Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

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Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts

This item is authorised by the following title:

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998

Superseded version

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F2022C00789 (C03)

06 August 2022 - 06 April 2023

Table of contents

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
- 1.01 Name of instrument
- 1.03 References to instruments and documents
- 1.04 References to ICAO documents
- 1.05 References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs, (E)TSOs
- 1.06 Table of Contents
- 1.07 Definitions and abbreviations
CHAPTER 2 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CERTAIN DEFINITIONS IN THE CASR DICTIONARY
- Division 2.1 Definition of special VFR
- 2.01 Special VFR
  - Division 2.2 Definition of specified aircraft performance category
- 2.02 Specified aircraft performance category
- Division 2.3 Definition of standard visual signal
- 2.03 Purpose
- 2.04 Light or projectile signals to aircraft on an aerodrome or in flight
- 2.05 Ground signals for aircraft at aerodromes
- 2.06 Hand signals for marshalling aircraft at aerodromes
- Division 2.4 Definition of VMC criteria
- 2.07 VMC criteria
- Division 2.5 Definitions of specified cruising levels
- 2.08 Specified cruising levels
- 2.09 Specified cruising levels — at or north of 80° south
- 2.10 Specified cruising levels — south of 80° south
CHAPTER 3 NVIS FLIGHTS
- Division 1 Purpose, application and definitions
- 3.01 Purpose
- 3.01A Application
- 3.02 Definitions
  - Division 2 Requirements for an NVIS flight
- 3.03 General requirements for NVIS flights
- 3.04 HLS-NVIS standard
- 3.05 HLS-NVIS basic
- 3.06 No formation flights for NVIS flight
- 3.07 Alternate lighting requirements
  - Division 3 Additional requirements for NVIS operations
- 3.08 Aircraft lighting
- 3.09 Minimum height under the NVFR or the IFR for NVIS operations
- 3.10 Weather requirements — cloud
CHAPTER 4 ALL FLIGHTS — AIRSPEED LIMITS
- 4.01 Purpose
- 4.02 Flight to be within indicated airspeed limits
CHAPTER 5 JOURNEY LOGS — FLIGHTS THAT BEGIN OR END OUTSIDE AUSTRALIAN TERRITORY
- 5.01 Purpose
- 5.02 Journey log information before an international flight begins
- 5.03 Journey log information after an international flight ends
CHAPTER 6 FLYING IN FORMATION
- 6.01 Purpose
- 6.02 Gliders
CHAPTER 7 FLIGHT PREPARATION (WEATHER ASSESSMENTS) REQUIREMENTS
- 7.01 Purpose
- 7.02 Forecasts for flight planning
- 7.03 Flights unable to obtain an authorised weather forecast before departure
CHAPTER 8 FLIGHT PREPARATION (ALTERNATE AERODROMES) REQUIREMENTS
- Division 8.1 Purpose and definitions
- 8.01 Purpose
- 8.02 Definition of relevant weather conditions
- 8.03 Definition of relevant IAP
  - Division 8.2 Destination alternate aerodromes
- 8.04 Destination alternate aerodromes — weather
- 8.05 Destination alternate aerodromes — navigation
- 8.06 Destination alternate aerodromes — aerodrome lighting
- 8.07 Destination alternate aerodromes — restrictions
- 8.08 Alternate minima — Australian aerodromes
- 8.09 Alternate minima — at foreign aerodromes
CHAPTER 9 FLIGHT NOTIFICATIONS
- 9.01 Purpose
- 9.02 Flight notification requirements
- 9.03 Changes to flight plans and SARTIME nominations
- 9.04 Cancelling SARTIME
- 9.05 Responsible persons for receipt of a flight note
CHAPTER 10 MATTERS TO BE CHECKED BEFORE TAKE-OFF
- 10.01 Purpose
- 10.02 Matters to be checked before take-off
- 10.03 Checking systems for measuring and displaying pressure altitude — general
- 10.04 Checking pressure altitude systems — IFR flight
- 10.05 Checking pressure altitude systems — VFR flight
- 10.06 Accurate QNH and site elevation
CHAPTER 11 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES — PRESCRIBED REQUIREMENTS
- Division 11.1 Use of a class of airspace
- 11.01 Purpose and definition
- 11.02 Transition altitude, transition layer and transition level
- 11.03 Oceanic airspace
- 11.04 Loss of GNSS integrity
- 11.05 Use and supply of distance information
- 11.06 ACAS resolution advisory
- 11.07 RVSM airspace
- 11.08 Requirements for flight in the NAT-HLA
- 11.09 Performance-based communication and surveillance requirements
- 11.10 Australian domestic airspace — inoperative radio requirements
- 11.10A Mandatory broadcast area requirements
  - Division 11.2 Use of controlled aerodromes, control areas and control zones
- 11.11 Purpose
- 11.12 Readback of ATC clearances and instructions
- 11.13 Controlled aerodromes
- 11.14 Controlled aerodromes — other requirements
- 11.15 Control zones and control areas — entry into Class A, B, C, D or E airspace
- 11.16 Control zones and control areas — operating within
- 11.17 Control areas – IFR flights – VFR climb/descent and VFR-on-top
- 11.18 Certain oceanic control areas — inoperative radio requirements
  - Division 11.3 Prohibited, restricted and danger areas
- 11.19 Purpose
- 11.20 Prohibited areas
- 11.21 Restricted areas
- 11.22 Danger areas
CHAPTER 12 MINIMUM HEIGHT RULES
- 12.01 Minimum height rules — populous areas and public gatherings
- 12.02 Minimum height rules — other areas
- 12.03 Minimum heights — VFR flight at night
CHAPTER 13 VFR FLIGHTS
- 13.01 Purpose
- 13.02 VFR flight navigation requirements
CHAPTER 14 IFR FLIGHTS
- 14.01 Purpose and definition
- 14.02 IFR flight navigation requirements
- 14.03 Instrument approaches — QNH sources
- 14.04 GNSS arrivals, and DME or GNSS arrivals
- 14.05 Use of GNSS as substitute or alternative to ground-based navigation aids
- 14.06 Availability of GNSS integrity for instrument approaches
- 14.07 Navigation database requirements
- 14.08 PRM instrument approach operations
- 14.09 Instrument approach operational requirements
CHAPTER 15 IFR TAKE-OFF AND LANDING MINIMA
- 15.01 Purpose
- 15.02 Definitions for this Chapter
- 15.03 Take-off minima requirements
- 15.04 Take-off minima for low-visibility operations
- 15.05 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine aeroplanes
- 15.06 Take-off minima for other aeroplanes
- 15.07 Take-off minima for qualifying multi-engine rotorcraft
- 15.08 Take-off minima for other rotorcraft
- 15.09 Landing minima requirements
- 15.10 Landing minima
- 15.11 Missed approach
CHAPTER 16 APPROACH BAN FOR IFR FLIGHTS
- 16.01 Purpose
- 16.02 Approach ban — other than low-visibility operations
- 16.03 Approach ban — low-visibility operations
CHAPTER 17 DESIGNATED NON-CONTROLLED AERODROMES
- 17.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 18 SAFETY WHEN AEROPLANE OPERATING ON THE GROUND
- 18.01 Prescribed persons
CHAPTER 19 FUEL REQUIREMENTS
- 19.01 Purpose
- 19.02 Definitions of final reserve fuel and contingency fuel
- 19.03 General requirements
- 19.04 Amount of fuel that must be carried for a flight
- 19.05 Procedures for determining fuel before flight and fuel monitoring during a flight
- 19.06 Procedures if fuel reaches specified amounts
- 19.07 Operational variations — procedures and requirements
CHAPTER 20 SAFETY OF PERSONS AND CARGO ON AIRCRAFT
- Division 20.1 Seating for persons on aircraft
- 20.01 Medical transport operations, rescue operations and certain police operations — prescribed circumstances
  - Division 20.2 Restraint of infants and children
- 20.02 Purpose
- 20.03 Infant and child seatbelts as restraints
- 20.04 Child restraint systems that are not seatbelts
  - Division 20.3 Safety briefings and instructions
- 20.05 Purpose
- 20.06 Passenger safety briefings and instructions
  - Division 20.4 Carriage of animals
- 20.07 Purpose
CHAPTER 21 RADIO FREQUENCY, BROADCAST AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
- Division 21.1 Use of certain frequencies — radio qualifications required
- 21.01 Purpose
  - Division 21.2 Use of radio — broadcasts and reports
- 21.02 Purpose
- 21.03 Prescribed broadcasts and reports — general
- 21.04 Non-controlled aerodromes — prescribed broadcasts
- 21.05 Controlled aerodromes and controlled airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.06 IFR aircraft in Class G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.07 VFR aircraft in Class E or G airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.08 Flights in RVSM airspace — prescribed reports
- 21.09 Flights in a mandatory broadcast area — prescribed broadcasts and reports
CHAPTER 22 PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN)
- 22.01 Purpose
CHAPTER 23 INTERCEPTION OF AIRCRAFT
- 23.01 Purpose
- 23.02 Interception of aircraft
CHAPTER 24 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE
- 24.01 Purpose
- 24.02 Take-off performance for aeroplanes
- 24.03 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — general
- 24.04 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within populous areas
- 24.05 Take-off performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within populous areas
CHAPTER 25 LANDING PERFORMANCE
- 25.01 Purpose
- 25.02 Landing performance for aeroplanes
- 25.03 Landing performance rotorcraft — general
- 25.04 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category A rotorcraft within a populous area
- 25.05 Landing performance for rotorcraft — Category B rotorcraft within a populous area
CHAPTER 26 EQUIPMENT
- Division 26.1 General
- 26.01 Purpose
  - Division 26.2 Approvals, visibility and inoperative equipment
- 26.02 Approval of aircraft equipment
- 26.03 Visibility and accessibility of pilot-operated equipment
- 26.04 Serviceability of equipment
  - Division 26.3 Flight instruments — aeroplanes
- 26.05 Application
- 26.06 Aeroplane VFR flight by day
- 26.07 Aeroplane VFR flight by night
- 26.08 Aeroplane IFR flight
  - Division 26.4 Rotorcraft-specific requirements
- 26.09 Application
- 26.10 Rotorcraft VFR flight by day
- 26.11 Rotorcraft VFR flight by night
- 26.12 Rotorcraft IFR flight
  - Division 26.5 Experimental and light sport aircraft and Australian registered aircraft
- 26.13 Application — VFR flight requirements do not apply to certain light sport aircraft
- 26.14 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental aeroplanes
- 26.15 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain experimental rotorcraft
- 26.16 Application — VFR and IFR flight requirements do not apply to certain registered aircraft
- 26.17 Electronic flight information systems
  - Division 26.6 Operational equipment
- 26.18 Radiocommunication systems
- 26.19 When aircraft may begin a flight with inoperative radiocommunications
- 26.20 Equipment to measure and record cosmic radiation
  - Division 26.7 Lighting systems
- 26.21 Cockpit and cabin lighting requirements
- 26.22 Anti-collision lights
- 26.23 Landing lights
- 26.24 Navigation lights
  - Division 26.8 Alerting and warning system requirements
- 26.25 Altitude alerting system and assigned altitude indicator — IFR flights
- 26.26 Aircraft flown with inoperative altitude alerting equipment — IFR flights
- 26.27 Aeroplane airborne collision avoidance system — ACAS II
- 26.28 ACAS II requirements for use
- 26.29 Flight with inoperative ACAS
  - Division 26.9 Flight recording equipment
- 26.30 Definitions — flight recorders
- 26.30A Non-application — agricultural category and restricted category aircraft
- 26.31 Aeroplane flight data recorder
- 26.32 Aeroplane cockpit voice recorder
- 26.33 Rotorcraft flight data recorder
- 26.34 Rotorcraft cockpit voice recorder
- 26.35 Combination recorders — for aeroplane or rotorcraft
- 26.36 FDR, CVR and combination recorder technical requirements
- 26.37 Use of FDR, CVR and combination recorders
- 26.38 Flight with inoperative FDR, CVR or combination flight recording equipment
- 26.39 Data link recorder
  - Division 26.10 Aircraft interior communication systems
- 26.40 Flight crew intercommunications system — VFR flights
- 26.41 Flight crew intercommunications system — IFR flights
- 26.42 Public-address system
  - Division 26.11 Oxygen equipment and oxygen supplies
- 26.43 Supplemental oxygen
- 26.44 Oxygen mask usage requirements — pressurised aircraft above FL 250
- 26.45 Protective breathing equipment — flight crew members
- 26.46 Portable protective breathing equipment
- 26.47 First aid oxygen equipment — pressurised aircraft
  - Division 26.12 Emergency locator transmitters
- 26.48 Carriage of ELTs
- 26.49 ELT — basic technical requirements
- 26.50 Automatic ELT
- 26.51 Survival ELT
- 26.52 Aircraft flown with inoperative ELT
  - Division 26.13 Portable emergency equipment
- 26.53 Hand-held fire extinguishers — aeroplanes
- 26.54 Hand-held fire extinguishers — rotorcraft
  - Division 26.14 Equipment for flights over water
- 26.55 Sea anchors etc. and sound signals — seaplanes, amphibians and certain rotorcraft
- 26.56 Life jackets — carriage requirements
- 26.57 Stowage of life jackets
- 26.58 Wearing life jackets — aircraft generally
- 26.59 Wearing life jackets – rotorcraft – special provision
- 26.60 Life rafts —carriage requirements
- 26.61 Stowage of life rafts
- 26.62 Overwater survival equipment
  - Division 26.15 Remote areas
- 26.63 Definitions
- 26.64 Remote area survival equipment
- 26.65 Meaning of remote area
  - Division 26.16 Surveillance equipment
- 26.66 Exceptions to (E)TSO or NAA requirements
- 26.67 Definitions
- 26.68 Required surveillance equipment
- 26.68A Requirements for other surveillance equipment for VFR aircraft
- 26.69 Operation of surveillance equipment — general requirements
- 26.70 Mode S transponders, ADS-B OUT and electronic conspicuity equipment — specific requirements
- 26.71 Alternate GNSS position source for ADS-B OUT — requirements
- 26.72 Alternate ADS-B OUT equipment configuration — requirements
- 26.72A Approved Mode S transponder with Class B TABS position source device equipment configuration — requirements
- 26.72B Approved integrated TABS device — requirements
- 26.72C Approved EC device — requirements
- 26.73 Aircraft flown with inoperative surveillance equipment
  - Division 26.17 Equipment for NVIS flights
- 26.74 Purpose
- 26.74A Application
- 26.75 Definitions
- 26.76 Aircraft general and lighting standards for NVIS flights
- 26.77 Performance and other specifications for NVG image intensifier tubes
- 26.78 Maintenance of the NVIS and its components
- 26.79 Minimum aircraft equipment for NVIS flight
CHAPTER 27 EXPERIMENTAL AND LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT PLACARDS
- 27.01 Experimental aircraft — placards
- 27.02 Light sport aircraft — placards
CHAPTER 28 REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LISTS
- 28.01 Contents of minimum equipment list
- 28.02 Definitions
- 28.03 MEL — contents
- 28.04 Compliance with the MMEL
- 28.05 Compliance with the civil aviation legislation
- 28.06 Compliance with the AFM
- 28.07 If the MMEL does not specify rectification intervals
- 28.08 Effects of repairs or modifications made to the aircraft
- 28.09 Extension of rectification interval
- Notes to Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

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Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

Administrative Arrangements Order - 13 May 2025

Part 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules) Manual of Standards 2020

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