions
  - Division 2 Requirements for an NVIS flight
- 3.03 General requirements for NVIS flights
- 3.04 HLS-NVIS standard
- 3.05 HLS-NVIS basic
- 3.06 No formation flights for NVIS flight
- 3.07 Alternate lighting requirements
  - Division 3 Additional requirements for NVIS operations
- 3.08 Aircraft lighting
- 3.09 Minimum height under the NVFR or the IFR for NVIS operations
- 3.10 Weather requirements — cloud
CHAPTER 4 ALL FLIGHTS — AIRSPEED LIMITS
- 4.01 Purpose
- 4.02 Flight to be within indicated airspeed limits
CHAPTER 5 JOURNEY LOGS — FLIGHTS THAT BEGIN OR END OUTSIDE AUSTRALIAN TERRITORY
- 5.01 Purpose
- 5.02 Journey log information before an international flight begins
- 5.03 Journey log information after an international flight ends
CHAPTER 6 FLYING IN FORMATION
- 6.01 Purpose
- 6.02 Gliders
CHAPTER 7 FLIGHT PREPARATION (WEATHER ASSESSMENTS) REQUIREMENTS
- 7.01 Purpose
- 7.02 Forecasts for flight planning
- 7.03 Flights unable to obtain an authorised weather forecast before departure
CHAPTER 8 FLIGHT PREPARATION (ALTERNATE AERODROMES) REQUIREMENTS
- Division 8.1 Purpose and definitions
- 8.01 Purpose
- 8.02 Definition of relevant weather conditions
- 8.03 Definition of relevant IAP
  - Division 8.2 Destination alternate aerodromes
- 8.04 Destination alternate aerodromes — weather
- 8.05 Destination alternate aerodromes — navigation
- 8.06 Destination alternate aerodromes — aerodrome lighting
- 8.07 Destination alternate aerodromes — restrictions
- 8.08 Alternate minima — Australian aerodromes
- 8.09 Alternate minima — at foreign aerodromes
CHAPTER 9 FLIGHT NOTIFICATIONS
- 9.01 Purpose
- 9.02 Flight notification requirements
- 9.03 Changes to flight plans and SARTIME nominations
- 9.04 Cancelling SARTIME
- 9.05 Responsible persons for receipt of a flight note
CHAPTER 10 MATTERS TO BE CHECKED BEFORE TAKE-OFF
- 10.01 Purpose
- 10.02 Matters to be checked before take-off
- 10.03 Checking systems for measuring and displaying pressure altitude — general
- 10.04 Checking pressure altitude systems — IFR flight
- 10.05 Checking pressure altitude systems — VFR flight
- 10.06 Accurate QNH and site elevation
CHAPTER 11 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES — PRESCRIBED REQUIREMENTS
- Division 11.1 Use of a class of airspace
- 11.01 Purpose and definition
- 11.02 Transition altitude, transition layer and transition level
- 11.03 Oceanic airspace
- 11.04 Loss of GNSS integrity
- 11.05 Use and supply of distance information
- 11.06 ACAS resolution advisory
- 11.07 RVSM airspace
- 11.08 Requirements for flight in the NAT-HLA
- 11.09 Performance-based communication and surveillance requirements
- 11.10 Australian domestic airspace — inoperative radio requirements
- 11.10A Mandatory broadcast area requirements
  - Division 11.2 Use of controlled aerodromes, control areas and control zones
- 11.11 Purpose
- 11.12 Readback of ATC clearances and instructions
- 11.13 Controlled aerodromes
- 11.14 Controlled aerodromes — other requirements
- 11.15 Control zones and control areas — entry into Class A, B, C, D or E airspace
- 11.16 Control zones and control areas — operating within
- 11.17 Control areas – IFR flights – VFR climb/descent and VFR-on-top
- 11.18 Certain oceanic control areas — inoperative radio requirements
  - Division 11.3 Prohibited, restricted and danger areas
- 11.19 Purpose
- 11.20 Prohibited areas
- 11.21 Restricted areas
- 11.22 Danger areas
CHAPTER 12 MINIMUM HEIGHT RULES
- 12.01 Minimum height rules — populous areas and public gatherings
- 12.02 Minimum height rules — other areas
- 12.03 Minimum heights — VFR flight at night
CHAPTER 13 VFR FLIGHTS
- 13.01 Purpose
- 13.02 VFR flight navigation requirements
CHAPTER 14 IFR FLIGHTS
- 14.01 Purpose and definition
- 14.02 IFR flight navigation requirements
- 14.03 Instrument approaches — QNH sources
- 14.04 GNSS arrivals, and DME or GNSS arrivals
- 14.05 Use of GNSS as substitute or alternative to ground-based navigation aids
- 14.06 Availability of GNSS integrity for instrument approaches
- 14.07 Navigation database requirements
- 14.08 PRM instrument approach operations
- 14.09 Instrument approach operational requirements
CHAPTER 15 IFR TAKE-OFF AND LANDING MINIMA
- 15.01 Purpose
- 15.02 Definitions for this Chapter
- 15.03 Take-off minima requirements
- 15.04 Take-off minima for low-visibility operations
- 15.05 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine aeroplanes
- 15.06 Take-off minima for other aeroplanes
- 15.07 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine rotorcraft
- 15.08 Take-off minima for other rotorcraft
- 15.09 Landing minima requirements
- 15.10 Landing minima
- 15.11 Missed approach
CHAPTER 16 APPROACH BAN FOR IFR FLIGHTS
- 16.01 Purpose
- 16.02 Approach ban — other than low-visibility operations
- 16.03 Approach ban — low-visibility operations
CHAPTER 17 DESIGNATED NON-CONTROLLED AERODROMES
- 17.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 18 SAFETY WHEN AEROPLANE OPERATING ON THE GROUND
- 18.01 Prescribed persons
CHAPTER 19 FUEL REQUIREMENTS
- 19.01 Purpose
- 19.02 Definitions of final reserve fuel and contingency fuel
- 19.03 General requirements
- 19.04 Amount of fuel that must be carried for a flight
- 19.05 Procedures for determining fuel before flight and fuel monitoring during a flight
- 19.06 Procedures if fuel reaches specified amounts
- 19.07 Operational variations — procedures and requirements
CHAPTER 20 SAFETY OF PERSONS AND CARGO ON AIRCRAFT
- Division 20.1 Seating for persons on aircraft
- 20.01 Medical transport operations, rescue operations and certain police operations — prescribed circumstances
  - Division 20.2 Restraint of infants and children
- 20.02 Purpose
- 20.03 Infant and child seatbelts as restraints
- (4) Despite subsections (1) and (2), an infant, or a child under the age of 6, who is a medical patient described in subparagraph 20.01 (2) (c) (iv), is restrained if: (a) the infant or child is carried in the arms or on the lap (the relevant position) of an adult occupying a seat or a stretcher; and (b) the adult’s restraint (however described in the applicable procedures in the operator’s exposition for subparagraph 20.01 (2) (c) (iv)) is not fastened around the infant or child; and (c) the infant or child is restrained in the relevant position in a manner determined by the operator to be appropriate for the circumstances. 20.04 Child restraint systems that are not seatbelts
  - Division 20.3 Safety briefings and instructions
- 20.05 Purpose
- 20.06 Passenger safety briefings and instructions
  - Division 20.4 Carriage of animals
- 20.07 Purpose
CHAPTER 21 RADIO FREQUENCY, BROADCAST AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
- Division 21.1 Use of certain frequencies — radio qualifications required
- 21.01 Purpose
  - Division 21.2 Use of radio — broadcasts and reports
- 21.02 Purpose
- 21.03 Prescribed broadcasts and reports — general
- 21.04 Non-controlled aerodromes — prescribed broadcasts
- 21.05 Controlled aerodromes and controlled airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.06 IFR aircraft in Class G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.07 VFR aircraft in Class E or G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.08 Flights in RVSM airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.09 Flights in a mandatory broadcast area — prescribed broadcasts and reports
CHAPTER 22 PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN)
- 22.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 23 INTERCEPTION OF AIRCRAFT
- 23.01 Purpose
- 23.02 Interception of aircraft
CHAPTER 24 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE
- 24.01 Purpose
- 24.02 Take-off performance for aeroplanes
- 24.03 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — general
- 24.04 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within populous areas
- 24.05 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within populous areas
CHAPTER 25 LANDING PERFORMANCE
- 25.01 Purpose
- 25.02 Landing performance for aeroplanes
- 25.03 Landing performance rotorcraft — general
- 25.04 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within a populous area
- 25.05 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within a populous area
CHAPTER 26 EQUIPMENT
- Division 26.1 General
- 26.01 Purpose
  - Division 26.2 Approvals, visibility and inoperative equipment
- 26.02 Approval of aircraft equipment
- 26.03 Visibility and accessibility of pilot-operated equipment
- 26.04 Serviceability of equipment
  - Division 26.3 Flight instruments — aeroplanes
- 26.05 Application
- 26.06 Aeroplane VFR flight by day
- 26.07 Aeroplane VFR flight by night
- 26.08 Aeroplane IFR flight
  - Division 26.4 Rotorcraft-specific requirements
- 26.09 Application
- 26.10 Rotorcraft VFR flight by day
- 26.11 Rotorcraft VFR flight by night
- 26.12 Rotorcraft IFR flight
  - Division 26.5 Experimental and light sport aircraft and Australian registered aircraft
- 26.13 Application — VFR flight requirements do not apply to certain light sport aircraft
- 26.14 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental aeroplanes
- 26.15 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental rotorcraft
- 26.16 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain registered aircraft
- 26.17 Electronic flight information systems
  - Division 26.6 Operational equipment
- 26.18 Radiocommunication systems
- 26.19 When aircraft may begin a flight with inoperative radiocommunications
- 26.20 Equipment to measure and record cosmic radiation
  - Division 26.7 Lighting systems
- 26.21 Cockpit and cabin lighting requirements
- 26.22 Anti-collision lights
- 26.23 Landing lights
- 26.24 Navigation lights
  - Division 26.8 Alerting and warning system requirements
- 26.25 Altitude alerting system and assigned altitude indicator — IFR flights
- 26.26 Aircraft flown with inoperative altitude alerting equipment — IFR flights
- 26.27 Aeroplane airborne collision avoidance system — ACAS II
- 26.28 ACAS II requirements for use
- 26.29 Flight with inoperative ACAS
  - Division 26.9 Flight recording equipment
- 26.30 Definitions — flight recorders
- 26.30A Non-application — agricultural category and restricted category aircraft
- 26.31 Aeroplane flight data recorder
- 26.32 Aeroplane cockpit voice recorder
- 26.33 Rotorcraft flight data recorder
- 26.34 Rotorcraft cockpit voice recorder
- 26.35 Combination recorders — for aeroplane or rotorcraft
- 26.36 FDR, CVR and combination recorder technical requirements
- 26.37 Use of FDR, CVR and combination recorders
- 26.38 Flight with inoperative FDR, CVR or combination flight recording equipment
- 26.39 Data link recorder
  - Division 26.10 Aircraft interior communication systems
- 26.40 Flight crew intercommunications system — VFR flights
- 26.41 Flight crew intercommunications system — IFR flights
- 26.42 Public-address system
  - Division 26.11 Oxygen equipment and oxygen supplies
- 26.43 Supplemental oxygen
- 26.44 Oxygen mask usage requirements — pressurised aircraft above FL 250
- 26.45 Protective breathing equipment — flight crew members
- 26.46 Portable protective breathing equipment
- 26.47 First aid oxygen equipment — pressurised aircraft
  - Division 26.12 Emergency locator transmitters
- 26.48 Carriage of ELTs
- 26.49 ELT — basic technical requirements
- 26.50 Automatic ELT
- 26.51 Survival ELT
- 26.52 Aircraft flown with inoperative ELT
  - Division 26.13 Portable emergency equipment
- 26.53 Hand-held fire extinguishers — aeroplanes
- 26.54 Hand-held fire extinguishers — rotorcraft
  - Division 26.14 Equipment for flights over water
- 26.55 Sea anchors etc. and sound signals — seaplanes, amphibians and certain rotorcraft
- 26.56 Life jackets — carriage requirements
- 26.57 Stowage of life jackets
- 26.58 Wearing life jackets — aircraft generally
- 26.59 Wearing life jackets – rotorcraft – special provision
- 26.60 Life rafts —carriage requirements
- 26.61 Stowage of life rafts
- 26.62 Overwater survival equipment
  - Division 26.15 Remote areas
- 26.63 Definitions
- 26.64 Remote area survival equipment
- 26.65 Meaning of remote area
  - Division 26.16 Surveillance equipment
- 26.66 Exceptions to (E)TSO or NAA requirements
- 26.67 Definitions
- UK CAP 1391 means Civil Aviation Authority of the United Kingdom document number CAP 1391 titled Electronic conspicuity devices, 2nd edition, dated April 2018, or any later edition. 26.68 Required surveillance equipment
- 26.68A Requirements for other surveillance equipment for VFR aircraft
- 26.69 Operation of surveillance equipment — general requirements
- 26.70 Mode S transponders, ADS-B OUT and electronic conspicuity equipment — specific requirements
- 26.71 Alternate GNSS position source for ADS-B OUT — requirements
- 26.72 Alternate ADS-B OUT equipment configuration — requirements
- 26.72A Approved Mode S transponder with Class B TABS position source device equipment configuration — requirements
- 26.72B Approved integrated TABS device — requirements
- 26.72C Approved EC device — requirements
- 26.73 Aircraft flown with inoperative surveillance equipment
  - Division 26.17 Equipment for NVIS flights
- 26.74 Purpose
- 26.74A Application
- 26.75 Definitions
- 26.76 Aircraft general and lighting standards for NVIS flights
- 26.77 Performance and other specifications for NVG image intensifier tubes
- 26.78 Maintenance of the NVIS and its components
- 26.79 Minimum aircraft equipment for NVIS flight
CHAPTER 27 EXPERIMENTAL AND LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT PLACARDS
- 27.01 Experimental aircraft — placards
- 27.02 Light sport aircraft — placards
CHAPTER 28 REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LISTS
- 28.01 Contents of minimum equipment list
- 28.02 Definitions
- 28.03 MEL — contents
- 28.04 Compliance with the MMEL
- 28.05 Compliance with the civil aviation legislation
- 28.06 Compliance with the AFM
- 28.07 If the MMEL does not specify rectification intervals
- 28.08 Effects of repairs or modifications made to the aircraft
- 28.09 Extension of rectification interval
- Notes to Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Federal Register of Legislation

Scheduled Maintenance - Friday 16 October 2026 from 8:30pm AEST

Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Scheduled Maintenance - Friday 16 October 2026 from 8:30pm AEST

Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Legislation text