Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

In force

Administered by

Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts

This item is authorised by the following title:

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998

Superseded version

View latest version

F2020L01514

01 December 2020 - 01 December 2021

Table of contents

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
- 1.01 Name of instrument
- 1.02 Commencement
- 1.03 References to instruments and documents
- 1.04 References to ICAO documents
- 1.05 References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs, (E)TSOs
- 1.06 Table of Contents
- 1.07 Definitions and abbreviations
CHAPTER 2 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CERTAIN DEFINITIONS IN THE CASR DICTIONARY
Division 2.1 Definition of special VFR
- 2.01 Special VFR
Division 2.2 Definition of specified aircraft performance category
- 2.02 Specified aircraft performance category
Division 2.3 Definition of standard visual signal
- 2.03 Purpose
- 2.04 Light or projectile signals to aircraft on an aerodrome or in flight
- 2.05 Ground signals for aircraft at aerodromes
- 2.06 Hand signals for marshalling aircraft at aerodromes
Division 2.4 Definition of VMC criteria
- 2.07 VMC criteria
Division 2.5 Definitions of specified cruising levels
- 2.08 Specified cruising levels
- 2.09 Specified cruising levels — at or north of 80° south
- 2.10 Specified cruising levels — south of 80° south
CHAPTER 3 NVIS FLIGHTS
- 3.01 Purpose
- 3.02 NVIS flight requirements
CHAPTER 4 ALL FLIGHTS — AIRSPEED LIMITS
- 4.01 Purpose
- 4.02 Flight to be within indicated airspeed limits
CHAPTER 5 JOURNEY LOGS — FLIGHTS THAT BEGIN OR END OUTSIDE AUSTRALIAN TERRITORY
- 5.01 Purpose
- 5.02 Journey log information before an international flight begins
- 5.03 Journey log information after an international flight ends
CHAPTER 6 FLYING IN FORMATION
- 6.01 Purpose
- 6.02 Gliders
CHAPTER 7 FLIGHT PREPARATION (WEATHER ASSESSMENTS) REQUIREMENTS
- 7.01 Purpose
- 7.02 Forecasts for flight planning
- 7.03 Flights unable to obtain an authorised weather forecast before departure
CHAPTER 8 FLIGHT PREPARATION (ALTERNATE AERODROMES) REQUIREMENTS
Division 8.1 Purpose and definitions
- 8.01 Purpose
- 8.02 Definition of relevant weather conditions
- 8.03 Definition of relevant IAP
Division 8.2 Destination alternate aerodromes
- 8.04 Destination alternate aerodromes — weather
- 8.05 Destination alternate aerodromes — navigation
- 8.06 Destination alternate aerodromes — aerodrome lighting
- 8.07 Destination alternate aerodromes — restrictions
- 8.08 Alternate minima — Australian aerodromes
- 8.09 Alternate minima — at foreign aerodromes
CHAPTER 9 FLIGHT NOTIFICATIONS
- 9.01 Purpose
- 9.02 Flight notification requirements
- 9.03 Changes to flight plans and SARTIME nominations
- 9.04 Cancelling SARTIME
- 9.05 Responsible persons for receipt of a flight note
CHAPTER 10 MATTERS TO BE CHECKED BEFORE TAKE-OFF
- 10.01 Purpose
- 10.02 Matters to be checked before take-off
- 10.03 Checking systems for measuring and displaying pressure altitude — general
- 10.04 Checking pressure altitude systems — IFR flight
- 10.05 Checking pressure altitude systems — VFR flight
- 10.06 Accurate QNH and site elevation
CHAPTER 11 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES — PRESCRIBED REQUIREMENTS
Division 11.1 Use of a class of airspace
- 11.01 Purpose and definition
- 11.02 Transition altitude, transition layer and transition level
- 11.03 Availability of GNSS FDE in oceanic airspace
- 11.04 Loss of GNSS integrity
- 11.05 Use and supply of distance information
- 11.06 ACAS resolution advisory
- 11.07 RVSM airspace
- 11.08 CASA approval required for flight in the NAT-HLA
- 11.09 Performance-based communication and surveillance requirements
- 11.10 Australian domestic airspace — inoperative radio requirements
Division 11.2 Use of controlled aerodromes, control areas and control zones
- 11.11 Purpose
- 11.12 Readback of ATC clearances and instructions
- 11.13 Controlled aerodromes — clearance required
- 11.14 Control zones and control areas — entry into Class A, B, C or E airspace
- 11.15 Control zones and control areas — entry into Class D airspace
- 11.16 Control zones and control areas — operating within
- 11.17 Control areas – IFR flights – VFR climb/descent and VFR-on-top
- 11.18 Certain oceanic control areas — inoperative radio requirements
Division 11.3 Prohibited, restricted and danger areas
- 11.19 Purpose
- 11.20 Prohibited areas
- 11.21 Restricted areas
- 11.22 Danger areas
CHAPTER 12 MINIMUM HEIGHT RULES
- 12.01 Minimum height rules — populous areas and public gatherings
- 12.02 Minimum height rules — other areas
- 12.03 Minimum heights — VFR flight at night
CHAPTER 13 VFR FLIGHTS
- 13.01 Purpose
- 13.02 VFR flight navigation requirements
CHAPTER 14 IFR FLIGHTS
- 14.01 Purpose and definition
- 14.02 IFR flight navigation requirements
- 14.03 Instrument approaches — QNH sources
- 14.04 GNSS arrivals, and DME or GNSS arrivals
- 14.05 Use of GNSS as substitute or alternative to ground-based navigation aids
- 14.06 Availability of GNSS integrity for instrument approaches
- 14.07 Navigation database requirements
- 14.08 PRM instrument approach operations
CHAPTER 15 IFR TAKE-OFF AND LANDING MINIMA
- 15.01 Purpose
- 15.02 Definitions for this Chapter
- 15.03 Take-off minima requirements
- 15.04 Take-off minima for low-visibility operations
- 15.05 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine aeroplanes
- 15.06 Take-off minima for other aeroplanes
- 15.07 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine rotorcraft
- 15.08 Take-off minima for other rotorcraft
- 15.09 Landing minima requirements
- 15.10 Landing minima
- 15.11 Missed approach
CHAPTER 16 APPROACH BAN FOR IFR FLIGHTS
- 16.01 Purpose
- 16.02 Approach ban — other than low-visibility operations
- 16.03 Approach ban — low-visibility operations
CHAPTER 17 DESIGNATED NON-CONTROLLED AERODROMES
- 17.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 18 SAFETY WHEN AEROPLANE OPERATING ON THE GROUND
- 18.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 19 FUEL REQUIREMENTS
- 19.01 Purpose
- 19.02 Definitions of final reserve fuel and contingency fuel
- 19.03 General requirements
- 19.04 Amount of fuel that must be carried for a flight
- 19.05 Procedures for determining fuel before flight and fuel monitoring during a flight
- 19.06 Procedures if fuel reaches specified amounts
- 19.07 Operational variations — procedures and requirements
CHAPTER 20 SAFETY OF PERSONS AND CARGO ON AIRCRAFT
Division 20.1 Seating for persons on aircraft
- 20.01 Medical transport operations — prescribed circumstances
Division 20.2 Restraint of infants and children
- 20.02 Purpose
- 20.03 Infant and child seatbelts as restraints
- 20.04 Child restraint systems that are not seatbelts
Division 20.3 Safety briefings and instructions
- 20.05 Purpose
- 20.06 Passenger safety briefings and instructions
Division 20.4 Carriage of animals
- 20.07 Purpose
CHAPTER 21 RADIO FREQUENCY, BROADCAST AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Division 21.1 Use of certain frequencies — radio qualifications required
- 21.01 Purpose
Division 21.2 Use of radio — broadcasts and reports
- 21.02 Purpose
- 21.03 Prescribed broadcasts and reports — general
- 21.04 CTAF — prescribed broadcasts
- 21.05 Controlled aerodromes and controlled airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.06 IFR aircraft in Class G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.07 VFR aircraft in Class E or G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.08 Flights in RVSM airspace — prescribed reports
CHAPTER 22 PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN)
- 22.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 23 INTERCEPTION OF AIRCRAFT
- 23.01 Purpose
- 23.02 Interception of aircraft
CHAPTER 24 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE
- 24.01 Purpose
- 24.02 Take-off performance for aeroplanes
- 24.03 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — general
- 24.04 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within populous areas
- 24.05 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within populous areas
CHAPTER 25 LANDING PERFORMANCE
- 25.01 Purpose
- 25.02 Landing performance for aeroplanes
- 25.03 Landing performance rotorcraft — general
- 25.04 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within a populous area
- 25.05 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within a populous area
CHAPTER 26 EQUIPMENT
Division 26.1 General
- 26.01 Purpose
Division 26.2 Approvals, visibility and inoperative equipment
- 26.02 Approval of aircraft equipment
- 26.03 Visibility and accessibility of pilot-operated equipment
- 26.04 Flight with inoperative equipment
Division 26.3 Flight instruments — aeroplanes
- 26.05 Application
- 26.06 Aeroplane VFR flight by day
- 26.07 Aeroplane VFR flight by night
- 26.08 Aeroplane IFR flight
Division 26.4 Rotorcraft-specific requirements
- 26.09 Application
- 26.10 Rotorcraft VFR flight by day
- 26.11 Rotorcraft VFR flight by night
- 26.12 Rotorcraft IFR flight
Division 26.5 Experimental and light sport aircraft and Australian registered aircraft
- 26.13 Application — VFR flight requirements do not apply to certain light sport aircraft
- 26.14 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental aeroplanes
- 26.15 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental rotorcraft
- 26.16 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain Australian-registered aircraft
- 26.17 Electronic flight information systems
Division 26.6 Operational equipment
- 26.18 Radiocommunication systems
- 26.19 When aircraft may begin a flight with inoperative radiocommunications
- 26.20 Equipment to measure and record cosmic radiation
Division 26.7 Lighting systems
- 26.21 Cockpit and cabin lighting requirements
- 26.22 Anti-collision lights
- 26.23 Landing lights
- 26.24 Navigation lights
Division 26.8 Alerting and warning system requirements
- 26.25 Altitude alerting system and assigned altitude indicator — IFR flights
- 26.26 Aircraft flown with inoperative altitude alerting equipment — IFR flights
- 26.27 Aeroplane airborne collision avoidance system — ACAS II
- 26.28 ACAS II requirements for use
- 26.29 Flight with inoperative ACAS
Division 26.9 Flight recording equipment
- 26.30 Definitions — flight recorders
- 26.31 Aeroplane flight data recorder
- 26.32 Aeroplane cockpit voice recorder
- 26.33 Rotorcraft flight data recorder
- 26.34 Rotorcraft cockpit voice recorder
- 26.35 Combination recorders — for aeroplane or rotorcraft
- 26.36 FDR, CVR and combination recorder technical requirements
- 26.37 Use of FDR, CVR and combination recorders
- 26.38 Flight with inoperative FDR, CVR or combination flight recording equipment
- 26.39 Data link recorder
Division 26.10 Aircraft interior communication systems
- 26.40 Flight crew intercommunications system — VFR flights
- 26.41 Flight crew intercommunications system — IFR flights
- 26.42 Public-address system
Division 26.11 Oxygen equipment and oxygen supplies
- 26.43 Supplemental oxygen
- 26.44 Oxygen mask usage requirements — pressurised aircraft above FL 250
- 26.45 Protective breathing equipment — flight crew members
- 26.46 Portable protective breathing equipment
- 26.47 First aid oxygen equipment — pressurised aircraft
Division 26.12 Emergency locator transmitters
- 26.48 Carriage of ELTs
- 26.49 ELT — basic technical requirements
- 26.50 Automatic ELT
- 26.51 Survival ELT
- 26.52 Aircraft flown with inoperative ELT
Division 26.13 Portable emergency equipment
- 26.53 Hand-held fire extinguishers — aeroplanes
- 26.54 Hand-held fire extinguishers — rotorcraft
Division 26.14 Equipment for flights over water
- 26.55 Sea anchors etc. and sound signals — seaplanes and amphibians
- 26.56 Life jackets — carriage requirements
- 26.57 Stowage of life jackets
- 26.58 Wearing life jackets — aircraft generally
- 26.59 Wearing life jackets – rotorcraft – special provision
- 26.60 Life rafts —carriage requirements
- 26.61 Stowage of life rafts
- 26.62 Overwater survival equipment
Division 26.15 Remote areas
- 26.63 Definitions
- 26.64 Remote area survival equipment
- 26.65 Meaning of remote area
- 26.66 RESERVED
Division 26.16 Transponders and surveillance equipment
- 26.67 Definitions
- 26.68 Carriage of transponders and surveillance equipment
- 26.69 Operation of transponders — general requirements
- 26.70 Mode S transponders — specific requirements
- 26.71 Alternate GNSS position source for ADS-B OUT — requirements
- 26.72 Alternate ADS-B OUT equipment configuration — requirements
- 26.73 Aircraft flown with inoperative transponder
CHAPTER 27 EXPERIMENTAL AND LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT PLACARDS
- 27.01 Experimental aircraft — placards
- 27.02 Light sport aircraft — placards
CHAPTER 28 REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LISTS
- 28.01 Contents of minimum equipment list
- 28.02 Definitions
- 28.03 MEL — contents
- 28.04 Compliance with the MMEL
- 28.05 Compliance with the civil aviation legislation
- 28.06 Compliance with the AFM
- 28.07 If the MMEL does not specify rectification intervals
- 28.08 Effects of repairs or modifications made to the aircraft
- 28.09 Extension of rectification interval

Federal Register of Legislation

Scheduled Maintenance - Tuesday 30 December 2025 from 8pm AEST

Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Scheduled Maintenance - Tuesday 30 December 2025 from 8pm AEST

Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Legislation text