Cover page which reads "Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse Heritage Management Plan 2023", accompanied by a photograph of a white lighthouse tower with large prismatic lens sitting inside a large lantern house.






 

 

 

 


Commonwealth Coat of Arms of Australia. Text with the words Australian Government.
Text with the words Australian Maritime Safety Authority
 

 

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse

Heritage Management Plan

2023
 

 


The Australian Maritime Safety Authority makes this heritage management plan under section 341S of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

 

18 December 2023

 

Mick Kinley

Chief Executive Officer

 

Copyright

© Australian Maritime Safety Authority

 

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority encourages the dissemination and exchange of information provided in this publication.

 

Except as otherwise specified, all material presented in this publication is provided under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. This excludes:

 

The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided that you attribute the work. The details of the version 4.0 of the licence are available on the Creative Commons website, as is the full legal code for that licence.

 

Third party copyright

Some material in this document, made available under the Creative Commons Licence framework, may be derived from material supplied by third parties. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority has made all reasonable efforts to identify content supplied by third parties using the following format ‘© [name of third party]’ or ‘Source: [name of third party]’.

Permission may need to be obtained from third parties to re-use their material.

Acknowledgements

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of country throughout Australia and their connections to land, sea and community.

Contact

Comments or questions regarding this document should be addressed to:

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority,

Manager Asset Management and Preparedness,

PO Box 10790,

Adelaide Street, Brisbane QLD 4000

 

Phone: (02) 6279 5000 (switchboard)

Email: Heritage@amsa.gov.au

Website: www.amsa.gov.au

 

Attribution

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority’s preference is that you attribute this publication (and any material sourced from it) using the following wording:

Source: Australian Maritime Safety Authority Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse Heritage Management Plan – 2022

Front cover image:

Figure 1. Cover photo of Sugarloaf Lighthouse (Source: AMSA, 2014)

More information:

For enquiries regarding copyright including requests to use material in a way that is beyond the scope of the terms of use that apply to it, please contact us through our website: www.amsa.gov.au

 

Table of contents

Executive summary

  1. Introduction
    1.   Background and purpose
    2.   Heritage management plan objectives
    3.   Methodology
    4.   Status
    5.   Authorship
    6.   Acknowledgements
    7.   Language
    8.   Previous reports
    9.   Sources of information and images

 

2.      Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse site

2.1  Location

2.2  Setting and landscape

2.3  Lease

2.4  Access

2.5  Listings

 

3.      History

3.1  General history of lighthouses in Australia

3.2  The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service

3.3  Sugarloaf Point: a history

3.4  Why a lighthouse on Sugarloaf Point?

3.5  Building a lighthouse

3.6  Lighthouse keeping

3.7  Chronology of major events

3.8  Changes and conservation over time

3.9  Summary of current and former uses

3.10                      Summary of past and present community associations

3.11                      Unresolved questions or historical conflicts

3.12                      Recommendations for further research 

 

4.      Fabric

4.1  Fabric register

4.2  Related object and associated AMSA artefacts

4.3  Comparative analysis

 

5.      Heritage significance

5.1  Commonwealth heritage listing – Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse

5.2  NSW State heritage register listing

5.3  Condition and integrity of Commonwealth heritage values

5.4  Gain or loss of Commonwealth heritage values

 

6.      Opportunities and constraints

6.1  Implications arising from significance

6.2  Framework: sensitivity to change

6.3  Statutory and legislative requirements

6.4  Operational requirements and occupier needs

6.5  Proposals for change

6.6  Potential pressures

6.7  Processes for decision-making

 

7.      Conservation management principles and policies

 

8.      Policy implementation plan

8.1  Plan and schedule

8.2  Monitoring and reporting

Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms

Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse

Appendix 3. Table demonstrating compliance with the EPBC Regulations

Appendix 4. Sugarloaf Point current light details

Appendix 5. Sugarloaf Point auxiliary light details

Endnotes

Reference list

 


List of Figures

Figure 1.   Cover photo of Sugarloaf Lighthouse (Source: AMSA, 2014)

Figure 2.   Planning process applied for heritage management (Source: Australia ICOMOS, 1999)

Figure 3.   Location of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse along Australian coastline (Map Data: @2021

                 Google, NASA, TerraMetrics)

Figure 4.   Map of Sugarloaf Point and surrounding Myall National Park (Map Data: @2021 Google,

                 CNES/Airbus, Maxar Technologies)

Figure 5.   View of Lighthouse Beach from Sugarloaf Point Lightstation (© AMSA, 2019)

Figure 6.   Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse AMSA Lease (Map data: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar

                 Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP,

                 swisstope, GIS User Community)

Figure 7.   View of pedestrian access way to Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (Source: AMSA, 2020)

Figure 8.   Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2019)

Figure 9.   Incandescent oil vapour lamp by Chance Brothers (Source: AMSA)

Figure 10.   Dioptric lens on display at Narooma (Source: AMSA)

Figure 11. Dalén's system - sunvalve, mixer, flasher and cylinder (Source: AMSA)

Figure 12. Design plan of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, 1874. Courtesy of the National Archives of

                 Australia. NAA: A9568, 1/16/11 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

Figure 13. Grand plan of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse site, 1876. Courtesy of the National Archives of

                 Australia. NAA: A9568, 1/16/6 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

Figure 14. Point Perpendicular Lighthouse, NSW (Source: AMSA, 2009)

Figure 15. Cape Byron Lighthouse, NSW (© AMSA, 2018)

Figure 16. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, NSW (Source: AMSA, 2009)

Figure 17. Cape Moreton Lighthouse, QLD (Source: AMSA, 2011)

 

 

 


Acronym List

List of acronyms utilised throughout this heritage management plan:

Acronym

Definition

AGA

Gas Accumulator Company

AMSA

Australian Maritime Safety Authority

AMSG

Australian Maritime Systems Group

AtoN

Aid to Navigation

BBT

Barbier, Benard, et Turenne

CHL

Commonwealth Heritage List

DCCEEW

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

EPBC Act

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)

EPBC Regulations

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth)

HMP

Heritage Management Plan

IALA

International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities

LED

Light emitting diode

NAA

National Archives of Australia

NES

National Environmental Significance

NLA

National Library of Australia

RMS

Record Management System

RNE

Register for the National Estate (non-statutory archive)

 

 

 

 

 


Executive summary

Built in 1875, Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse was first lit that same year to assist vessels traversing waters near Seal Rocks, which was considered a ‘danger point’ along the coast. The lighthouse contributed to the ‘highway of lights’ designed by the colony authorities to illuminate the coast of New South Wales throughout the mid to late 19th century.

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is notable for its heritage significance and was placed on the Commonwealth Heritage List in 2004. As included within its listing, the lighthouse is recognised for its association with the development of navigational aids along the New South Wales coast during a period renowned for the expansion of the colony’s lighthouse network. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is notable for its rarity, due to its external stairway and original Chance Brothers optics, and its technical achievement with rendered brick shaft and bluestone gallery. The lighthouse is also significant for its aesthetic position on the headland, its social value, and its association with renowned Colonial Architect James Barnet.

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is also listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register. As included within its listing, the lighthouse is recognised for its historical and associative significance, as well as for its social and aesthetic value. The lighthouse is also recognised for its rarity, research potential and representativeness.

Situated on Sugarloaf Point within the Myall Lakes National Park, the Lightstation stands in the estate of the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) approximately 285 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district. Originally operated and maintained by the state of New South Wales, the Commonwealth assumed responsibility for coastal lights, including Sugarloaf Point, in 1915. As a working marine aid to navigation (AtoN), the lighthouse tower is operated and managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA). AMSA lease the lighthouse from NSW NPWS who manage the larger lightstation complex and surrounding land.

The lighthouse was originally fitted with a Chance Bros. optic which is still in service today. The light now runs on an automated mechanism as part of AMSA’s network of AtoN. The equipment is serviced by AMSA’s maintenance contractor who visits as least once per year. AMSA officers visit on an ad hoc basis for auditing, project and community liaison purposes.

This heritage management plan concerns the lighthouse, however it also addresses the management of the surrounding land. The plan is intended to guide AMSA’s decisions and actions. We have prepared this plan to integrate the heritage values of the lighthouse in accordance with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth).

Being well built and generally well maintained, the Lighthouse precinct is in relatively good, stable condition. The policies and management guidelines set out in this heritage management plan strive to ensure that the Commonwealth heritage values of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse are recognised, maintained, and preserved for future generations. 

Decorative cover page which reads "1. Introduction"

  1. Introduction

 

1.1  Background and purpose

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is the Commonwealth agency responsible for marine aids to navigation (AtoN). AMSA’s network includes Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, built in 1875.

Section 341S of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) requires AMSA to prepare a management plan for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse that addresses the matters prescribed in Schedules 7A and 7B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth) (EPBC Regulations). The principal features of this management plan are:

 

AMSA has prepared this heritage management plan to guide the future conservation of the place. This plan provides the framework and basis for the conservation and best practice management of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse in recognition of its heritage values. The policies in this plan indicate the objectives for identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the Commonwealth heritage values of the place. Figure 2 shows the basic planning process applied.

Flowchart showing the planning process for heritage management.

Figure 2. Planning process applied for heritage management (Source: Australia ICOMOS, 1999)

1.2  Heritage management plan objectives

The objectives of this heritage management plan are to:

 

In undertaking these objectives, this plan aims to:

 

The organisational planning cycle and associated budgeting process is used to confirm requirements, allocate funding and manage delivery of maintenance activities. Detailed planning for the AtoN network is managed through AMSA’s internal planning processes.

An interactive map showing many of AMSA’s heritage sites, including Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, can be found at AMSA Heritage Lighthouses Interactive MapP0FP0F[i]PP.

1.3  Methodology

The methodology used in the preparation of this plan is consistent with the recommendations of The Burra Charter and with the requirements of Chapter 5, Part 15 Division 1A of the EPBC Act. In particular, the plan:

 

The criterion set out at Schedule 7A (h) (i-xiii) informed the development of the required policies for the management of the Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, in conjunction with input from the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water on best practice management.

 

Consultation

In preparation the plan, AMSA sought engagement with the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS). NSW NPWS provided information on the management of the larger complex, and recommendations of clarity within sections pertaining to management of the site.

AMSA also sought engagement with the Seal Rocks Protection Society who provided AMSA with insight of the significance of the lighthouse in present day, and marked significant features within the tower.

AMSA sought engagement with Traditional Stakeholder parties with interests in the Sugarloaf Point region under direction from Heritage NSW (Department of Premier and Cabinet, NSW). AMSA is yet to receive responses from all stakeholders and future versions of the plan will provide an update on this consultation process. Of the responses received, these have offered positive comments.

The draft management plan was advertised in accordance with the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations. On 7 October 2022 a notice was placed in The Australian newspaper publication which invited the general public to review the draft plan on AMSA’s website and provide feedback. Public consultation closed on 4 November 2022 and submissions were reviewed by the Heritage Team.

A developed draft was submitted to the Minister through the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Heritage Branch) and in that process the Minister’s delegate sought advice from the Australian Heritage Council and found the plan to be not inconsistent with the requirements of EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations.

No updates or amendments have been made in this version of the plan. Future updates and amendments will be listed here.

1.4  Status

This plan has been adopted by AMSA in accordance with Schedule 7A (Management plans for Commonwealth Heritage places) and Schedule 7B (Commonwealth Heritage management principles) of the EPBC Regulations to guide the management of the place and for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments.

1.5  Authorship

This plan has been prepared by AMSA. At the initial time of publication, the Australian Maritime Systems Group (AMSG) is the contract maintenance provider for the Commonwealth Government’s AtoN network including Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

1.6  Acknowledgements

AMSA acknowledges professional assistance of the NSW NPWS and the Seal Rocks Protection Society on this heritage management plan.

1.7  Language

For clarity and consistency, some words in this plan such as restoration, reconstruction and preservation, are used with the meanings defined in the Burra Charter[ii]. (See Appendix 1 Glossary of heritage conservation terms). Also see ‘Appendix 2 Glossary of lighthouse terminology relevant to Sugarloaf Point which sets out the technical terminology used in this plan.

1.8  Previous reports

 

1.9  Sources of information and images

This plan has used a number of sources of information. This includes the National Archives of Australia (NAA), the National Library of Australia (NLA) and AMSA’s heritage collection.

Decorative cover page which reads "2. Sugarloaf Point Lightstation site".

2.   Sugarloaf Point Lightstation site

2.1  Location

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is located within the Myall Lakes National Park, approximately 285 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district within the Myall Lakes National Park.

Lighthouse coordinates: 32° 26.4630’ S, 152° 32.3450’ E.

Satellite map of Australia with red marker indicating location of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse on eastern coastline. Figure 3. Location of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse along Australian coastline (Map Data: @2021 Google, NASA, TerraMetrics)

2.2  Setting and landscape

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is located on the eastern side of Sugarloaf Point. This area comprises the north–eastern portion of Myall Lakes National Park. Sugarloaf Point is a significant landmark along the coastline with views from the Lighthouse to Charlotte Head in the north and south to Broughton Island and Yacaaba Headland. The underlying geology reflected in the jagged and inclined rock platforms and sheer cliffs provides a strong character that dominates the environment.

 

The lightstation is comprised of the tower, flag locker and flagstaff, two keeper’s cottages and a powerhouse. The collection of buildings are all within close proximity to each other and contribute to the visual aesthetic of the region. Although the lighthouse tower and powerhouse are the only buildings to have retained their original function, the site demonstrates a relatively intact 19th century lightstation. 

Satellite map of Seal Rocks and Sugarloaf Point with red market indicating location of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse on Point. Figure 4. Map of Sugarloaf Point and surrounding Myall National Park (Map Data: @2021 Google, CNES/Airbus, Maxar Technologies) Photography showing a long sandy beach with blue waves and surrounded by green vegetation.

Figure 5. View of Lighthouse Beach from Sugarloaf Point Lightstation (© AMSA, 2019)

Fauna and flora

 

The headland consists of coastal forests and eucalypt woodlands with the associated dune vegetation communities behind the beaches. The vegetation along the cliffs is largely coastal heathland and shows evidence of the strong winds that sweep the peninsula. Weed infestation varies depending on the exposure to settlement patterns; particularly the vehicular tracks that link the area.

 

2.3  Lease

AMSA lease the lighthouse and a small parcel of land from the Minister administering the National Parks and Wildlife Act (NSW) through the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS), the state body responsible for Myall Lakes National Park and larger Sugarloaf Point Lightstation complex.

There are two AMSA leases which cover Lot 1 (the lighthouse tower) and Lot 2 (access paths and the Signal hut) of DP847752, a land area of approximately 560 m2 which sits wholly within the Myall Lakes National Park. The current leases were signed on 1 July 1997, and both have an option for extension for a further 25 years. At the time this plan was prepared, lease renewal negotiations were underway.

Map of AMSA's leased area of the Sugarloaf point Lightstation. Figure 6. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse AMSA Lease (Map data: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstope, GIS User Community)

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service

AMSA maintains a collaborative working relationship with NSW NPWS. AMSA and NSW NPWS have coordinated the admittance of official tour groups for significant events at the lightstation throughout the 21st century.

Project works and works impacting the larger lightstation require prior notification, and access rights are subject to negotiations between AMSA and NSW NPWS due to the nature and location of the site. The lease also stipulates that AMSA must comply with any applicable management plan and State environmental laws. In the case of Sugarloaf Point, AMSA must comply with the Myall Lakes National Park Plan of Management for the precinct which can be found at;

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/~/media/A8F60B87BED148558FA36980702445C9.ashx

2.4  Access

A sealed road runs from Seal Rocks village for approximately one kilometre to the lightstation, with vehicle access limited to service vehicles and holiday tenants of the Keeper’s cottages who can leave vehicles near the garages. General public access is by walking trails from Seal Rocks. The last few hundred meters up to the Lighthouse itself is pedestrian only.

Access to the Sugarloaf Point headland is via a sealed road that winds up from the Seal Rocks village to the keepers’ cottages. From the parking area in the village there is only pedestrian access for the public unless staying at the cottages. There is no vehicle access beyond the Keepers’ Quarters, only a sealed pedestrian way up to the Lighthouse. The Keepers’ trolley way is no longer in use.

Access inside the lighthouse tower is restricted to AMSA employees and authorised personnel.

Photograph showing steep pathway snaking through vegetation down towards lightstation cottages.

Figure 7. View of pedestrian access way to Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2020)

 

 

Photograph of white lighthouse tower nestled on a tall promontory surrounded by green vegetation, overlooking a rocky coastline.

Figure 8. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (© AMSA 2019)

2.5  Listings

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is listed on the following heritage registers:

List 

ID

Commonwealth Heritage List

105602[x]

Register of the National Estate

103604[xi]

NSW State Heritage Register

02025[xii]

 

The place is also located in local government area “Great Lakes region” within the Mid-Coast Council and is listed in the Great Lakes Local Environment Plan as Local Heritage Item number I30.

Decorative cover page which reads "3. History".

3.   History

3.1  General history of lighthouses in Australia

The first lighthouse to be constructed on Australian soil was Macquarie Lighthouse, located at the entrance to Port Jackson, NSW. First lit in 1818, the cost of the lighthouse was recovered through the introduction of a levy on shipping. This was instigated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who ordered and named the light.

The following century oversaw the construction of hundreds of lighthouses around the country. Constructing and maintaining a lighthouse were costly ventures that often required the financial support of multiple colonies. However, they were deemed necessary aids in assisting the safety of mariners at sea. Lighthouses were firstly managed by the colony they lay within, with each colony developing their own style of lighthouse and operational system. Following Federation in 1901, which saw the various colonies unite under one Commonwealth government, lighthouse management was transferred from state hands to the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.  

Lamps and optics: an overview

Lighthouse technology has altered drastically over the centuries. Eighteenth century lighthouses were lit using parabolic mirrors and oil lamps. Documentation of early examples of parabolic mirrors in the United Kingdom, circa 1760, were documented as consisting of wood and lined with pieces of looking glass or plates of tin. As described by Searle, “When light hits a shiny surface, it is reflected at an angle equal to that at which it hit. With a light source is placed in the focal point of a parabolic reflector, the light rays are reflected parallel to one another, producing a concentrated beam”.[xiii]

In 1822, Augustin Fresnel invented the dioptric glass lens. By crafting concentric annular rings with a convex lens, Fresnel had discovered a method of reducing the amount of light absorbed by a lens. The Dioptric System was adopted quickly with Cordouran Lighthouse (France), which was fitted with the first dioptric lens in 1823. The majority of heritage-listed lighthouses in Australia house dioptric lenses made by others such as Chance Brothers (United Kingdom), Henry-LePaute (France), Barbier, Bernard & Turenne (BBT, France) and Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator (AGA of Sweden). These lenses were made in a range of standard sizes, called orders—see ‘Appendix 2. Glossary of lighthouse Terms relevant to Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse’.

A photograph of an incandescent kerosene burner with green tanks and manual pumping handle attached. Photograph showing large lighthouse lens with hundreds of prismatic glass pieces arranged in concentric circles. Lens is sitting on a round, green pedestal.

Figure 9. Incandescent oil vapour lamp by Chance Brothers (Source: AMSA)

Figure 10. Dioptric lens on display at Narooma (Source: AMSA)

Early Australian lighthouses were originally fuelled by whale oil and burned in Argand lamps, and multiple wicks were required in order to create a large flame that could be observed from sea. By the 1850s, whale oil had been replaced by colza oil, which was in turn replaced by kerosene, a mineral oil.

In 1900, incandescent burners were introduced. This saw the burning of fuel inside an incandescent mantle which produced a brighter light with less fuel within a smaller volume. Light keepers were required to maintain pressure to the burner by manually pumping a handle as can be seen in Figure 9.

In 1912, Swedish engineer Gustaf Dalén, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for a series of inventions relating to acetylene-powered navigation lights. Dalén’s system included the sun valve, the mixer, the flasher, and the cylinder containing compressed acetylene. Due to their efficiency and reliability, Dalén’s inventions led to the gradual demanning of lighthouses. Acetylene was quickly adopted by the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service from 1915 onwards.

Photograph split into three. First photo shows a lighthouse sunvalve. Second photo shows a red lighthouse mixer. Third photo shows a red lighthouse flasher.

Figure 11. Dalén's system - sunvalve, mixer and flasher (Source: AMSA)

Large dioptric lenses, such as that shown in Figure 10, gradually decreased in popularity due to cost and the move towards unmanned automatic lighthouses. By the early 1900s, Australia had stopped ordering these lenses with the last installed at Eclipse Island in Western Australia in 1927. Smaller Fresnel lenses continued to be produced and installed until the 1970s when plastic lanterns, still utilising Fresnel’s technology, were favoured instead. Acetylene remained in use until it was finally phased out in the 1990s.

In the current day, Australian lighthouses are lit and extinguished automatically using mains power, diesel generators, and solar-voltaic systems.

 

3.2 The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service

When the Australian colonies federated in 1901, they decided that the new Commonwealth government would be responsible for coastal lighthouses—that is, major lights used by vessels travelling from port to port—but not the minor lights used for navigation within harbours and rivers. There was a delay before this new arrangement came into effect. Existing lights continued to be operated by the states.

Since 1915, various Commonwealth departments have managed lighthouses. AMSA, established under the Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990 (Cth), is now responsible for operating Commonwealth lighthouses and other aids to navigation, along with its other functions.

3.3 Sugarloaf Point: a history

Aboriginal history
The history of the Myall Lakes National Park stretches back many thousands of years. The landscape and its natural resources provided for the Worimi Aboriginal People. Family clans upheld hunter-gatherer lifestyles and thrived off the native fauna and flora, the coastal waterways and freshwater lakes. The park contains a number of significant sites showcasing this extensive history, including middens, scar trees, petroglyphs and campsites.

Further consultation with Traditional Stakeholders is required.    

 

Early European history

In May of 1770, Captain Cook sailed along the NSW coastline in the Endeavour and made the first European record of the coastal area adjacent to the Myall Lakes, including Sugarloaf Point and the rocky outcrops known as Seal Rocks.[xiv] It is believed that the first Europeans to set foot in the area were survivors of the Jane, the Edwin, and the Governor shipwrecks in 1816 which occurred within the vicinity of the rocks. Allegedly five survivors made it ashore, including the captain of the Edwin, and travelled by foot to the settlement of Newcastle.[xv]

 

In 1825, the area formed part of a land grant to the newly established Australian Agricultural Company. However, much of the coastal area was reverted back to the Crown.[xvi]

 

3.4  Why a lighthouse on Sugarloaf Point?

 

By the early to mid-19th century, shipping along the coast had increased exponentially. Port Macquarie and Moreton Bay to the north had developed into penal settlements, and cedar trade along the coast meant that Port Stephens, to the south of Sugarloaf, was regularly used as a haven for shipping. It became obvious that the rocky outcrops of Sugarloaf Point and Seal Rocks were shipping hazards. A number of ships were wrecked around this time including the Sally in 1843 and the schooner the Mary Ann only one month after.[xvii]

 

A Select Committee of the NSW Legislative Council was appointed in 1863 to consider the construction of additional lighthouses on the coast. The Committee identified that there was 600 kilometres of unlit coast between Cape Moreton and Port Stephens.[xviii] Marine Board President Captain Hixson, who held a grand plan to light the coast of NSW “like a highway”, recommended that a lighthouse be erected on Seal Rocks, rather than on the mainland on Sugarloaf Point.[xix] As explained by Garry Searle in First Order: Australia’s high of lighthouses, ‘These rocks were a navigational turning point and steamers leaving Sydney at night arrived there before daylight’.[xx] However it was a further ten years before funds were allocated towards the construction of the Lighthouse.

 

In April 1873, the Marine Board attempted to visit Seal Rocks with Colonial Architect James Barnet, however they found it impossible to land on any of the offshore locations.[xxi] It was decided that a new site on Sugarloaf Point be selected instead, and the area for a lighthouse was marked out on the mainland.[xxii] The first sum of £10,000 was placed on the estimates and in October 1873 was voted in for a Lighthouse on Seal Rocks.[xxiii]

 

3.5 Building a lighthouse

Design and construction

Once the funds were made available, Barnet prepared plans for the proposed lightstation. The designs featured a rendered brick tower with curved balustrades and an external stairway, and the larger lightstation included three Regency-style keepers’ cottages.

Tenders were invited in February 1874, and a site visit was arranged for Barnet, the tenderers and some of the Marine Board, landing in Seal Rocks Bay. In April 1874, the calls for tender were readvertised as no tenders had been accepted.[xxiv]

 

The tender of Mr John McLeod, £13,383, was accepted shortly afterwards which included the erection of the lighthouse and quarters, the fixing of the lantern and carriage, as well as the road to Myall Lake.[xxv] The contractors also constructed a 1500 feet long jetty at Sugarloaf Bay and Boat Beach primarily for the offloading of construction materials for the lightstation.[xxvi]

 

In November 1873, a 16-panel 1st order lens was ordered from Messrs. Chance Bros. & Co., a prominent company located near Birmingham, England. In May 1874, Chance Bros. recommended that a 4th order subsidiary dioptric apparatus be added to the order to assist lighting the rocks below the mainland. The lantern and subsidiary light were delivered to Sydney and landed safely at Seal Rocks bay by July 1875.[xxvii]

 

Construction of the keepers’ cottages and various outbuildings required the headland to be cut into and the construction of stone retaining walls in order to provide the cottages with shelter. The fill removed from these works was allegedly used to level the site of the tower.[xxviii]

For the duration of the works, a construction camp consisting of a barracks, contractor’s office, kitchen office store and school was built along the road to Myall Lake.[xxix]

 

The construction of the lighthouse was officially complete by 29 October 1875.

Architectural drawing of lighthouse with measurements and specifications written across the blueprint.

Figure 12. Design plan of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, 1874. Courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. NAA: A9568, 1/16/11 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

 

Equipment when built

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse was officially lit on 1st December 1875, the first Barnet-designed lighthouse to be completed.[xxx] The lighthouse consisted of two stories approximately 21 feet 6 inches above the ground floor and 11 feet in diameter on the inside. With asphalted ground and intermediate floors, and an iron lantern floor, the tower was built of brick and cemented inside and out.

Barnet’s plans had been followed meticulously, including the installation of the unique external stairs. The balcony, consisting of sixteen bluestones, also incorporated what would become a classic feature of Barnet’s lighthouses: the outward curved gunmetal balustrades.[xxxi]

 

The 1st order lens with a white flashing light had a recorded intensity of 50,000 candelas. The green subsidiary light located below the lantern room lit the rocky outcrops below, covering approximately three miles with an arc of sixty degrees and intensity of 150 candelas.[xxxii]

 

The keepers’ cottages stood on the headland’s southern side, the Head Keeper’s cottage consisting of five rooms including a pantry, detached kitchen and water closet. The Assistant Keeper‘s cottages were semi-detached, three-roomed residences with a store, a detached kitchen and water closet.

 

3.6 Lighthouse keeping

 

The first head keeper to be stationed at Sugarloaf Point was Henry Hoadley, and his assistants Daniel Watson and George Morris. Lightkeepers were tasked with a number of duties including: conservation of the surrounding landscape, coastal and meteorology surveillance, and search and rescue efforts.[xxxiii]

 

Keepers and their families were relatively isolated as the road to Sugarloaf Point was largely inaccessible. Once telegraph communications to the lighthouse were established in March 1877 however, a proper road was constructed from Bulahdelah out to the lighthouse.[xxxiv]

 

The jetty built during the construction of the lighthouse served as a lifeline to the keepers, as it enabled supplies to be delivered via boat, and also permitted travellers and school teachers to access to region.

 

As the decades progressed and domestic travel grew, tourists visited the lightstation and a small fishing village at Seal Rocks developed gradually from 1917 onwards.[xxxv]

 

3.7 Chronology of major events

The following table details the major events to have occurred at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

Date

Event

1 December 1875

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse lit for first time.

8 August 1895

The SS Catterthun wrecked on reef near Seal Rocks. 55 lives lost and 26 passengers rescued.[xxxvi]

10 July 1900

Tower struck by lightning. Oil store blown up causing destruction of the electric bell installation.[xxxvii]

1901

New stables, oil and paint store erected, and new lightning conductor installed.

19

Brewis visits and inspects lightstation.

1966

Keepers reduced from three to two.

1997

Lighthouse de-staffed.

2004

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse listed on Commonwealth Heritage List.

December 2015

Lighthouse opened to the public for 140th Anniversary.

2019

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse listed on NSW State Heritage Register.

 

3.8 Changes and conservation over time

The following section details the changes and conservation efforts to have been carried out at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse since its construction.

The Brewis Report

Commander CRW Brewis, retired naval surveyor, was commissioned in 1911 by the Commonwealth Government to report on the condition of existing lights and to recommend any additional ones. Brewis visited every lighthouse in Australia between June and December 1912 and produced a series of reports published in their final form in March 1913. These reports were the basis for future decisions made for each of the individual lighthouses, and provide a snapshot of the lightstation in the early 20th century.

Brewis recommended that Sugarloaf Point’s subsidiary green light be discontinued.[xxxviii]

SUGARLOAF POINT LIGHT.

(Seal Rocks.)

(34 miles from Crowdy Head.)

Lat. 32° 26’ S., Long. 152° 33’ E., Chart No. 1024. – Established 1875. Last altered 1907.

CharacterMain Light. – One white, dioptric, 1st order, about 50,000 c.p. Flashing, showing one

flash of five seconds duration every thirty seconds. Illuminant, vapourized kerosene; 55mm. incandescent mantle.

Circular brick and cement tower, 22 feet. painted white. Height of focal plane 258 feet.

Subsidiary Light. – One green, dioptric , fixed, about 150 c.p. Exhibited from base of same tower as

main light. Height of focal plane, 238 feet.

Visibility – Main Light.- From seaward, in clear weather, for a distance of 22 nautical miles.

Subsidiary Light. – Through an arc of 62° from 307° (N. 62° W. Mag.) to 9° (N. Mag.). covering Seal

Rocks, an adjacent danger; obscured elsewhere. Visible in clear weather for a distance of about 3 nautical miles.

Optical Apparatus.- Chance Bros., 1874. Sixteen panels. Focal radius 36 inches. One revolution

every eight minutes.

Condition and State of Efficiency.- The tower, quarters, apparatus, and equipment are in good

condition. The fences are in need of renewal, owing to the ravages of white ants.

The green light does not form any guard to the off-lying dangers.

Three light-keepers are stationed here.

Communication.- By road to Bungwahl, distant 10 miles. Connected by telephone with Bungwahl

and Bullah Delah (30 miles), and thence to main telegraph system.

Provisions by coastal steamer when weather favourable, otherwise overland. Mails three days a week.

Government stores overland twice a year.

Electric Morse Lamp.

Fogs.- Few fogs occur, though hazy weather is frequently experienced.

Soundings.- The passage between Seal Rocks and Sugar Loaf Point is only nine cables wide, and

should not be used in thick weather, nor during the dark hours. Vessels should assure their safety by maintaining a depth of over 30 fathoms. This depth will lead a vessel 3 miles off Sugar Loaf Point, and at least 1 mile to the eastward of the off-lying dangers.

RECOMMENDED. – The green subsidiary light be discontinued.

 

 

Alteration to the light

The following table details the changes to the Sugarloaf Point light since its exhibition in 1875.

Date

Alteration

1911

55mm Schmidt-Ford IOV burner installed

Intensity: 122,000

1 April 1923

Lighthouse converted to incandescent vaporised kerosene burner.

Intensity (white light): 174,000 candelas.

14 June 1966

Light converted to electric power with diesel backup.

Ball bearing pedestal installed.

Intensity (white light): 1,000,000 candelas

Intensity (green light): 2,000 candelas

6 December 1984

Green subsidiary light changed to red.

1987

Light automated and keepers withdrawn.

2016

Light source changed to LED.

 

For information on current light details, see ‘Appendix 4 Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse current light details’, and ‘Appendix 5 Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse auxiliary light details’.

 

Recent conservation works

At the time of preparing this management plan, no recent, major conservation works have occurred at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse outside of general maintenance. This section will be updated in future versions of this plan.

Drawing of lightstation from birds eye view with lighthouse and keepers cottages marked out. Figure 13. Grand plan of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse site. Courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. NAA: A9568, 1/16/6 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

3.9 Summary of current and former uses

From its construction in 1875, Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse has been used as a marine AtoN for mariners at sea. Its AtoN capability remains its primary use.

The lightstation complex consists of:

Approximately 32 hectares of crown land, including the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation, was added to Myall Lakes National Park in March 2003.

Plaques on the grassed slope east of the lighthouse record memorials to Tom Chalker, Head Lighthouse Keeper who passed away in 1997, Albert Stevens and Freya Girvin Sherriff.

Within the curtilage of the Commonwealth Heritage Listed place are the Lighthouse Tower and Signal House. The remaining buildings including the Keepers’ Cottages are important contribution to the understanding of the place but are not considered in this report as they lie outside the boundary of the Commonwealth Heritage listed place.

3.10         Summary of past and present community associations

Aboriginal associations

The Myall National Parks holds immense significance to local Aboriginal parties who maintain strong connections to the landscape. This country contains a number of sites which continue to uphold strong connections to spirituality, ceremony and family. Further consultation with Traditional Stakeholders is required.  

 

Local, national and international associations

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is considered a significant site of New South Wales and Australian history. The headland and lightstation maintain strong familial associations due to the lighthouse’s extensive history as a staffed site. This is particularly notable due to the various memorials located onsite which assist cementing ties to the lightstation.

3.11         Unresolved questions or historical conflicts

The date that the lightstation was de-staffed is contested. Searle determines that the lighthouse was officially de-manned in 1987, however some determine that the site was not officially de-manned until 1997.[xxxix] A caretaker resided at the lightstation following this period to carry out maintenance until NSW NPWS assumed full responsibility for the upkeep of the station. 

3.12         Recommendations for further research

Further investigation into life at the lightstation during the late 19th century and early 20th century would provide greater insight into the social history of the lighthouse.

Decorative cover page which reads "4. Fabric Register"

4.   Fabric

4.1  Fabric register

The cultural significance of the lighthouse resides in its fabric, and in its intangible aspects, such as the meanings people ascribe to it, and the connections to other places and things. The survival of its cultural value depends on a well-informed understanding of what is significant, and on clear thinking about the consequences of change. The Burra Charter sets out good practice for conserving cultural significance.

Below, each part of the lighthouse is listed and the description, condition and significance of each part is discussed. Criterion listed under ‘Heritage Significance’ refer to the criterion satisfied within the specific Commonwealth heritage listing (see ‘Section 5.1’).

(All photos in Section 4. Fabric – © AMSA)

Lighthouse feature: Lantern roof

Photograph showing large white lantern house with balcony, and with prismatic lens sitting inside lantern room. Photograph showing close up of wind vane. Blue ocean and rocky outcrops can be seen below in background. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Bros part-spherical dome of copper sheets lapped and screwed to ribs.

 

 

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The lantern roof is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The lantern roof is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The lantern roof is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Lantern glazing

Photograph showing clear glazing panes of circular lanternhouse. A large prismatic lens can be seen sitting inside the lantern room. Photograph showing glazed lantern room of lighthouse tower. Large prismatic lens can be seen sitting inside the lantern room. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Brothers, polygonal in form.

Finish

astragals and glazing strips: painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, reglaze as necessary, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The glazing astragals are an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The glazing astragals are an original part of the lighthouse and add to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The glazing astragals are an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Internal catwalk

Photograph showing inside of lantern room with curved catwalk supported by brackets, attached to the wall below glazing panes. Photograph showing staircase leading from upper lantern room level to floor of lantern room.Photograph showing ornate bracket supporting internal catwalk and fixed to lantern room walls. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Brothers, cast iron lattice floor panels supported on openwork cast iron brackets bolted to the top of the lantern base. Recent galvanised end rail fixed to cast floor panel at end of catwalk.

Finish

cast iron: painted

added handrail: galvanised

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

cast components: high

galvanised rail: low

Integrity

medium

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The internal catwalk is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The internal catwalk is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The internal catwalk is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

Lighthouse features: External catwalk

Photograph showing curved external lattice catwalk wrapped around lantern house. Rocky coastline with green vegetation seen in background below tower.Photograph showing ornate bracket supporting external catwalk fitted to lantern house.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Brothers, cast iron lattice floor panels supported on openwork cast iron brackets bolted to lantern base.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The external catwalk is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The external catwalk is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The external catwalk is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).


Lighthouse feature: Lantern base

Photograph showing lantern room balcony door below internal catwalk. Two round vents are fitted into the wall on either side of the door. Photograph showing stairs leading from lantern room floor to upper lens level. A chain is fitted across the stairs preventing access.Photograph showing lighthouse balcony with gunmetal railing. The lantern house door stands ajar. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Bros, cylindrical in form. Curved panels of cast iron bolted together with flanged joints.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The lantern base is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The lantern base is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The lantern base is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Lantern floor

Photograph showing lantern room floor with inner disc of solid cast iron, and outer rim of cast iron lattice. Photograph showing base of lens pedestal in the centre of the lantern room floor. Clear glass reveals an assortment of items and equipment inside pedestal.  Photograph showing underside of lantern room floor. A solid cast iron disc is supported by rolled beams and central weight tube. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 floor of cast iron panels supported on rolled I beams built into masonry. The central disc of the floor is a solid cast panel with cast lattice panels on its circumference.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The lantern floor is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The lantern floor is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The lantern floor is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Lens assembly

Photograph showing large prismatic lens sitting behind clear glazing panes inside lantern house. Photograph showing close up of prism pieces fitted into gunmetal framing of large lighthouse lens. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 Chance Brothers 920mm focal radius rotating 16 panel catadioptric lens assembly of glass and gunmetal.

Condition

intact and sound

some chips in glass sections

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, clean at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The lens assembly is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The lens assembly is the original assembly installed at the lighthouse, one of few lighthouses that house their original optical array (criterion b).

The lens assembly is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The lens assembly is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

Lighthouse feature: Light source

Photograph showing light emitting diode light source sitting inside large prismatic lens. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Sealite SL-LED-324-W; 12 sided- 36 LED light source mounted on existing steel pillar.

Condition

intact and sound

some chips in glass sections

Significance

low

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: Low

 

Lighthouse feature: Pedestal

Photograph showing green box-shaped pedestal fitted with two glass doors at its base with an assortment of items inside. Painted on the pedestal read the words "COMM. LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE".Photograph showing glass box fitted to top of pedestal. Inside the mechanism for the rotating lens can be seen. ©AMSA 2021

 

 

 

Description and condition

1875 Chance Brothers cast iron and glass cabinet pedestal with CLS bearing and electric drive gear and 1966 first order optic table above. Clockwork has been decommissioned, but some parts remain inside the cabinet as a display.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

cast iron and glass pedestal: high

old clockwork components: high

Later CLS bearing and drive: moderate

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The pedestal is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The pedestal is the original pedestal installed at the lighthouse, one of few lighthouses that house their original optical array (criterion b).

The pedestal is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The pedestal is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Balcony floor

Photograph showing underside of lighthouse balcony which is supported by stone brackets.Photograph showing curved granite balcony floor with gunmetal railing fitted to outer edge. Photograph showing curved granite balcony floor with gunmetal railing fitted to outer edge.

©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 granite slab flooring supported on the masonry wall and rendered stone brackets. Resilient joint caulking.

Finish

bare stone top and edge

soffit painted

Condition

minor slab corner cracks near lantern base, otherwise intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, replace joint caulking at regular intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The balcony floor is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The balcony floor is an example of the fine design and craftsmanship employed when constructing the lighthouse (criterion f).

The balcony floor is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The balcony floor is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Balcony balustrade

Photograph showing lighthouse balcony with curved gunmetal railing fixed to outer edge of granite floor.Photograph showing gunmetal balcony railing fixed to outer edge of balcony floor.Photograph showing close up of balcony railing. Engraved in the railing is "18 VR 75"©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 gunmetal railing with closely spaced balusters of rectangular section canted outward, cruciform stiffeners bolted to balusters, rectangular bottom rail, half round top rail, turned bulbous fixing bolts at bottom. The balustrade has the year of manufacture along with royal emblem (18 V [crown] R 75) punched into the surface in several places.

Finish

bare metal

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The balcony balustrade is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The balcony balustrade is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The balcony floor is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Walls

Photograph showing white lighthouse tower with external staircase and large lantern room and balcony supported by stone brackets. Photograph showing base of white lighthouse tower. A small rectangular window is set into the wall.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 tapered tower of brick masonry with a constant inside diameter. The tower is rendered outside and plastered inside.

Finish

exterior and interior: painted

inside wall and ceiling of oil store at ground level: bare

Condition

structure intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, monitor condition of moisture and salt ingress

Rectification works

none

Heritage significance: High

The walls are an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The walls are an example of the fine design and craftsmanship employed when constructing the lighthouse (criterion f).

The walls are an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The walls are an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Windows

Photograph showing underside of lighthouse balcony. A large rectangular window is set into the walls below the balcony stone brackets. Photograph showing base of white lighthouse tower. A small rectangular window is set into the wall.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Four rectangular windows with gunmetal casement sashes, hinges, latches and frames built into the masonry walls. Cement rendered internal reveals. Sector hazard light at the entrance level has red glass.

Finish

frames and sashes: painted

glass: clear

some upper level window glazing’s have been painted internally to blank them out

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The windows are an early part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The windows are an early part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The windows are an early part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

Lighthouse feature: Auxiliary light

Photograph showing small lens sitting on black and white checker floor beside rectangular window with red glass.Photograph showing incandescent light source fitted inside small lighthouse lens.Photograph showing lighthouse tower with rectangular window set into the walls. The window has red glass panes which are illuminated with a light. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

 

1875 red sector light marking the hazard of Seal Rocks, in the room below the lantern.

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

enclosure: low

other parts: high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, clean at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The sector light is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The sector light is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The sector light is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

Lighthouse feature: Doors

Photograph showing upper and lower entranceways into lighthouse tower. Above upper entrance doorway reads "V.R. 1875" Photograph showing arched wooden entrance door with large sliding bolt lock and round vent fixture.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition:

Early timber doors to tower room and oil store.

Finish

tower entrance door: painted inside, varnished outside

oil store door: varnished both sides

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and re-finish at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The doors are an early addition to a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The doors are an early addition to the lighthouse and add to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The doors are an early addition to a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Intermediate floor

Photograph showing circular checker floor with weight tube fitted to centre of the floor, and a rectangular hatch door. Photograph showing small arched wooden door fitted to concrete walls.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 mass concrete suspended floor with shallow vaulted soffit. 1900 wrought iron support ring and corbels supporting the outer edge.

Finish

black and white ceramic tiles in a checked pattern on top

unpainted soffit

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, clean at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The intermediate floor is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The intermediate floor is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The intermediate floor is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Stairs

Photograph showing curved staircase leading down to lower level with checker floor.Photograph showing white weight tube fitted to centre of floor, with geometric staircase fitted to curved wall.Photograph showing stair treads with ornate painted finish.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 geometric stair made from cast iron treads and risers built into the masonry wall. Treads and risers are bolted together. The treads of the stairway have a relief pattern.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The stairs are an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The stairs are an original part of the lighthouse and add to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The stairs are an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

Lighthouse feature: External stairs

Photograph showing external of white lighthouse tower with external staircase.Photograph showing gunmetal handrail of external staircase.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Geometric external staircase built into tower masonry walls with granite slab treads. Resilient joint caulking.

Finish

bare stone on treads

bare metal balustrade

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, clean at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The external stairs are an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The external stairs are significant as Sugarloaf Point is one of only a few lighthouses to have an external staircase (criterion b).

The external stairs are an original part of the lighthouse and add to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The external stairs are an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Weight tube

 

Photograph showing white weight tube fitted to underside of landing. Small curved door of weight tube slightly ajar.Photograph showing white weight tube fitted to underside of landing.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 cylindrical iron tube in the centre of the tower between the lantern floor and the base of the tower. There is a hinged iron access door at both levels. The length of the weight tube has been extended into the tower floor. Sub floor tube is formed by brickwork with a manhole access on the side. The clockwork weights and hanger are located on the ground floor of the tower.

Finish

painted

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

preserve, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The weight tube is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The weight tube is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The weight tube is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 


Lighthouse feature: Ground floor

 

Photograph showing circular ground floor of lighthouse with a variety of cabinets and photographs on the wall.Photograph showing green kerosene tanks on display in a roped-off section of the lighthouse ground floor.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1875 mass concrete floor. Formed brickwork weight tube pit. Lighthouse memorabilia collection is stored on this level. Assorted items tagged with identification tags by a private collector. A small storeroom under the external staircase is accessed from this level. It is also used as storage for lighthouse memorabilia and the internal roof lining sheets of the lantern.

Finish

black and white ceramic tiles in a checked pattern

manhole cover is timber

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, clean at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The ground floor is an original part of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The ground floor is an original part of the lighthouse and adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The ground floor is an original part of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).


Lighthouse feature: Apron, path and wall

Photograph showing balustrade wall beside lighthouse tower.Photograph showing walking path through green vegetation.Photograph showing curved white balustrade wall beside interpretative signage. ©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Paved apron and surrounding wall; path to keepers’ houses.

Finish

pavers: bare finish

parapet wall: painted

timber rail: painted

concrete: bare

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

apron and wall: high

path: moderate

Integrity

high

Maintenance

keep in service, prepare and repaint at normal intervals

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The apron and wall are original features of a lighthouse associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The apron and wall are original features of the lighthouse and add to the aesthetic and social value of the lighthouse (criterion e, g).

The apron and wall are original features of a lighthouse designed by James Barnet (criterion h).

 

Lighthouse feature: Generator building

Photograph showing small white brick building with large wooden double doors above which reads "Sugarloaf Point".Photograph showing open wooden double doors of small white building. Painted above the doors is a collection of navigational flags and the words "Sugarloaf Point".Photograph showing internal of small white building. The internal walls are covered in historic memorabilia, and various artefacts on display.©AMSA 2021

Description and condition

1983 generator shed and workshop, containing redundant standby diesel generator and various lighthouse memorabilia on display and mounted on walls. Power supply, control equipment and back-up power supply for the lighthouse are located in this building.

This building is divided into two sections and leased separately; the front being AMSA and the rear part for others.

Condition

intact and sound

Significance

high

Integrity

high

Maintenance

preserve, keep in service

Rectification works

none

 

Heritage significance: High

The generator building is a significant feature of a lightstation associated with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids (criterion a).

The generator building is a significant feature of a lightstation and its use as a museum adds to the aesthetic and social value of the lightstation (criterion e, g).


 

4.2  Related object and associated AMSA artefacts

The following AMSA artefacts are located at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

Artefact description:

telephone

Photograph showing black telephone mounted to box inside lighthouse lantern room.

©AMSA 2021

MAXIMO ID:

AR0045

Location in Lighthouse:

lantern room

Condition:

good

 

Artefact description:

240mm acetylene flasher

Photograph showing red acetylene flasher.

©AMSA 2021

MAXIMO ID:

AR0569

Location in Lighthouse:

engine room

Condition:

good

 

 

 

Artefact description:

Marconi Lodestar direction finder

Photograph showing machine with dials.

©AMSA 2021

MAXIMO ID:

AR0547

Location in Lighthouse:

engine room

Condition:

good

 

Artefact description:

Lister LT2 generator

Photograph showing green diesel generator sitting on plinth.©AMSA 2021

MAXIMO ID:

AR0368

Location in Lighthouse:

engine room

Condition:

good

 

4.3  Comparative analysis

There are several lighthouses that are of similar design to Sugarloaf Point 1875 in many respects, notably Cape Byron and Point Perpendicular Lighthouse (New South Wales). Point Perpendicular was built 24 years after Sugarloaf Point in 1899, and similarly designed by Barnet. Although Barnet retired before Cape Byron Lighthouse was constructed in 1901, it is understood that the design for the lighthouse was largely inspired by Barnet’s work. As with Sugarloaf Point, the reduced height of Cape Byron was due to the steepness of the topography - a sheer cliff face of approximately 90 metres.

Photograph showing white lighthouse tower with attached pavilion rooms.Photograph showing white lighthouse tower with attached pavilion rooms sitting atop a rocky cliff-edge.

Figure 14. Point Perpendicular Lighthouse, NSW (Source: AMSA, 2009)

Figure 15. Cape Byron Lighthouse, NSW (© AMSA, 2018)

 

Photograph showing large lantern house with illuminated prismatic lens sitting inside.Photograph showing tall stone lighthouse tower with two red bands painted around external walls.

Figure 16. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, NSW (Source: AMSA, 2009)

Figure 17. Cape Moreton Lighthouse, QLD (Source: AMSA, 2011)

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is celebrated for its unusual external stairs. The only other masonry tower to have external stairs is Cape Moreton Lighthouse (Queensland), opened in 1857 and designed by Edmund Blackett for the NSW government prior to separation of Queensland. Sandy Cape Lighthouse (Queensland), built in 1870, stands as a prefabricated cast iron tower also with an external stair.

 

 Decorative cover page which reads "5. Heritage Significance"

5.   Heritage significance

5.1  Commonwealth heritage listing –Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse

The following information is taken directly from the Commonwealth Heritage listing for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (Place ID: 105602).

Commonwealth Heritage List - statement of significance

The following statement of significance is taken directly from Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse’s Commonwealth heritage listing:

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, opened in 1875, is significant for its association with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids during an important period of expansion of the lighthouse network. It also has a long association with Australian shipping. (Criterion A.4) (Themes: 3.8.1 Shipping to and from Australian ports, 3.16.1 Dealing with hazards and disasters)

The tower is unusual in that it is one of only two with an external stairway providing access to the tower. Further, it retains its original Chance Bros optics. (Criterion B.2)

The Sugarloaf tower, with its rendered brick shaft, bluestone gallery supported by concrete corbels, and graceful gunmetal railing, represents a fine design achievement. (Criterion F.1)

The lighthouse was designed by New South Wales Colonial Architect James Barnet, and was the first of his major lighthouse designs. Barnet played a very influential role in the colony's architecture for over 25 years. (Criterion H.1)

Dramatically located on the summit of an abrupt headland which rises 60 metres above the sea, and free from modern visual intrusions, the lighthouse has strong aesthetic values. (Criterion E.1)

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is well known in the area and has social significance for mariners, tourists and the north coast community. (Criterion G.1)

Commonwealth Heritage List - criteria

There are nine criteria for inclusion in the Commonwealth Heritage List, meeting any one of these is sufficient for listing a place. These criteria are similar to those used in other Commonwealth, state and local heritage legislation, although thresholds differ. In the following sections, Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is discussed in relation to each of the criteria as based on the site’s current Commonwealth Heritage Listing (Place ID: 105602)

Criterion

Attributes

Explanation

Criterion A) Processes

 

This criterion is satisfied by places that have significant heritage value because of [their] importance in the course, or pattern, of Australia’s natural or cultural history.

 

 

Its historic form, fabric and details.

 

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, opened in 1875, is significant for its association with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids during an important period of expansion of the lighthouse network. It also has a long association with Australian shipping.

 

 

 

Criterion B) Rarity

 

This criterion is satisfied by places that have significant heritage value because of [their] possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia’s natural or cultural history.

 

 

The external stairway and the original Chance Bros optics.

 

The tower is unusual in that it is one of only two with an external stairway providing access to the tower. Further, it retains its original Chance Bros optics.

Criterion E) Aesthetic characteristics

This criterion is satisfied by places that have  significant heritage values because of [their] importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics values by a community or cultural group.

 

 

Its setting and lack of modern visual intrusions.

 

Dramatically located on the summit of an abrupt headland which rises 60 metres above the sea, and free from modern visual intrusions, the lighthouse has strong aesthetic values.

 

Criterion F) Technical achievement

 

This criterion is satisfied by places that have significant heritage value because of [their] importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.

 

 

The rendered brick shaft, bluestone gallery and supporting concrete corbels.

 

The Sugarloaf tower, with its rendered brick shaft, bluestone gallery supported by concrete corbels, and graceful gunmetal railing, represents a fine design achievement.

Criterion G) Social value

 

This criterion is satisfied by places that have significant heritage value because of [their] strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

 

 

The form, fabric and function of the lighthouse, including the light beam.

 

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is well known in the area and has social significance for mariners, tourists and the north coast community.

Criterion H) Significant people

This criterion is satisfied by places that have significant heritage value because of [their] special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Australia’s natural or cultural history.

 

 

The design of the structure as evidenced by its form and fabric.

 

The lighthouse was designed by New South Wales Colonial Architect James Barnet, and was the first of his major lighthouse designs. Barnet played a very influential role in the colony's architecture for over 25 years.

 

 

These heritage values, identified and explained in the Commonwealth Heritage List, will form the basis of the management of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse. In the event of necessary works, all criteria will be consulted to inform best practice management of the values associated with the lightstation. (See ‘Section 7. Conservation management policies’ for further information on strategies to conserve heritage values of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse)

5.2  NSW State heritage register listing

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group, which includes the lighthouse tower, is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register. The following statement of significance and criteria are taken directly from its listing (Place ID: 02025).

NSW State Heritage Register - statement of significance

The following is taken from the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group NSW heritage listing’s statement of significance:

Constructed and lit in 1875, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is of state heritage significance as the first major lightstation in the 'highway of lights', a system of navigational aids installed along the NSW coastline in the mid-to-late 19th century. Important to the safe passage of shipping in NSW, the system of lightstations has a collective significance that reflects the logistical management for installing coastal infrastructure and the technical evolution of the stations.

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is of state heritage significance for its association with Colonial Architect, James Barnet, and President of the Marine Board of NSW, Captain Francis Hixson. The first major lightstation designed by Barnet as Colonial Architect (1865-1890), Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group was the forerunner to his other major lighthouse constructions and it contains many of the stylistic design elements (including the domed oil store, heavily bracketed upper balcony and curved balcony railings) that were to become notable characteristics of his architectural style. The appearance of the external staircase and landing, however, are a noteworthy deviation in Barnet's design approach.

Built and archaeological elements associated with the design, construction, early operation and occupation of the site as a lightstation are also of state heritage significance.

NSW State Heritage Register - Criteria

The following information is taken directly from the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group NSW heritage listing’s assessment of significance:

State Heritage Register Criteria

 

Explanation

Criteria A) Historical significance

Constructed and lit in 1875, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is of state heritage significance as the first major lightstation in the 'highway of lights' that was erected along the NSW coastline during the mid-to-late 19th century. Although it was not the first lighthouse erected in the state (this being Francis Greenway's 1818 Macquarie Light at Sydney's South Head), Sugarloaf Point Lightstation was the first major station complex to be constructed in NSW in response to the inaugural complete and thorough analysis of the navigational requirements for Australia's coastline in 1863. At the time of its completion, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation was also the most expensive station at the time and its final cost of 18,973 pounds reflects the colony's commitment to the installation of navigational aids along the NSW coastline.

 

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is also of state heritage significance as the first major lightstation designed by James Barnet as Colonial Architect (1865-1890). The forerunner to his other major lighthouse constructions, the design of the Sugarloaf Point complex and many of its features were to become notable characteristics of Barnet's architectural style.

 

Criteria B) Associative significance

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is of state heritage significance for its association with Colonial Architect, James Barnet, and President of the Marine Board of NSW, Captain Francis Hixson.

 

As Superintendent of Pilots, Lighthouses and Harbours in NSW and President of the Marine Board of NSW, Captain Hixson dominated marine services in NSW from 1863 until the end of the 19th century.

 

At the 1863 conference of the Principal Officers of Marine Departments of the Australian Colonies, Captain Hixson proclaimed that he wanted the NSW coastline "illuminated like a street with lamps" (NPWS 'Lighthouse Keeping (Part A)', p15). The systematic construction and installation of navigational aids along the NSW coastline in the mid-to-late 19th century can be attributed to the leadership of Captain Francis Hixson.

 

Unlike most of the country, the consistency in the design of lightstations in NSW is credited to James Barnet during his service as Colonial Architect from 1865-1890. As head of public architecture, Barnet was responsible for the design of more than a dozen lighthouses along the NSW coastline, constructed in the mid-to-late 19th century.

 

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group, although the third station built under Barnet's direction, is considered to be the first major lightstation design of his career as Colonial Architect. With a final cost of 18,973 pounds, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group was the most expensive and substantial navigational aid in the state at the time.

 

Criteria C) Aesthetic significance

Located within the Myall Lakes National Park and sited on an isolated but naturally prominent Seal Rocks headland, the Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is a small but well-proportioned tower that reflects the consistent architectural design of Colonial Architect James Barnet. With its domed oil store, heavily bracketed upper balcony and curved balcony railings, the two-storey lighthouse demonstrates the architectural style used extensively by the Colonial Architect in the late 19th century.

 

Retaining its original Messrs Chance Bros lantern and distinctive external staircase, the Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is complemented by a compact group of simple mid-Victorian buildings (including Head Keepers and Assistant Keepers Cottages) that are visually unified by alignment, scale, proportion and the use of common materials.

 

To avoid the harsh elements of the coastal environment of Sugarloaf Point, the suite of station buildings were separated from the tower and constructed on the southern side of the headland, nestled into a landscape cutting that shelter the buildings from the weather.

 

Criteria D) Social significance

Despite its isolated location, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation has layers of social significance.

 

For 91 years (until the station was converted to electricity in 1966), the lightstation was permanently manned by a Head Keeper, two Assistant Keepers and up to three families at any one time. Maintaining the light was of paramount importance to their experience of Sugarloaf Point. Additionally, their lives were inextricably linked to the landscape and ultimately shaped by the natural elements - the water, the cliffs and the native flora and fauna.

 

The Seal Rocks and Myall Lakes locality is also a significant area of the Worimi people.

 

Evidence of the area’s occupation by the Worimi people, particularly at Sugarloaf Point, can be seen in the campsites and middens of the region. As with most Aboriginal groups in Australia prior to European colonisation, the Worimi people lived a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle that utilised the natural resources available in their environment and, being coastal people, the Worimi sought much of their food and resources from the ocean. The coastal environment also provided meeting places for the Worimi people and various sites in the region (both on land and water) are considered to be of mythological and spiritual importance.

 

Criteria E) Research potential

Within the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group, there are opportunities to uncover further heritage values that are of state heritage significance.

 

Elements associated with the design, construction, early operation and occupation of the site as a lightstation are of state heritage significance. Archaeological remnants of the construction camp (which only existed during the 1874-75 construction period) remain on the site and are considered to be of state significance.

 

The site also has the ability, more broadly, to demonstrate the occupation of the area by the Worimi people prior to European occupation. There is recorded evidence in the area of middens and camp sites and there is further scope to elaborate on these investigations of Aboriginal cultural heritage values to reveal new information.

 

Criteria F) Rarity

Built in 1875, the Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is the first major lightstation designed by James Barnet during his career as Colonial Architect (1865-1890). Amongst Barnet's lightstations in NSW, there is a consistency in design with recurring elements (particularly the presence of curved detailed balconies, domed oil stores and heavily bracketed upper balconies) that are common characteristics of his architectural style. At Sugarloaf Point, the tower includes an external staircase and landing from its base to first floor that is considered to be a rare element of a Barnet lightstation and a notable deviation from his consistent lightstation design.

 

Criteria G) Representativeness

The Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group is of state heritage significance as a representative station along NSW's 'highway of lights', a system of navigational aids installed along the coastline in the mid-to-late 19th century. Important to the safe passage of shipping in NSW, the system of lightstations has a collective significance that reflects the logistical management for installing coastal infrastructure and the technical evolution of the stations.

 

There is also an architectural coherency between lightstations across NSW, particularly those designed by James Barnet as the Colonial Architect (1865-1890). As a representative example, the design and compact nature of the building group at Sugarloaf Point reflects the typical layout of regional lightstation complexes around Australia.

 

 

5.3  Condition and integrity of Commonwealth heritage values

A heritage monitoring program was implemented in 2016. Each site is visited and reviewed every two years where the heritage fabric and values of the site are evaluated. Assessment of the condition and integrity of lighthouse's Commonwealth heritage values are derived from the latest available Heritage asset condition report produced by AMSA’s maintenance contractor. 

‘Condition’ is measured from good to poor and incorporates the current condition of the specific value. Integrity is measured from high to low and incorporates the value’s intactness. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse’s Commonwealth heritage values and its associated attributes maintain good condition and high integrity.

Value

Values (including attributes)

Condition

Integrity

Criterion A) Processes

 

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, opened in 1875, is significant for its association with the development of New South Wales maritime navigational aids during an important period of expansion of the lighthouse network. It also has a long association with Australian shipping.

 

Good

High

Criterion B) Rarity

 

The tower is unusual in that it is one of only two with an external stairway providing access to the tower. Further, it retains its original Chance Bros optics.

 

Good

High

Criterion E)

Aesthetic characteristics

Dramatically located on the summit of an abrupt headland which rises 60 metres above the sea, and free from modern visual intrusions, the lighthouse has strong aesthetic values.

 

Good

High

Criterion F) Technical achievement

 

The Sugarloaf tower, with its rendered brick shaft, bluestone gallery supported by concrete corbels, and graceful gunmetal railing, represents a fine design achievement.

 

Good

High

Criterion G) Social value

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is well known in the area and has social significance for mariners, tourists and the north coast community.

 

Good

High

Criterion H) Significant people

The lighthouse was designed by New South Wales Colonial Architect James Barnet, and was the first of his major lighthouse designs. Barnet played a very influential role in the colony's architecture for over 25 years.

 

Good

High

 

5.4  Gain or loss of Commonwealth heritage values

There are no current occurrences of a gain or loss of heritage value at the site at the time this management plan was prepared. Evidence for the potential gain or loss of heritage values will be documented within this section in future versions of the plan.

Decorative cover page which reads "6. Opportunities and constraints"

6.   Opportunities and constraints

6.1  Implications arising from significance

The Commonwealth statement of significance (section 5.1 above) demonstrates Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is a place of considerable heritage value due to its contribution to the ‘highway of lights’ designed by the colony authorities to illuminate the coast of New South Wales throughout the mid to late 19th century

The implication arising from this assessment is that key aspects of the place should be conserved to retain this significance. The key features requiring conservation include:

-          lantern room

-          original lens assembly and pedestal

-          internal catwalk

-          lantern floor

-          auxiliary light

-          intermediate floors

-          stairs and weight tube

-          ground floor

-          lantern roof and glazing

-          external catwalk

-          lantern base

-          balcony and balustrades

-          walls

-          windows and doors

-          external stairs

-          apron and wall

 

Referral and approvals of action

The EPBC Act requires approval from the Minister for the Environment for all actions likely to have a significant impact on matters of National Environmental Significance (NES).

The Act provides that actions taken:

The definition of ‘environment’ in the EPBC Act and Regulations include the cultural heritage values of places.

 

Heritage strategy

If an Australian Government agency owns or controls one or more places with Commonwealth heritage values, it must prepare a heritage strategy within two years from the first time they own or control a heritage place (section 341ZA).

A heritage strategy is a written document that integrates heritage conservation and management within an agency’s overall property planning and management framework. Its purpose is to help an agency manage and report on the steps it has taken to protect and conserve the Commonwealth heritage values of the properties under its ownership or control. The heritage strategy for AMSA’s AtoN assets was completed and approved by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment in 2018 and reviewed in 2022. The latest version of the Strategy is available online.P37F[xl]

Heritage asset condition report

A heritage asset condition report is a written document that details the heritage fabric of a site with an in-depth description of each architectural and structural element. The document includes: a brief history of the site, the Commonwealth Heritage statement of significance and value criteria, a heritage significance rating for each individual element, and a catalogue of artefacts on-site. The document is also accompanied by up-to-date photos of each structural element. This document operates as a tool for heritage monitoring and is reviewed and updated biennially.

Aboriginal Heritage and Natural values

Sugarloaf Point and the Myall National Park as a whole is notable for its Aboriginal heritage and natural values. Although these values lie outside of the Commonwealth heritage listing curtilage and AMSA’s lease, the potential remains for future works at the lighthouse to impact these values. At the time this plan was written, no plans have been made for future works at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse. In the event major works at the lighthouse are to be carried out, AMSA will seek to minimise impacts to the surrounding area by:

 

6.2  Framework: sensitivity to change

Owing to the site’s historic importance, rare features, aesthetic qualities, and technical, social and associative prominence, Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is of high significance. Therefore, work actioned by AMSA on the lighthouse’s fabric harnesses the potential to reduce or eradicate the significance of the site’s heritage values.

Conservation works, including restoration and reconstruction, or adaption works of the absolute minimum so as to continue the lighthouse’s usefulness as an AtoN are the only works that should be actioned by AMSA on Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse. Some exceptions are made for health and safety requirements, however any and all work carried out must be conducted in line with heritage considerations and requirements of the EPBC Act.  

The table below demonstrates the level of sensitivity attributed to the various elements of the fabric register in the face of change. These are measured from high to low depending on the action’s possible threat to the site’s heritage values.    

High sensitivity

High sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a major threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or the lightstation as a whole. A major threat is one that would lead to substantial or total loss of the heritage value.

 

Moderate sensitivity

Moderate sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a moderate threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or to the heritage significance of a specific fabric in another part of the building. A moderate threat is one that would diminish the heritage value, or diminish the ability of an observer to appreciate the value.

Low sensitivity

Low sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose little to no threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or to the heritage significance in another part of the building.

 

Component

Level of sensitivity

Nature of change impacting heritage values

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse structure

High

  • Reduction of visibility of structure and its setting on Sugarloaf Point.
  • Major alterations to the tower colours scheme.
  • Prominent alterations and additions to the exterior that would impact the current lighthouse footprint and envelope.

Low

  • Removal of asbestos, lead paint and other toxic materials.
  • Implementation of health and safety hazard markings.

Ground floor

High

  • Major alterations to original concrete floor and ceramic tiles.
  • Major alterations to timber manhole cover.

Low

  • Replacement of broken ceramic tiles.
  • Repainting of ground floor in like-colours.

Intermediate floor

High

  • Major alterations to original concrete suspended floor, or 1900 wrought iron support rings.

Moderate

  • Removal of artefacts from intermediate floor.

Low

  • Replacement of broken ceramic tiles.
  • Repainting of intermediate floor in like-colours.

Stairs and weight tube

High

  • Removal of or major alteration to original weight tube and stairs (including balustrades).

Low

  • Corrosion reparations to stairs.
  • Repainting of stairs and weight tube in like-colours.

Lantern room

High

  • Major alterations to original cast iron lantern floor.
  • Major alterations to original cast iron Chance Bros. lantern base.
  • Major alterations to original internal catwalk.

Moderate

  • Removal of vents from lantern base.

Low

  • Repainting of lantern room in like-colours.
  • Corrosion reparations to cast iron floor, base, and internal catwalk.

Balcony and balustrades

High

  • Major alterations to original granite balcony floor.
  • Major alterations to original balcony balustrades.
  • Major alteration to original external catwalk.

Low

  • Replacement of joint caulking.
  • Repainting of balcony soffit in like-colours.
  • Corrosion reparations to external catwalk.

Lantern glazing

High

  • Alteration to original polygonal form of glazing panes.
  • Major alterations to original Chance Bros. glazing astragals.

Low

  • Repainting of astragals in like-colours.
  • Replacement of broken glazing panes.
  • Resealing of lantern room glazing.

Lantern roof

High

  • Major alterations to original Chance Bros. dome.
  • Removal of original windvane.

Low

  • Repainting of dome in like-colours.
  • Corrosion reparations to lantern roof (including windvane, ladder, gutter)

Lens assembly and light source

High

  • Removal of 1875 Chance Bros. 16-panel catadioptric lens.

Low

  • Replacement of LED array and/or steel pillar.
  • Cleaning of lens.

Pedestal

High

  • Removal of pedestal (cast iron components and glass cabinet)

Moderate

  • Removal of decommissioned clockwork.

Low

  • Repainting of pedestal in like-colours.
  • Corrosion reparations to cast iron components.
  • Replacement of broken glass panes.

Walls

High

  • Major alterations to the original brick masonry walls.

Low

  • Repainting of walls in like colours.

Windows

High

  • Major alterations to the original windows openings.

Low

  • Replacement of broken glass planes.
  • Repainting of blank panes in like-colours.
  • Corrosion reparations to sashes, hinges and frames.

Doors

High

  • Major alterations to original front and ground floor door openings.

Low

  • Replacement of stainless-steel louvre.
  • Corrosion reparations to louvre.
  • Repainting of front door in like-colours.
  • Revarnishing of front and ground floor door in like-colours.

Auxiliary light

High

  • Removal of auxiliary light.
  • Major alterations to the original sector window opening.

Low

  • Replacement of broken sector window panes.
  • Upgrade or replacement of LED light source.

External stairs

High

  • Removal of or major alterations to original external stairs including balustrades.

Low

  • Corrosion reparations to balustrade.

Apron, path and wall

High

  • Major alterations to original apron and wall.

Low

  • Repainting of wall, apron and timber rail in like-colours.
  • Replacement of recent concrete footpath and timber rail with like-materials.

Generator building

Moderate

  • Removal of generator building.
  • Adding of attachment to generator building

Low

  • Replacement or upgrade of power supply, control equipment and back-up power supply.

 

6.3  Statutory and legislative requirements

The following table lists the Acts and codes relevant to the management of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

Act or code

Description

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)

 The Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) requires agencies to prepare management plans that satisfy the obligations included in Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations.

 

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth)

Schedule 7B

The Commonwealth Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water has determined these principles as essential for guidance in managing heritage properties.

 

  • The objective in managing Commonwealth Heritage places is to identify, protect, conserve, present and transmit, to all generations, their Commonwealth Heritage values.

 

  • The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should use the best available knowledge, skills and standards for those places, and include ongoing technical and community input to decisions and actions that may have a significant impact on their Commonwealth Heritage values.

 

  • The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should respect all heritage values of the place and seek to integrate, where appropriate, any Commonwealth, state, territory and local government responsibilities for those places.

 

  • The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should ensure that their use and presentation is consistent with the conservation of their Commonwealth Heritage values.

 

  • The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should make timely and appropriate provision for community involvement, especially by people who:

(a)   have a particular interest in, or associations with, the place; and

(b)   may be affected by the management of the place;

 

  • Indigenous people are the primary source of information on the value of their heritage and that the active participation of indigenous people in identification, assessment and management is integral to the effective protection of indigenous heritage values.

 

  • The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should provide for regular monitoring, review and reporting on the conservation of Commonwealth Heritage values.

 

AMSA Heritage Strategy 2022-2025

As the custodian of many iconic sites, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) has long recognised the importance of preserving their cultural heritage.

This Heritage Strategy is in response to section 341ZA of the EPBC Act (1999) which obliges AMSA to prepare and maintain a heritage strategy, along with obliging AMSA to:

  • Assist in identification, assessment and monitoring of places of heritage value in its care;
  • Prepare and maintain a register of its places of heritage value;
  • Protect the heritage value of places when they are sold or leased;
  • Provide this heritage strategy, and any subsequent major updates, to the relevant minister.

The strategy derives from the AMSA Corporate Plan and achievements are reported through the AMSA Annual Report. The 2021-22 AMSA Annual report can be found online.[xli]

Navigation Act 2012 (Cth)

Part 5 of the Act outlines AMSA’s power to establish, maintain and inspect marine aids to navigation (such as Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse).

(1)   AMSA may:

(a)   establish and maintain aids to navigation; and

(b)   add to, alter or remove any aid to navigation that is owned or controlled by AMSA; and

 

(c)    vary the character of any aid to navigation that is owned or controlled by AMSA.

 

(2)   AMSA, or person authorised in writing by AMSA may, at any reasonable time of the day or night:

(a)   inspect any aid to navigation or any lamp or light which, in the opinion of AMSA or the authorised person, may affect the safety or convenience of navigation, whether the aid to navigation of the lamp or light is the property of:

(i)                  a state or territory; or

(ii)                an agency of a state or territory; or

(iii)               any other person; and

 

(b)   enter any property, whether public or private, for the purposes of an inspection under paragraph (a); and

 

(c)    transport, or cause to be transported, any good through any property, whether public or private, for any purpose in connection with:

(i)                  the maintenance of an aid to navigation that is owned or controlled by AMSA; or

(ii)                the establishment of any aid to navigation by AMSA.

 

Australian Heritage Council Act 2003 (Cth)

This Act establishes the Australian Heritage Council, whose functions are:

  • to make assessments under Division 1A and 3A of Part 15 of the EPBC Act 1999;

 

  • to advise the Minister on conserving and protecting places included, or being considered for inclusion, in the National Heritage List or Commonwealth Heritage List;

 

  • to nominate places for inclusion in the National Heritage List or Commonwealth Heritage List;

 

  • to promote the identification, assessment, conservation and monitoring of heritage;

 

  • to keep the Register of the National Estate;

 

  • to organise and engage in research and investigations necessary for the performance of its functions;

 

  • to provide advice directly to any person or body or agency either if its own initiative of at the request of the Minister; and

 

  • to make reports as outlined in the Act.

 

New South Wales Heritage Act 1977 (NSW)

 

 

The objects of this Act include:

 

(a)    to promote an understanding of the State’s heritage;

(b)    to encourage the conservation of the State’s heritage;

(c)     to provide for the identification and registration of items of State heritage significance;

(d)    to provide for the interim protection of items of State heritage significance;

(e)    to encourage the adaptive reuse of items of State heritage significance;

(f)      to constitute the Heritage Council of New South Wales and confer on it functions relating to the State’s heritage;

(g)    to assist owners with the conservation of items of State heritage significance.

 

Building Code of Australia

The Code is the definitive regulatory resource for building construction, providing a nationally accepted and uniform approach to technical requirements for the building industry. It specifies matters relating to building work in order to achieve a range of health and safety objectives, including fire safety.

 

As far as possible, Commonwealth agencies aim to achieve compliance with the Code, although this may not be entirely possible because of the nature of and constraints provided by existing circumstances, such as an existing building.

 

Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cth)

The objectives of this Act include:

(1)   The main object of this Act is to provide for a balanced and nationally consistent framework to secure the health and safety of workers and workplaces by:

 

a)      protecting workers and other persons against harm to their health, safety and welfare through the elimination or minimisation of risks arising from work; and

 

b)      providing for fair and effective workplace representation, consultation, cooperation and issue resolution in relation to work health and safety; and

 

c)      encouraging unions and employer organisations to take a constructive role in promoting improvements in work health and safety practices, and assisting persons conducting businesses or undertakings and workers to achieve a healthier and safer working environment; and

 

d)      promoting the provision of advice, information, education and training in relation to work health and safety; and

 

e)      securing compliance with this Act through effective and appropriate compliance and enforcement measures; and

 

f)        ensuring appropriate scrutiny and review of actions taken by persons exercising powers and performing functions under this Act; and

 

g)      providing a framework for continuous improvement and progressively higher standards of work health and safety; and

 

h)      maintaining and strengthening the national harmonisation of laws relating to work health and safety and to facilitate a consistent national approach to work health and safety in this jurisdiction.

 

(2)   In furthering subsection (1)(a), regard must be had to the principle that workers and other persons should be given the highest level of protection against harm to their health, safety and welfare from hazards and risks arising from work as is reasonably practicable.

 

[Quoted from Division 2 of Act]

 

This has implications for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse of Australia as it is related to AMSA staff, contractors and visitors.

 

 

6.4  Operational requirements and occupier needs

As a working AtoN, the operational needs of Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse are primarily concerned with navigational requirements. Below are the operational details and requirements of the Sugarloaf Point light as outlined by AMSA.

Navigation requirement for AMSA’s AtoN site

The following table is taken from AMSA’s Asset Management Strategy for the Sugarloaf Point Light.

1

Objective/rationale

An AtoN is required on Sugarloaf Point to mark the point itself and to provide a landfall mark on this south-east point of Australia.

The AtoN is required to provide a mark for coastal navigation and to assist ships in keeping clear of several shoals that lie within close proximity both north and south of it.

An auxiliary fixed red light is required to guard over the Seal Rocks that lie 2.5 nm to the south.

2

Required type(s) of AtoN

A fixed structure is required to act as a day mark.

A distinctive light is required for use at night.

3

Priority/significance

An AtoN at this site is critical for the navigation of commercial ships.

4

Required measure of performance

The service performance of the AtoN must comply with the IALA Availability Target Category 1 (99.8%).

5

Primary and secondary means (if any) of identification

The day mark must be conspicuous. The existing 15m white round masonry tower and lantern at an elevation of 79m meets this requirement.

The light must comply with the requirements of rhythmic characters of light as per the IALA NAVGUIDE. The light must have distinct characteristics that are easy to recognise and identify. The present flashing white light every 7.5 seconds meets this requirement.

6

Visual range

During daytime, the AtoN structure should be visible from at least 5 nautical miles.

At night, the white light must have a nominal range of at least 25 nautical miles and the red sector light must have a nominal range of at least 13 nautical miles

7

Radar conspicuousness

As the Sugarloaf Point itself provides a good radar echo, no additional radar enhancement is required for this site.

 

AMSA’s goals

AMSA is responsible, under the Navigation Act, for maintaining a network of marine AtoN around Australia’s coastline that assist mariners to make safe and efficient passages. AMSA’s present network of approximately 500 marine AtoN includes traditional lighthouses such as Sugarloaf Point, beacons, buoys, racons, automatic identification system stations, metocean sensors including broadcasting tide gauges, current meter, directional wave rider buoys and a weather station.

 

Technological developments in the area of vessel traffic management have also contributed to increasing navigation safety and helped promote marine environment protection. AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability of lighthouses set by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).

 

At the time of preparing this management plan, the major goal for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse primarily encompassed continuing its utilisation as an AtoN (for as long as necessary), while upkeeping the appropriate maintenance to conserve and preserve the heritage values of the lighthouse.

Lighthouse performance standards

AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability of lighthouses set by IALA. Sugarloaf Point light is designated as an IALA Availability Category 1 AtoN (within a scale of Category 1 to Category 3, Category 1 aids are most critical). Category 1 aids have an availability target of 99.8 per cent.

Access to the lighthouse

One practical effect of this performance standard is that the operational equipment and structure of the light need to be kept in good repair by regular maintenance and equipment that fails in service is repaired quickly. Routine maintenance and emergency repairs are carried out by AMSA’s maintenance contractor. The contractor needs reliable access to the site for this work, and AMSA officers need access for occasional inspections of the site including to audit the contractor’s performance.

6.5  Proposals for change

Preventative maintenance works are carried out on the lighthouse to maintain its status as a working marine AtoN, and to assist in the site’s conservation.

A list of scheduled preventative maintenance work is identified within the latest available site inspection report. The information provided below was taken from this report.

Maintenance

Estimated date of work

LED Array replacement

2026

Reseal lantern glazing

2026

Lantern room paint

2026

 

6.6  Potential pressures

A significant pressure that harnesses the potential to effect the Commonwealths heritage values of the place would be the obligation to remove or replace original fabric materials from the lighthouse owing to unavoidable and irreversible deterioration. At the time this plan was written, no current plans exist to remove or replace any original fabric materials from Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse. In the event plans are made to modify or remove heritage fabric, work will be conducted in line with the heritage considerations and requirements of the EPBC Act.

6.7  Processes for decision-making

Processes for decision-making are required in the event of an incident that impacts the heritage values of the site. The following incidents are included due to their likelihood of occurrence at Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse.

Incident

Procedure

Major project/maintenance works proposed

  • Prepare Heritage Impact Statement on proposed modifications.
  • Submit scope of works and Heritage Impact Statement to the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, and NSW Heritage.
  • Notify and liaise with NSW NPWS regarding the works proposal.

 

Damage to lighthouse’s fabric (heritage significance)

  • AMSA or selected contractors assess extent of damage
  • Notify NSW NPWS.
  • Seek heritage advice on restoration of heritage fabric impacted.
  • Identify possible loss of heritage value (at both state and Commonwealth level).
  • Seek the appropriate approvals for restoration of heritage fabric impacted.
  • Implement best-practice management of restoration work in keeping with the original character of the place.
  • In the case of a loss of heritage value, prepare report for submission to the Heritage Council.
  • Update record-keeping of incident and make available to relevant personnel.

Damage to lighthouse’s fabric (no heritage significance)

  • AMSA or selected contractors to assess extent of damage.
  • Identify possible impact on heritage fabric in any work carried out to restore non-significant fabric.
  • Implement best-practice management of restoration work.
  • Update record-keeping of incident and make available to relevant personnel.

Light upgrade (removal/replacement of AtoN light source)

  • Assess possible loss of heritage value in the event of an upgrade.
  • If necessary, seek expert heritage advice on process of upgrade.
  • If necessary, seek heritage approvals for the upgrade of light.
  • Implement best-practice management of light upgrade work.
  • Update record-keeping and make available to relevant personnel.

Modification to lighthouse such as adding of attachment

  • Assess possible obstruction to light.
  • Seek heritage approvals for attachment to tower.
  • Monitor attachment and update record-keeping.

Unforeseen discovery of Aboriginal artefacts on-site.

  • Immediate stop-work. Create temporary 'buffer' zone and allow no entry in zone until artefacts have been assessed by appropriate personnel.
  • Notify NSW NPWS and NSW Heritage.
  • Delay work on site until artefacts have been appropriately extracted and further investigations carried out in surrounding area. 
  • Update record-keeping of unforeseen discovery and make available to relevant personnel.

Divestment of lighthouse from AMSA

  • Transfer control of heritage assets to NSW NPWS.
  • Transfer relevant records and historical information held by AMSA to NSW NPWS.

 

Decorative cover page which reads "7. Conservation management principles and policies"

7.   Conservation management principles and policies

Policies

Fabric and setting

Policy 1 – Protect and conserve the significant external and internal fabric of the lighthouse, including existing buildings, layout and setting.

AMSA’s main purpose is to facilitate the ongoing operation of the site as a marine AtoN while preserving the site’s heritage values. As part of a heritage monitoring program, Heritage Asset Condition Reports are produced for each site every two years to evaluate the condition of the heritage fabric and values. Routine servicing is also carried out by maintenance contractors. Regular written reports from these visits will be sent to AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness for review and any work requirements identified will be scheduled accordingly. Should for some unforeseen reason the site no longer be viable as a marine AtoN, ownership will be passed to an appropriate state or federal authority to ensure preservation of the heritage assets. 

Implementation strategy:

 

Uses

Policy 2 – Install and operate equipment in the lighthouse, so it continues to function as an effective marine AtoN, in such a way as to impose the least possible harm to the significant fabric.

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse’s use as a working marine AtoN is of high priority. Carrying out maintenance, including upgrades to navigational equipment, is necessary to its function and continued marine safety along the NSW coast. In the event of the installation or upgrade to AtoN equipment, proper precaution will be taken to ensure the least possible harm is done to significant fabric.

Implementation strategy:

 

 

Policy 3 – Monitor possible impacts to the site resulting from tourism and control appropriate access to the lighthouse for contractors and visitors.

Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is not currently open as a tourist site and access inside the lighthouse is restricted to authorised personnel, such as contractors and AMSA employees. In the event Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse were to be opened to tour groups, AMSA personnel and contractors would require easy access inside the lighthouse precinct and tower for periodical site visits to carry out inspections and routine maintenance.

Implementation strategy:

 

Interpretation

Policy 4 – Accurate and relevant interpretation of the history and significance of the place should be made available to site users/visitors and for offsite external research.

AMSA will continue to make information available through the maintenance of site interpretive signage and its website.

Implementation strategy:

 

Management

Policy 5 – AMSA will continue to conserve the lighthouse in accordance with Commonwealth and NSW State heritage listing requirements.

For works requiring heritage approval, AMSA will obtain permission from any relevant state or federal authorities. Continuous and as-needed conservation works will be undertaken as required.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 6 – The cultural significance of the lightstation will be the basis for deciding how to manage it.

 

The heritage values or cultural significance of the place must be conserved. This heritage management plan includes relevant background information to support this policy (see ‘Section 3 History’ & ‘Section 5 Heritage Significance’).

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 7 – Monitor, review and report the Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse every five years or sooner if major changes to the lightstation occur.

 

The Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse are to be monitored and reported on a regular basis. A Heritage Asset Condition Report is updated for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse every two years. The report records historical information, condition, and maintenance requirements for fabric within the lighthouse to ensure a gain and/or loss of heritage value is identified.  

 

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 8 – Maintain historical, management and maintenance records within AMSA and make available these records.  

As part of the proper process for managing change in significant places, the Burra Charter points out the importance of making records before any change, and advocates placing records in a permanent archive and making them available where this is appropriate. AMSA’s collection of records, which include documents pertaining to heritage intervention, management and maintenance, are subject to this process. Heritage Asset Condition Reports are routinely generated for each heritage lighthouse and stored in AMSA’s record-keeping system. AMSA will continue to practice such processes via their records management systems.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 9 – Develop and provide appropriate training and resources to all relevant AMSA staff, contractors and licensees.

In order to ensure best practice management of AMSA-operated lighthouses, all staff, contractors and licensees are required to have access to the appropriate training and resources in order to provide best practice conservation of the site.  

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 10 – Use contractors and service providers with appropriate experience.

AMSA is to ensure parties carrying out work have appropriate knowledge and use effective methods to ensure conservation of the lighthouse.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 11 – Seek heritage advice and apply best heritage practice.

AMSA will continue to use in-house heritage expertise, external consultancy, or a combination of both as required in order to successfully apply best heritage practice. Should in-house heritage expertise be limited in responding to a requirement, external heritage expertise will be engaged to address the issue. 

Implementation strategy:

 

 

Policy 12 – Appropriate protocol in the event of unforeseen discoveries or disturbances of Aboriginal heritage within the AMSA site.

AMSA’s scope of work rarely involves excavation. Should such work need be undertaken, AMSA will implement a suitable discovery plan and seek advice from suitably qualified personnel as required. In the event of any unforeseen discovery or disturbance of Aboriginal heritage items on the AMSA site, notification to the appropriate organisation will occur in accordance with the conditions of the discovery plan. This plan will also be updated accordingly. 

Note: In most cases, AMSA’s leases are limited to the immediate vicinity of the lighthouse and therefore this scenario is not anticipated as a likely occurrence.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 13 – Make this heritage management plan available to all persons involved in decision-making on the management of the lighthouse and its setting.  

The plan will be made available to all personnel intrinsic to management of the lighthouse and its setting, for example AMSA maintenance contractors, staff and other relevant parties.

Implementation strategy:

 

Future developments

Policy 14 – Adaptation of the place using methods or processes that minimise impact on heritage values and significance in accordance with the Burra Charter principles.

It is likely that over time the lighthouse will house new equipment as technology changes and improves. The Burra Charter principles will be used as the basis for decision-making.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 15 – When required, engage with adjacent landowners to maintain an appropriate setting for the lighthouse in its visual and natural context.

Any changes to the surrounding land, or AMSA leased area, requires careful consideration. AMSA will liaise with NSW NPWS and all adjacent landowners in the event of any proposed changes that may affect the setting and attempt to influence a positive outcome.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 16 – In the event of adaptive re-use or divestment (an instance(s) which would no longer place the lighthouse under AMSA control), AMSA will strive to ensure the Commonwealth and NSW State heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved.

 

 

In the event Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse is no longer identified as a working AtoN, AMSA will withdraw its standing as lessee and hand over all authority to the lessor. This process must be conducted in line with s 341ZE of the EPBC Act.

 

Implementation strategy:

 

Community Involvement

Policy 17 – Consult with Traditional Stakeholders and the wider community in the preparation of the management plan.

AMSA will give the community and Traditional Stakeholders, as well as the general public, an opportunity to review and comment on this management plan through a public consultation process.

Implementation strategy:

 

Policy 18 - Manage and record sensitive information appropriately.

Sensitive information may be passed onto AMSA during consultation with stakeholders and the general public. This information will be handled in-line with AMSA’s privacy policy.

Implementation strategy:

Review

Policy 19 – Review this plan within five years of its adoption or sooner if major changes are needed.

This plan will be reviewed every five years. This review should:

-          assess the content of the plan.

-          determine its effectiveness in protecting the identified heritage values.

-          provide any necessary recommendations for updating or re-writing of the plan. If major changes occur at the site in the interim, this plan will be reviewed and updated earlier than the specified five years.

 

Implementation strategy:


Decorative cover page which reads "8. Policy implementation plan"

8.   Policy implementation plan

8.1  Plan and schedule

Key Issue

Management action/task

Policies

Responsibility

Priority

Timeframe

Conservation and preservation

 

Conserve the lighthouse.

 

 

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14

 

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

 

High

 

As required

 

Review the heritage management plan every five years.

 

 

18

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

Medium

 

2028 (5 years (minimum)

 

Make this plan available to all relevant personnel.

 

 

7, 13

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

 

High

 

Ongoing

Liaison dealings

 

 

If applicable, ensure communication is maintained with adjacent landowners.

 

 

15

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

Medium

 

As required

 

Consult with Traditional Stakeholders and the community in preparing the management plan.

 

 

17

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

Medium

 

As required

Heritage values

 

Review the Commonwealth heritage values every five years.

 

 

7

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

High

 

2028

 

Consider heritage values when proposing new planning and/or developments.

 

 

5, 6, 7, 14

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator and Project Managers

 

 

High

 

Ongoing

 

Ensure process of re-use or divestment of the site recognises and preserves heritage values.

 

 

16

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

High

 

As required

 

Conduct heritage monitoring site visit and review Heritage Asset Condition Report every two years.

 

 

 

1, 7

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

High

 

Ongoing

Staff and community awareness

 

Develop and provide relevant training and awareness for management personnel (contractors and site-users).

 

 

9

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

High

 

As required

 

Ensure the availability of accurate and relevant information on the history and significance of the lighthouse for site-users and visitors.

 

 

4

 

AMSA, AtoN Heritage Coordinator

 

Medium

 

Ongoing

Record-keeping/access

 

Maintain adequate record-keeping of historical, management and maintenance documents. Make these records available.

 

 

8

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

High

 

Ongoing

Expert heritage advice

 

Ensure knowledge and advice of heritage experts is used.

 

 

10, 11

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

 

Medium

 

As required

Lighthouse maintenance

 

 

Schedule periodic maintenance.

 

 

1

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

 

High

 

Ongoing (reoccurring once every 12 months)

 

 

The implementation of unforeseen discovery or disturbance processes in the event of an accidental discovery.

 

 

12

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

Medium

 

As required

Lightstation access

 

Secure appropriate access to lighthouse for contractor and official visitors.

 

 

3

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

 

Medium

 

As required

 

8.2  Monitoring and reporting

As stipulated by Schedule 7A of the EPBC Regulations, the outlined implementation plan and associated policies listed above are required to be monitored and updated accordingly. The below review process timetable will be adhered to over the next five years:

Timeframe

 

Review step

 

Responsibility

 

2026

 

Plan’s half-life internal review:

  • Assess strengths and weaknesses of existing plan
  • Address any known impact to the lighthouse’s heritage values

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

2028

 

Plan’s full-life review:

  • Consult with internal and external stakeholders on existing plan
  • Prepare updated draft plan and consult with the Heritage Branch
  • Submit reviewed plan to the Minister

 

AMSA, Asset Management and Preparedness

 

 

Other key actions in monitoring and reporting include:

Decorative cover page which reads "9. Appendices"


Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms

The Burra Charter, from its first version (1979) and its current version (2013), defined a set of terms that have since been widely adopted in Australian heritage conservation practice.

Where the following terms are used in this heritage management plan, the particular meanings defined in the charter are intended. The definitions are quoted from Article 1 of the Burra Charter.

Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use.

Associations means the special connections that exist between people and a place.

Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance.

Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place to retain its cultural significance.

Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups.

Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects.

Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place.

Maintenance means the continuous protective care of a place and its setting. Maintenance is to be distinguished from repair which involves restoration or reconstruction.

Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to.

Place means a geographically defined area. It may include elements, objects, spaces and view. Place may have tangible and intangible dimensions.

Preservation means maintaining a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.

Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material.

Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place.

Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.

Restoration means returning a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing elements without the introduction of new material.

Setting means the immediate and extended environment of a place that is part of or contributes to its cultural significance and distinctive character.

Use means the functions of a place, including the activities and traditional and customary practices that may occur at the place or are dependant on the place.


Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse

A

Apron paving – the concrete paving surround the base of the lighthouse tower.

Astragal – the bars which support the glazing of a lantern. They may also support the roof. Simply a framing member between the glazing bars in the lantern glazing. In its true meaning an astragal is a moulding that has a rounded profile. In lanterns this is almost never the case.

Auxiliary light – a secondary light sometimes installed in lighthouses to mark out specific hazards in the water below the lighthouse (see Subsidiary Light).

 

B

Balcony – a walk way around the outside of the lantern, used for maintenance and (formerly, when lighthouses were manned) for observing ships. Principal parts are the balcony floor and the balcony balustrade. (Synonym: gallery deck).

Balcony floor – floor of the balcony. Sugarloaf Point has a balcony floor of 1875 granite slab.

Balcony balustrade – a handrail together with its supports. The supports are called balusters. Simply a railing or wall on the outer perimeter of the balcony, to prevent people from falling off the balcony. Generally made of metal stanchions and rails – Sugarloaf Point has balcony balustrades of curved 1875 gunmetal railing.  

Balcony door – door in the lantern base to give access to the balcony. In AMSA lanterns two doors are sometimes fitted but only one is operational. (Synonym: parapet hatch, service room door). Sugarloaf Point has an iron framed and sheeted balcony door.

 

C

Candelas – International unit of measurement for the luminous intensity of a light.

Cast iron – a mixture of iron and carbon with a relatively high carbon content and a low melting point, produced directly from a blast furnace.

Chance Bros – English manufacturer of optical apparatus, lanterns, cast iron stairs, cast iron towers, and other lighthouse components. The Chance family established a glass-making business in Smethwick, England in 1824 and is often described as ‘near Birmingham’. The business was absorbed into the Pilkington group of companies in 1951 and now ceases to exist.

Character – pattern of flashes of light emitted by a lighthouse, designed to identify that particular lighthouse.

Copper – a red malleable metal of low resistivity.

 

I

Intensity – the strength of a light measured by candelas.

Iron – there were two common types of iron used in lighthouse construction; wrought and cast. Older lights will almost certainly contain these iron types. Wrought iron has been worked by hand and is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content in contrast to steel, it also has fibrous inclusions. Cast iron is iron which has been heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to solidify.

 

L

Lantern – the glazed enclosure, usually of cylindrical or polygonal shape, at the top of a lighthouse, which surrounds and protects the optical apparatus. It contains the optical apparatus, made up of the lantern roof, lantern glazing and lantern base sections.

Lantern floor – the level in a lighthouse at which the lantern is installed, and by which access may be gained to the optical system and to the inside and outside of the lantern glazing. The lantern floor is generally at or near the same level as the catwalk and cane be made from steel, concrete, or timber. Sugarloaf Point has a lantern floor of cast iron.

Lantern glazing – the middle section of the lantern, circular or polygonal in plan, between the lantern roof above and the lantern base below, made up of glass panes held in a framework of glazing bars. On the landward side there may be blank panels in place of glass, or other opaque construction. Types of lantern glazing include: flat & curved trapezoidal panes and curved diamond/triangular panes. Sugarloaf Point has three tiers of flat rectangular panes.

Lantern roof – the roof of the lantern. Usually made of copper sheeting over a framework of rafters.

Lens assembly – a transparent optically refracting element of glass. The surface is usually spherical in form.

Light source – electric bulbs now illuminate most lighthouses.

Lighthouse – the principal structure of a lightstation, generally made up of a lantern, balcony and tower.

Lightstation – a precinct containing a lighthouse structure and other related buildings, for example. Keepers’ cottages, store room, signal house. 

 

O

Order – a shorthand expression of the size of an optical apparatus or lantern. At the time the system of orders was established, when kerosene burners were used, longer range lights needed larger burners, and larger burners needed lens assemblies of longer focal length to ensure a sharply defined beam. Thus in turn the lantern rooms were required to be larger to house these lens assemblies. AMSA historic lantern rooms range from 1st to 4th order.

 

P

Pedestal – part of the optical apparatus, consisting of a metal column or base standing on the balcony floor inside the lantern and supporting the lens assembly and light source. Some later Chance documentation (such as their tariffs 1908) also refer to the lantern base as a pedestal.

 

S

Subsidiary light - a secondary light sometimes installed in lighthouses to mark out specific hazards in the water below the lighthouse (see Auxiliary light).

T

Tower – structure to support the lantern at a sufficient height above the ground. The most common types are the masonry tower, timber-framed tower, cast iron tower, and lattice tower. Sugarloaf Point has walls consisting of 1875 tapered brick masonry.

 


Appendix 3. Table demonstrating compliance with the EPBC Regulations

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth) Schedule 7A – Management Plans for Commonwealth Heritage Places

Legislation

Satisfied within

A management plan must:

(a) Establish objectives for the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission of the Commonwealth Heritage values of the place

Section 1 – Introduction

(b) Provide a management framework that

includes reference to any statutory

requirements and agency mechanisms for

the protection of the Commonwealth

heritage values of the place

Section 1 – Introduction

(c) Provide a comprehensive description of the

place, including information about its

location, physical features, condition,

historical context and current uses

Section 2 – Sugarloaf Point Lightstation site

 

Section 3 - History

 

Section 4 - Fabric

 

(d) Provide a description of the

Commonwealth heritage values and any

other heritage values of the place

Section 5 – Heritage significance

(e) Describe the condition of the

Commonwealth heritage values of the

place

Section 5 – Heritage significance

(f) Describe the method used to assess the

Commonwealth heritage values of the

place

Section 5 – Heritage significance

(g) Describe the current management

requirements and goals including

proposals for change and any potential

pressures on the Commonwealth heritage

values of the place

Section 6 – Opportunities and constraints

(h) Have policies to manage the

Commonwealth heritage values of a place,

and include in those policies, guidance in

relation to the following:

 

i. The management and conservation processes to be used

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14)

ii. The access and security

arrangements, including access to

the area for indigenous people to

maintain cultural traditions

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 3)

iii. The stakeholder and community

consultation and liaison

arrangements

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 15, 17)

iv. The policies and protocols to

ensure that indigenous people

participate in the management

process

Section 7- Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 17)

v. The protocols for the management

of sensitive information

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 18)

vi. The planning and management of

works, development, adaptive reuse

and property divestment

proposals

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 16)

vii. How unforeseen discoveries or

disturbances of heritage are to be

managed

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 12)

viii. How, and under what

circumstances, heritage advice is

to be obtained

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 10, 11)

ix. How the condition of

Commonwealth heritage values is

to be monitored and reported

Section 7- Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 5, 6, 7, 14)

x. How records of intervention and

maintenance of a heritage places

register are kept

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 7, 13)

xi. The research, training and

resources needed to improve

management

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 9)

xii. How heritage values are to be

interpreted and promoted

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 4)

(i) Include an implementation plan

Section 8 – Policy implementation plan

(j) Show how the implementation of policies

will be monitored

Section 8 – Policy implementation plan

(k) Show how the management plan will be

reviewed.

Section 7 – Conservation management principles and policies (Policy 19)

 

Section 8 – Policy implementation plan

 


Appendix 4. Sugarloaf Point current light details

 

SUGARLOAF POINT MAIN LIGHT - NSW

(Est'd 1875, Conv. to Auto. Dec 1987, Power supply upgrade 27/06/12)

 

IALA AVAILABILITY

CATEGORY: 1

 

POSITION: Latitude:  32 26.4630'S

 Longitude: 152 32.3450'E

 Datum: WGS84

 

BA LIST OF LIGHTS: K2776

 

DAYMARK: White concrete tower and lantern room, 15 metres high.

 

CHARACTER: Flashing              7.50 seconds

 Flash:              0.48 seconds

 Eclipse:              7.02 seconds

 

COLOUR OF LIGHT: White

 

LENS: 920 mm fr 16 panel Catadioptric to

 

LIGHT SOURCE: Lamp: LED Array Sealite SL324

 

LANTERN: 1st Order 11''7" diameter, Flat Glazing.

 

LENS SPEED: 1 revolution every 120 sec. (1/2 RPM)

 

PEDESTAL: CLS lens carriage design 

 

INTENSITY: 1,274,000 cd

 

POWER SOURCE: Main Supply: 240V AC mains supply

 

STRUCTURE: White round masonry tower 6.5 metres from base to balcony

 

ELEVATION: 79 metres

 

RANGE: Nominal:               26 nautical miles

 Geographical:              22.6 nautical miles

 

 

 


Appendix 5. Sugarloaf Point current auxiliary light details

SUGARLOAF POINT AUXILARY LIGHT - NSW

 (Established 1875, Conv. to Auto. Dec 1987)

 

IALA AVAILABILITY

CATEGORY: 1

 

POSITION: Latitude:  32 26.4630'S

 Longitude: 152 32.3450'E

 Datum: WGS84

 

BA LIST OF LIGHTS: K 2776

 

CHARACTER: Fixed

 

COLOUR OF LIGHT: Red

 

SECTOR: 307 - 010 (063

TRUE BEARINGS Over Seal rocks

FROM SEAWARD

 

LENS: 250mm fr Catadioptric drum (90 section)

 

ELEVATION: 73 metres

 

RANGE: Nominal:               13 nautical miles

 Geographical:              21.9 nautical miles

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

Endnotes


[i] “AMSA Interactive heritage lighthouse map,” Australian Maritime Safety Authority, accessed October 2020, https://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-1996646104.1535497123     

[ii] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (Australia ICOMOS, 2013).

 

[iii] Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan (Canberra: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 1995).

 

[iv] Suters Architects, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan (Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1999).

 

[v] “NPWS Lighthouses: Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan,” Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd (NSW NPWS, 2001), https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Conservation-management-plans/lighthouses-conservation-management-cultural-tourism-plan.pdf

 

[vi] “Myall Lakes National Park: Little Broughton Island and Stormpetrel Nature Reserves Plan of Management,” NSW NPWS, (2002) https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Parks-plans-of-management/myall-lakes-national-park-plan-of-management-021001.pdf

 

[vii] “NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Supplementary Information for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse,” Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd (NSW NPWS, 2004) https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Conservation-management-plans/sugarloaf-point-lighthouse-myall-lakes-conservation-management-plan-000168.pdf

 

[viii] Peter Marquis-Kyle, Heritage Lighthouse Report: Sugarloaf Point (Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2007).

 

[ix] Australian Maritime Systems Group, Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse: Heritage Asset Condition Report, 3rd Revision (Australia Maritime Safety Authority, 2019).

 

[x] “Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, Seal Rocks Rd, Seal Rocks, NSW, Australia,” Australian Heritage Database, accessed October 2020,  https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=state%3DNSW%3Blist_code%3DCHL%3Blegal_status%3D35%3Bkeyword_PD%3D0%3Bkeyword_SS%3D0%3Bkeyword_PH%3D0;place_id=105602

 

[xi] “Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (Commonwealth), Seal Rocks Rd, Seal Rocks, NSW, Australia,” Australian Heritage Database, accessed October 2020, https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3DSugarloaf%2520%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=103604

 

[xii] “Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group,” New South Wales State Heritage Register, accessed October 2020, https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5053296

 

[xiii] Garry Searle, First Order: Australia’s Highway of Lighthouses, (SA: Seaside Lights, 2013), 34.

 

[xiv] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Supplementary Information for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2004), 6.

 

[xv] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6.

 

[xvi] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6.

 

[xvii] It is understood that the survivors of the Mary-Ann shipwreck found the bodies of those killed in the Sally shipwreck. Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6.

 

[xviii] Searle, First Order¸ 161.

 

[xix] Searle, First Order, 161.

 

[xx] Searle, First Order¸ 161.

 

[xxi] Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 54.

 

[xxii] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 7; Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 54; Searle, First Order¸ 162.

 

[xxiii] Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 54.

 

[xxiv] Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 55.

 

[xxv] Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 55.

 

[xxvi] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6.

 

[xxvii] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 7; Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners, Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, 55-56.

 

[xxviii] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 8.

 

[xxix] The camp and its buildings were removed by 1876. Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 8.

 

[xxx] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 8.

 

[xxxi] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 8.

 

[xxxii] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 8.

 

[xxxiii] Kijas Histories, Life under the light: Lighthouse families of New South Wales (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service), 13, https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Heritage/life-under-light-lighthouse-families-new-south-wales-110283.pdf

 

[xxxiv] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6.

 

[xxxv] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 6-7.

 

[xxxvi] “The wreck of the Catterthun,” Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, August 14, 1895, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/146901459

 

[xxxvii] “Seal Rocks Lighthouse: Gutted by fire,” Evening News (Sydney), July 11, 1900, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/112585278

 

[xxxviii] C.R.W. Brewis, Lighting of the East Coast of Australia: Cape Moreton to Gabo Island, Including coast of New South Wales (Victoria: Acting Government Printer, 1913), 52.

 

[xxxix] Graham Brooks and Associates, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan¸ 9.

 

[xl] AMSA, AMSA Heritage strategy, (2022), https://www.amsa.gov.au/amsa-heritage-strategy-2022-2025

[xli] AMSA, Annual Report 2021-22, https://www.amsa.gov.au/about/corporate-publications/annual-report-2021-22

 

[xlii] Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies, (2019). 

 

[xliii] Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, The Interim Engaging with First Nations People and Communities on Assessments and Approvals under Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (interim guidance), (2023).

 

[xliv] Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, The Interim Engaging with First Nations People and Communities on Assessments and Approvals under Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (interim guidance).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference List

 

Australia ICOMOS. The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance. Australia ICOMOS, 2013.

 

Australian Heritage Database, “Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse, Seal Rocks Rd, Seal Rocks, NSW, Australia.” Accessed October 2020. https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=state%3DNSW%3Blist_code%3DCHL%3Blegal_status%3D35%3Bkeyword_PD%3D0%3Bkeyword_SS%3D0%3Bkeyword_PH%3D0;place_id=105602

 

 Australian Heritage Database, “Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse (Commonwealth), Seal Rocks Rd, Seal Rocks, NSW, Australia. Accessed October 2020. https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3DSugarloaf%2520%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=103604  

 

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. AMSA Heritage Strategy. Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2018, https://www.amsa.gov.au/files/amsa-heritage-strategy-2018pdf

 

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. “AMSA Interactive heritage lighthouse map.” Accessed May 2020. https://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-1996646104.1535497123  

 

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. Annual Report 2017-18. Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2018. https://www.amsa.gov.au/about/corporate-publications/annual-report-2017-18

 

Australian Maritime Systems Group. Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse: Heritage Asset Condition Report, 3rd Revision. Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2019.

 

Brewis, C.R.W. Lighting of the east coast of Australia: Cape Moreton to Gabo Island including coast of New South Wales. Victoria: Acting Government Printer, 1913.  

 

Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners. Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan. Canberra: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 1995.

 

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. The Interim Engaging with First Nations People and Communities on Assessments and Approvals under Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (interim guidance). Commonwealth of Australia, 2023.

 

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019. 

 

Evening News (Sydney). “Seal Rocks Lighthouse: Gutted by fire.” July 11, 1900. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/112585278

 

Graham Brooks and Associates. NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan: Supplementary Information for Sugarloaf Point Lighthouse. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2004.  https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Conservation-management-plans/sugarloaf-point-lighthouse-myall-lakes-conservation-management-plan-000168.pdf

 

Graham Brooks and Associates. NPWS Lighthouses: Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2001. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Conservation-management-plans/lighthouses-conservation-management-cultural-tourism-plan.pdf

 

Histories, Kijas. Life under the light: Lighthouse families of New South Wales. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Heritage/life-under-light-lighthouse-families-new-south-wales-110283.pdf

 

Marquis-Kyle, Peter. Heritage Lighthouse Report: Sugarloaf Point. Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2007.

 

Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. “The wreck of the Catterthun.” August 14, 1895. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/146901459

 

National Archives of Australia: Australian Maritime Safety Authority; A9568, Drawings and Plans of Lighthouses and of associated buildings and equipment, 1833-1968; 1/16/6, Seal Rock Point: Grand Plan of Cottages, 1876-1876.

 

National Archives of Australia: Australian Maritime Safety Authority; A9568, Drawings and Plans of Lighthouses and of associated buildings and equipment, 1833-1968; 1/16/11, Seal Rock Point Lighthouse [Water Colour] [Stamped: Public Works, NSW, Colonial Architect] [Signed Peter Macleod], 1873-1873.

 

New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Myall Lakes National Park: Little Broughton Island and Stormpetrel Nature Reserves Plan of Management. 2002. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Parks-plans-of-management/myall-lakes-national-park-plan-of-management-021001.pdf

 

New South Wales State Heritage Register, “Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Group.” Accessed October 2020. https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5053296

 

Searle, Garry. First Order: Australia’s Highway of Lighthouses. SA: Seaside Lights, 2013.

 

Suters Architects. Sugarloaf Point Lightstation Conservation Management Plan. Department of Land and Water Conservation, 1999.

 

Tomlinson, Charles. Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, mechanical and chemical, manufactures, mining and engineering, Vol II. London & New York: ca. 1866.