COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL AND ANZAC PARADE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLANS 2022

I, JAMES BARKER, Branch Head, World and National Heritage Branch, acting as delegate for the Minister for the Environment and Water, acting pursuant to subsection 324S(2) of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, hereby revoke the Australian War Memorial Heritage Management Plan 2011 and the Anzac Parade Heritage Management Plan 2013 and replace them with the Australian War Memorial Heritage Management Plan 2022 and the Anzac Parade Heritage Management Plan 2022 (together forming the Australian War Memorial and Anzac Parade Management Plans 2022), to protect and manage the National Heritage values of the National Heritage place, Australian War Memorial and the Memorial Parade.

This instrument commences on the day after it is registered.

JAMES BARKER

Branch Head, World and National Heritage Branch

Dated                       25 March 2024

Australian War Memorial

Heritage Management Plan

Revised Final Report

Report prepared for the Memorial

March 2022

Report Register

The following report register documents the development and issue of the report entitled Australian War Memorial—Heritage Management Plan—Revised Final Report, undertaken by GML Heritage Pty Ltd in accordance with its quality management system.

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Cover Image: Roll of Honour, AWM. (Source: GML, 2018)

Contents Page

 The Landscape 58

 The Lone Pine 60

 Site Vegetation and Natural Heritage 61

 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 62

3.3 Comparative Analysis 64

 Introduction 64

 War Memorials in Australia 64

 National Institutions in Canberra 66

3.4 Conclusion 73

3.5 Endnotes 74

4.0 Understanding the Heritage Values 75

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Identifying Heritage Values 75

4.2.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) 75

4.2.2 Indigenous Heritage Values 76

4.2.3 Natural Heritage Values 77

4.3 National and Commonwealth Heritage Values 77

4.3.1 National Heritage List Statement of Significance 77

4.3.2 Commonwealth Heritage List Statement of Significance 78

4.4 National and Commonwealth Heritage Values Commentary 78

4.4.1 Status of Heritage Values 78

4.4.2 National Heritage Values—Official and Suggested Revision 79

4.4.3 Commonwealth Heritage values—Official and Suggested Revision 82

4.5 Other Heritage Values 86

4.5.1 Natural Heritage Values 86

4.5.2 Indigenous Heritage Values 87

4.5.3 Values as Part of the Parliament House Vista 87

4.6 Summary of National and Commonwealth Heritage Values 88

4.7 Endnotes 89

5.0 Issues and Constraints 90

5.1 Introduction 90

5.2 The Legislative and Management Framework 90

5.2.1 Australian War Memorial Act 1980 (Cth) 90

5.2.2 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) 91

5.2.3 Statutory Listings 94

5.2.4 Statutory Listings—ACT 95

5.2.5 Non-statutory Listings 95

5.2.6 Australian Capital Territory (Planning and Land Management) Act 1988 (Cth) 95

5.2.7 The National Capital Plan 96

5.2.8 NCA Development and Works Approval within Designated Areas 96

5.2.9 National Memorials Ordinance 1928 (ACT) 97

5.3 Conservation and Condition Monitoring 98

5.3.1 Monitoring Heritage Values 98

5.3.2 Approvals 98

5.3.3 Conservation Works 99

5.3.4 Structural Issues 99

5.3.5 Gallery Redevelopment 100

5.3.6 Maintenance 100

5.3.7 The Condition of Non-Fabric Based Heritage Values 100

5.4 Landscape 101

5.4.1 Tree Management 101

5.4.2 Pests and Faunal Disturbance 101

5.4.3 The Sculpture Garden 102

5.5 Site Use 102

5.5.1 Change of Use—Pressure on Gallery Space 102

5.5.2 Increased Visitation 103

5.5.3 Accessibility 103

5.6 Hazards and Risks 103

5.6.1 Fire 104

5.6.2 Leaks 104

5.6.3 Site Security 104

5.6.4 Services and Infrastructure 104

5.6.5 Ongoing Management Issues 105

5.7 Indigenous Cultural Issues and Consultation 105

5.7.1 Indigenous Stakeholder Consultation 106

5.8 Future Proposals 106

5.8.1 Gallery Masterplanning 106

5.8.2 Site Development Plan Review 107

5.9 AWM Development Project 107

5.9.1 Assessment Process 107

5.9.2 Development Project—HMP Compliance 108

5.9.3 Development Project—EPBC Act Approval Conditions 108

5.10 Conclusions 108

5.11 Endnotes 109

6.0 Conservation Policy 110

6.1 Implementation of the Conservation Policies and Actions 110

6.1.1 Timing/Priority 110

6.1.2 Responsibilities 110

6.2 Key Objective of the General Conservation Policy 111

6.2.1 Policy 1: Conservation Processes 111

6.2.2 Policy 2: Management Processes 114

6.2.3 Policy 3: Stakeholder and Community Consultation 115

6.2.4 Policy 4: Interpretation 117

6.2.5 Policy 5: Documentation, Monitoring and Review 118

6.2.6 Policy 6: Research and Training 118

6.2.7 Policy 7: Use, Access and Security 119

6.3 Specific Conservation Policies 120

6.3.1 Commemorative Area 120

6.3.2 Galleries 121

6.3.3 Landscape 123

7.0 Key Conclusions of the HMP 124

8.0 Appendices 127

Appendix A

Decision Making Process

Appendix B

Heritage Impact Self-Assessment Form

Appendix C

EPBC Regulations Compliance Checklists

Appendix D

NCA Works Approval Application Information Checklists

Appendix E

AWM and Memorial Parade National Heritage List Citation

Appendix F

AWM Commonwealth Heritage List Citation

Appendix G

Parliament House Vista Commonwealth Heritage List Citation

Appendix H

AWM Vegetation Study, Neil Urwin—Griffin Associates Environmental

Appendix I

Navin Officer, Australian War Memorial, Campbell and Mitchell, ACT—Indigenous Cultural Heritage Assessment, March 2008

Appendix J

Memorial Stakeholder and Community Consultation

Appendix K

EPBC Referral 2019-8574 Approval Conditions

Appendix K

EPBC Referral 2019-8574 Approval Conditions

Executive Summary

War memorials are ubiquitous expressions of Australian nationhood. They appear amongst every concentration of people across the country, from our cities to our tiny outback towns. But the grandest of these expressions, the monument that strives to honour all forms of remembrance and all events that need to be remembered, is the Australian War Memorial (AWM) in Canberra.

The AWM is Australia’s National Shrine to those Australians who lost their lives and suffered as a result of war. It is an important place to the Australian community as a whole and has special associations with veterans and their families and descendants of those who fought in wars for Australia.

The AWM is unique in Australia and believed rare in the world as a purpose built repository where the nature of commemoration is based in equal parts in the relationship between the building, the collections of objects and records and the commemorative spaces.

Its physical presence alone is a dominant feature of the nation’s capital: an Art Deco edifice at the head of Anzac Parade facing the federal houses of parliament across Lake Burley Griffin.

A shrine, a museum, an archive, a formal landscape and an outstanding collection of buildings, the AWM offers itself to the nation as a place for reflection, research, education and ceremony. It embodies many heritage values which are recognised by its inclusion in the National Heritage List along with Anzac Parade, the Commonwealth Heritage List, the Register of the National Estate, the ACT Royal Australian Institute of Architects’ National Heritage List and Register of Significant Twentieth Century Architecture, the ACT National Trust Register.

The Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and its accompanying regulations (EPBC Regulations) oblige government agencies to conserve and manage the heritage values of sites in their control. The legislation defines heritage principles that agencies must follow and directs agencies to create documents for guiding their care of heritage places, including this Heritage Management Plan.

This Heritage Management Plan (HMP) acts as a practical guide for conserving, managing and interpreting the site’s heritage. It begins by describing the AWM in detail: its history, its features and its heritage values. It discusses factors that need to be considered when managing the site, such as its statutory context and compliance requirements. The final sections of the plan provide conservation policies for the place’s managers and staff to follow. The report includes a collection of appendices that give further guidance and detailed information for asset managers and curators alike.

To conserve the AWM’s heritage values, the heritage legislation, a range of organisations and the general public, other management documents, logistics, forward planning and changing cultural attitudes need to be considered. This HMP acknowledges the significant obligations they place on the site’s managers and emphasises the need for community involvement and great care in any future development of the AWM.

Mindful of these issues, this plan provides useful policies to guide the Memorial to care for the site’s heritage values from day to day. Section 6.2 outlines general policies for the whole site and Section 6.3 focuses on individual parts in more detail. The policies cover conservation processes; management processes; stakeholder consultation and community involvement; interpretation; documentation, monitoring and review; and use, access and security. Recommended actions and timing for implementation are provided for each policy.

To put these policies into practice, the Memorial will formally adopt this HMP. Specific policies and actions will need to be implemented by the head of Buildings and Services and other sections will have roles to play as well.

The HMP offers various tools to guide policy implementation. Along with the recommended actions mentioned above these tools include an outline of a decision-making process and a works assessment for to help assess the heritage impacts of proposed actions at the site (provided as Appendices A and B).

This HMP relates to the AWM at the time of drafting (September 2018—June 2021). The information and policies in this document therefore reflect the status and condition of the AWM at this time. As the AWM undergoes changes associated with scheduled upcoming development, this program of works will be managed in accordance with the conditions of the project’s regulatory approvals and this HMP, where applicable. Updates to the topics in this HMP which reflect the outcomes of the development project will be implemented in the next version of the HMP.

The HMP confirms that the following key principles are essential to protect the national heritage significance of this important site:

• When considering change or development at the site, consult widely.

• Always be consistent with the HMP when taking any action that will affect features with heritage value.

• Integrate the HMP with the Memorial’s daily asset management and curatorial practices.

• Constantly monitor the implementation of this document and the condition of the site’s heritage values.

• In accordance with the EPBC Act provisions, review this plan after major changes in circumstance, including the completion of the AWM development project, or every five years, whichever is earlier.

Abbreviations and Definitions

Abbreviations

The following table outlines a range of standard abbreviations used in the preparation of heritage management plans as well as specific abbreviations for this report.

Australian War Memorial Terms

To assist with understanding the references provided in this report, the Australian War Memorial terms used have been defined below.

Definitions and Terminology

Throughout this HMP, the terms place, cultural significance, fabric, conservation, maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation, use, compatible use, setting, related place, related object, associations, meanings, and interpretation are used as defined in The Burra Charter: the Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013 (the Burra Charter). Therefore, the meanings of these terms in this report may differ from their popular meanings.

In addition to the Burra Charter terms, the following have specific meanings within the context of this report:

1.0  
Introduction

1.1   Background

The AWM is a national shrine, a museum and an archive located in the northern Canberra suburb of Campbell in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It is managed by the Memorial and is a major research centre and tourist attraction, now consistently attracting more than one million visitors per year.1

These functions of the AWM are supported by the AWM Mitchell Precinct, which is also managed by the Memorial. The AWM Mitchell Precinct, consisting of Treloar A (also known as Annex A), Treloar B, Treloar C, Treloar D (the Old Post Office), Treloar E and Treloar F (currently under lease), provides additional storage and conservation facilities for the AWM collection in the suburb of Mitchell, ACT.

The values of the AWM are recognised through its inclusion in the National Heritage List (NHL) and the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL) (refer to Appendix E and F for the official citations). The EPBC Act requires that a HMP be prepared for National and Commonwealth Heritage places to conserve, present and transmit their heritage values.

This HMP has been prepared by GML Heritage Pty Ltd (GML) in line with the requirements of the EPBC Act and its Regulations. A compliance table showing how this HMP meets the requirements of the EPBC Act and its Regulations is included at Appendix C. Additional text has been provided by the Memorial, in particular on the Australian War Memorial Development Project 2019–2028, provided 27 November 2021, at Sections 2.5, 5 and 6.

1.2   Previous Heritage and Conservation Management Plans

This HMP will update and replace the previous management plans for the AWM, which are listed as follows:

• Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd 2011, Australian War Memorial Heritage Management Plan, prepared for the Australian War Memorial, Canberra;

• Pearson, M and Crocket, G 1995, Australian War Memorial Conservation Management Plan (CMP), prepared for Bligh Voller Architects (referred to as the 1995 CMP);

• Crocket, G 1997, Australian War Memorial Significance Assessment Report, prepared for Bligh Voller Architects; and

• Bligh Voller Nield and HMC 1997, Australian War Memorial Heritage Conservation Masterplan, prepared for the Australian War Memorial.

The 1995 CMP was based on the Register of the National Estate (RNE) listing (date of listing 21 October 1980, Place ID 13286). Entry in the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL) occurred in 2004 while entry in the National Heritage List (NHL) occurred in 2006.

The Memorial has also produced a Heritage Strategy and Heritage Register to meet and manage its heritage obligations under the EPBC Act and its Regulations. The heritage values of the AWM Mitchell Precinct have been assessed in the AWM Heritage Register.

1.3   Location of the Site

The AWM is located in the ACT suburb of Campbell and is bounded by Limestone Avenue to the southwest, Fairbairn Avenue to the southeast and Treloar Crescent to the north. It is sited in a crucial symbolic location at the terminus of the land axis of Walter Burley Griffin’s plan for Canberra (refer to Figure 1.1).

The AWM has an area of approximately 14 hectares, including the whole of Section 39, Campbell, and is located at the foot of Mount Ainslie. This boundary is the area of land owned and controlled by the Memorial and is also the boundary of the Commonwealth Heritage listing for the AWM (refer to Section 1.4).

The AWM comprises:

• the main Memorial Building;

• ANZAC Hall;

• the CEW Bean Building;

• the Administration Building;

• Poppy’s café; and

• landscaped grounds incorporating sculptures, memorials, large technology objects, plaques, the Parade Ground and commemorative and landscape plantings (refer to Figure 1.2).

During the drafting this plan (September 2018–June 2021) the Memorial has scheduled the commencement of a development project at the AWM Campbell site. The development includes the removal and replacement of Anzac Hall, creation of a glazed link connecting the main Memorial Building and the new Anzac Hall, and a new Research Centre. These elements will be located in, and around, the main Memorial Building. This project has been approved under the EPBC Act, and the Memorial will manage the project in accordance with the conditions of this approval; this includes management of the project under the previous Heritage Management Plan (2011) under which the proposal was developed, submitted and approved.

Figure 1.1 The location of the AWM (red outline) within the context of the central national area of Canberra and the National Triangle (dotted orange outline). (Source: Google Earth with GML overlay, 2018)

1.4   Heritage Listings

The AWM is entered in the CHL and the listing boundary is shown in Figure 1.2. The CHL citation is included in Appendix E.

The AWM is also entered in the NHL. The National Heritage listing incorporates the whole of Anzac Parade (including the median strip and its monuments) and the AWM, shown in Figure 1.3. The complete NHL citation is included in Appendix F. The area of the National Heritage listing is approximately 25 hectares, with Anzac Parade owned and controlled by the National Capital Authority (NCA), not the Memorial. This HMP does not cover the Anzac Parade portion of the National Heritage place, which has its own HMP.2

The AWM also falls within the Parliament House Vista (see Figure 1.4), another Commonwealth Heritage place. The complete CHL citation is included in Appendix F.

Table 1.1 Summary of Statutory Heritage Listings Relevant to the AWM.

Figure 1.2 The AWM, showing the CHL boundary in red. (Source: Google Earth with GML overlay, 2018)

Figure 1.3 The NHL boundary shown outlined in yellow, incorporating both the AWM and Anzac Parade, with the CHL boundary of the AWM outlined in red. (Source: Google Earth with GML overlay, 2018)

Figure 1.4 The Parliament House Vista Commonwealth Heritage boundary outlined and hatched in red, showing places of heritage significance within the vista. (Source: Department of the Environment and Water Resources, 2008)

1.5   Heritage Register

The Memorial has prepared a Heritage Register in accordance with Section 341ZB(1)(c) of the EPBC Act and has assessed the heritage values of each place it owns and controls. The Heritage Register is a separate document that was created by GML for the Memorial in August 2020.

The AWM has eight entries in the Heritage Register, as set out in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Places Owned and Controlled by the Memorial with Commonwealth and National Heritage Value.

1.6   Consultation

GML consulted with the Building and Services Section within the AWM Corporate Services Branch throughout the preparation of the HMP.

Consultation with relevant Indigenous community members was undertaken in the preparation of this HMP in 2018. This consultation was undertaken in accordance with the Ask First Guidelines.3 In the ACT there are four Representative Aboriginal Organisations (RAOs) with whom consultation should be undertaken for heritage related projects. These RAOs are:

• Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation;

• King Brown Tribal Group;

• Mirrabei (formerly known as Little Gudgenby River Tribal Council); and

• Ngarigo Currawong Clan.

Consultation discussion was held on site with Wally Bell of the Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation. All four groups were invited to participate in the consultation on site. A summary of the consultation is in included in Section 3.2.11 of this report.

1.7   Endnotes

1 Australian War Memorial 2017, Australian War Memorial Corporate Plan, 2017-2021, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, p 5.

2 Geoff Butler & Associates et al., Anzac Parade, Canberra—Heritage Management Plan, report prepared for National Capital Authority, August 2013.

3 Australian Heritage Commission 2002, Ask First: A Guide to Respecting Indigenous Heritage Places and Values, Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.

2.0  
Understanding the Place—Historical Context

This section provides a summary of the history of both the AWM as a place and the Memorial as an organisation. It draws on the historical analysis presented in the 1995 CMP1 and 2011 HMP, supplemented with additional material relating to the recent history of the place.

Further historical information regarding individual elements within the AWM is provided in the Heritage Register.

2.1   Aboriginal Cultural and Historical Context

Tribal boundaries within Australia are largely based on linguistic evidence and it is probable that boundaries, clan estates and band ranges were fluid and varied over time. Consequently, ‘tribal boundaries’ as delineated today must be regarded as approximations only and relative to the period of, or immediately before, European contact. Social interaction across these language boundaries appears to have been a common occurrence.

According to Tindale,2 the territories of the Ngunawal, Ngarigo and the Walgalu peoples coincide and meet in the Queanbeyan area. The AWM probably falls within the tribal boundaries of the Ngunawal people.

References to the traditional Aboriginal inhabitants of the Canberra region are rare and often difficult to interpret.3 However, the consistent impression is one of rapid depopulation and a desperate disintegration of a traditional way of life over little more than 50 years from initial European contact.4 This process was probably accelerated by the impact of European diseases, which may have included the smallpox epidemic in 1830, influenza, and a severe measles epidemic by the 1860s.5

By the 1850s the traditional Aboriginal economy had largely been replaced by an economy based on European commodities and supply points. Reduced population, isolation from the most productive grasslands, and the destruction of traditional social networks meant that the final decades of the region’s semi-traditional Indigenous culture and economy was centred around European settlements and properties.6

By 1856 the local ‘Canberra Tribe’, presumably members of the Ngunawal, were reported to number around 707 and by 1872 only five or six ‘survivors’ were recorded.8 In 1873, one so-called ‘pure blood’ member remained, known to the European community as Nelly Hamilton or ‘Queen Nellie’.

Combined with other ethnohistorical evidence, this lack of early accounts of Aboriginal people led Flood 9 to suggest that the Aboriginal population density in the Canberra region and Southern Uplands was generally quite low.

Frequently, only so called ‘pure blooded’ individuals were considered ‘Aboriginal’ or ‘tribal’ by European observers. This consideration made possible the assertion of local tribal ‘extinctions’. In reality, ‘Koori’ and tribal identity remained integral to the descendants of the nineteenth-century Ngunawal people, some of whom continue to live in the Canberra/Queanbeyan/Yass region.

2.2   Origins and Establishment

The origins of the AWM are integrally associated with CEW Bean, Australia’s official war correspondent during World War I (refer to Figure 2.1). Bean envisioned a national war museum in Australia’s new capital, Canberra, which would house the relics and trophies of battle. At the same time, Bean was actively working towards earning Australia the right to keep and maintain its own war

records, following the success of Canada in this regard in 1916. In May 1917, Lieutenant John Treloar was appointed officer-in-charge of the Australian War Records Section, before serving as Director of the Memorial between 1920 and 1952 (refer to Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.1 CEW Bean, war correspondent and historian who worked towards the founding of an Australian war museum, 1919. (Source: Australian War Memorial, ID number P04340.004)

Figure 2.2 John Treloar, Officer-in-Charge of Australian War Records, and Director of the AWM for 32 years. (Source: Australian War Memorial, ID number 023405)

Earlier in 1917 the Commonwealth had indicated support for Bean’s concept of a national war museum in Canberra and by 1918 Bean had strengthened his vision to link the collected war relics and war records with the idea of a lasting memorial to those who had died in the war. An Australian War Museum committee was established in 1919 and Henry Gullett was appointed first Director of the Museum. Bean and Treloar believed that the memorial and museum functions were philosophically and operationally inseparable and, along with Gullett, they were to guide its creation and operation over a 40-year period.

The existing site of the AWM may have been considered by Bean as early as 1919. Charles Daley, Secretary of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee, claims to have suggested the site where Walter Burley Griffin had located his ‘Casino’—at the terminal of the main land axis of the city plan. In 1923, the Commonwealth finally announced its intention to proceed with this site for the ‘Australian War Memorial’ and in 1925 the AWM was constituted in Commonwealth legislation. The AWM was inaugurated on 25 April 1929 (refer to Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3 The inauguration of the AWM on Anzac Day 1929. (Source: National Archives of Australia, 3560, 5253)

The competition for the design of the AWM was conducted from 1925–1926. However, none of the entries met all of the competition’s conditions and no winner was announced. Two of the competitors, Emil Sodersten (formerly Sodersteen) and John Crust, were subsequently asked to develop a new collaborative design incorporating the architectural style of Sodersteen and the innovative and cost- cutting approach of Crust. The new joint Sodersteen and Crust design was presented in 1927. The architectural style of the design was primarily Sodersteen’s work and drew upon the then recent development of the Art Deco style from Europe. This architectural styling became popular in Canberra in the postwar period, influencing buildings such as the Institute of Anatomy (now the National Film and Sound Archive) built in 1928–1930. The form of the AWM and design of the main Memorial building was also strongly influenced by Crust’s intention to incorporate a commemorative courtyard for the Roll of Honour, along with CEW Bean’s original concept for a central ‘great hall’, now the Hall of Memory.

Construction at the AWM, which began in 1928–1929, was curtailed and then postponed by the onset of the Depression. In 1934, the ‘Lone Pine’ propagated from seed brought back from the battlefield of Gallipoli was planted within the otherwise denuded landscape (refer to Figure 2.4). Some construction work started again but many details of the building remained unresolved. While the main Memorial building is one of Australia’s earliest major buildings designed and constructed in the Art Deco style, the design was subject to a host of changes and the details of the building were not finally settled until 1936.

Figure 2.4 The Duke of Gloucester planting the Lone Pine, 1933. (Source: National Library of Australia, P583, Album 827)

In 1937 the Memorial’s Board resolved to commission sculpture, stained glass windows and mosaics to complete the Hall of Memory. Napier Waller, a noted Australian artist in large scale murals and mosaics, was invited to submit designs for both the mosaic and stained glass. Leslie Bowles was commissioned to produce designs for the large scale sculpture. Both artists had served in the armed forces in World War I. During World War II, the interiors of the Hall of Memory were reconsidered, and Percy Meldrum collaborated with the artists to help solve the architectural issues of the applied decoration. While Waller was able to proceed with his designs for mosaics, Bowles’ models were rejected. Ray Ewers continued Bowles’ work, with the design for the ‘Australian servicemen’ being accepted in 1955. The installation of the mosaics also commenced in 1955, under the supervision of Aldo Rossi and Severino de Marco (refer to Figure 2.5). The Hall of Memory was finally opened in 1959 (refer to Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.5 Aldo Rossi, Severino de Marco and Mr Napier Waller examining mosaic prior to fixing, 1955. (Source: Australian War Memorial, ID number 042349)

Figure 2.6 Aldo Rossi putting the finishing touches to the dome in 1958. (Source: National Archives of Australia, A1200/18)