Part 61 Manual of Standards Instrument 2014

(c) use an extensive vocabulary to accurately communicate on general and technical topics, without excessive use of jargon, slang or colloquial language;

(d) speak fluently without long pauses, repetition or excessive false starts;

(e) respond to communications with actions that demonstrate that the information has been received and understood;

(f) exchange information clearly in a variety of situations with both expert and non-expert English speakers while giving and receiving timely and appropriate responses;

(g) use appropriate techniques such as questioning, non-verbal communication and paraphrasing to validate communications.

3 Range of variables

(a) oral and written communications;

(b) aviation technical learning environment and context;

4 Underpinning knowledge

No applicable areas.

5 Evidence required

5.1 A person meets the standard for this unit if they provide the following evidence

5.1.1 An assessment report, completed by a person authorised under Part 61 of CASR 1998 to perform general English language assessments, that states the candidate satisfies the general English language proficiency elements prescribed above.

5.1.2 One of the following:

(a) completed a course of secondary education conducted in an Australian or New Zealand educational institution;

(b) completed a course that is at least the equivalent of an Australian secondary education in an educational institution in a country where 1 of the principal mediums of instruction was English;

(c) is currently receiving secondary education in an Australian or New Zealand educational institution in which the principle language of instruction is English;

(d) has worked in Australia or New Zealand for at least 3 of the 5 years immediately before conducting a solo flight as a student pilot;

(e) has worked in 1 or more of the following countries for at least 3 of the 5 years immediately before conducting a flight as a student pilot:

(i) United Kingdom;

(ii) Republic of Ireland;

(iii) United States of America;

(iv) New Zealand;

(v) Canada – providing that evidence of use of English language in the workplace is available;

(f) completed at least 1 of the following general English proficiency tests with the minimum grade specified for the test:

(i) the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) General or academic training module overall grade of 5.5, with no individual grade in a paper lower than 5;

(ii) the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC-Secure Program Public Testing Centre) with grades not less than the following:

(A) 350 for listening;

(B) 300 for reading;

(D) 140 for writing;

(iii) the Test of English as a Foreign Language internet-based test (TOEFL IBT) with a grade of not less than 71;

(iv) the Test of English as a Foreign Language computer-based test (TOEFL CBT) with a Grade of not less than 197;

(v) the Test of English as a Foreign Language paper based test (TOEFL PB) with a grade of not less than 530.

AEL Aviation English language proficiency

1 Unit description

This unit describes the minimum aviation English language proficiency required for the following:

(a) obtaining a flight crew licence, other than a recreational pilot licence;

(b) authorising a person to operate an aeronautical radio under CASR Part 64;

A person may be assessed within a range of operational levels according to the standards in Section 2 of Schedule 8.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 AEL.1 – Communicate effectively using English language

2.1.1 The person is able to communicate effectively in the following areas:

(a) pronunciation, stress, rhythm and intonation;

(b) grammatical structures and sentence patterns;

(d) paraphrasing;

(e) fluency;

(f) comprehension;

(g) interactions.

3 Range of variables

(a) oral and written communication in English;

(b) in flight or on the ground;

(c) in situations which include disruptions to communication normally encountered in the flight environment, including background noise levels equipment malfunctions and distractions;

(d) pre-recorded or actual aeronautical radio transmissions in more than 1 accent used to assess comprehension of basic aviation phraseology.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) standard phraseology used in aviation communications;

(b) the structure of the English language sufficient to comprehend written text and be able to maintain general conversation.

5 Evidence required

A report issued by a person authorised to conduct an assessment of aviation English language proficiency that states a minimum ICAO English language proficiency Level 4.

SECTION 2: COMMON STANDARDS

C1 Communicating in the aviation environment

1 Unit description

This unit describes the standards for communicating effectively that apply to flight crew using aeronautical radios for the purposes of safely conducting flight operations.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C1.1 – Communicating face-to-face

2.1.1 The person is able to communicate effectively in general English as follows:

(a) pronounces words clearly, using an accent that does not cause difficulties in understanding;

(b) conveys information in clearly structured sentences without confusion or ambiguity;

(c) uses an extensive vocabulary to accurately communicate on general and technical topics, without excessive use of jargon, slang or colloquial language;

(d) speaks fluently without long pauses, repetition or excessive false starts;

(e) responds to communications with actions that demonstrate that the information has been received and understood;

(f) exchanges information clearly in a variety of situations with both expert and non-expert English speakers while giving and receiving timely and appropriate responses;

(g) uses appropriate techniques to validate communications.

2.2 C1.2 – Operational communication using an aeronautical radio

2.2.1 The person must be able to demonstrate her or his ability to communicate adequately for the purpose of conducting flying operations safely as follows:

(a) maintain effective communication with others on operational matters;

(b) communicate effectively in unfamiliar, stressful or non-standard situations;

(d) transmit numbers;

(e) make appropriate transmissions using standard aviation phraseology;

(f) use plain English effectively when standard phraseology is inadequate;

(g) receive appropriate responses to transmissions;

(h) respond to transmissions and take appropriate action;

(i) recognise and manage communication errors and misunderstandings effectively;

(j) seek clarification in the time available if a message is unclear or uncertainty exists;

(k) react appropriately to a variety of regional accents;

(l) communicate effectively in unexpected, stressful or non-standard situations using standard phraseology or plan English.

3 Range of variables

(a) limited background noise associated with a typical work environment;

(b) aircraft environment in a routine operational setting;

(d) disruptions to normal communication patterns that might be encountered in an operational situation, including background noise, equipment malfunctions and other distractions.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) basic radiotelephony phraseology specified in the aeronautical information package (AIP) for visual flight rules (VFR) operations;

(b) common aviation terminology.

C2 Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to conduct pre- and post-flight actions and procedures for an aircraft of the applicable category, class or type.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C2.1 – Pre-flight actions and procedures

(a) complete all required pre-flight administration documentation;

(b) obtain, interpret and apply information contained in the required pre-flight operational documentation, including to the following:

(i) minimum equipment list (MEL);

(ii) maintenance release;

(iii) weather forecasts;

(iv) local observations;

(v) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM);

(vi) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) information;

(vii) En Route Supplement Australia (ERSA);

(viii) Aeronautical Information Package (AIP);

(d) identify all relevant radio and navigation aid facilities to be used during the flight (if applicable);

(e) determine the suitability of the current and forecast weather conditions for the proposed flight;

(f) using the aircraft documents, calculate the following for a given set of environmental and operational conditions:

(i) weight and balance;

(ii) in-ground and out-of-ground effect hover performance (rotorcraft only);

(iii) take-off and landing performance;

(iv) fuel requirements;

(g) determine whether the aircraft is serviceable for the proposed flight.

2.2 C2.2 – Perform pre-fight inspection

This element is not applicable when the training or assessment activity is being conducted in an FSTD that is approved for the training or assessment purpose.

(a) identify and secure equipment and documentation that is required for the flight;

(b) complete an internal and external check of the aircraft;

(d) report to, and seek advice from, qualified personnel to determine the action required in relation to any identified defects or damage;

(e) ensure all aircraft locking and securing devices, covers and bungs are removed and stowed securely;

(f) certify the aircraft flight technical log entering any defects or endorsements to permissible unserviceabilities as appropriate;

(g) complete and certify the daily inspection (if authorised to do so).

2.3 C2.3 – Post-flight actions and procedures

(a) shut down aircraft;

(b) conduct post-flight inspection and secure the aircraft (if applicable);

3 Range of variables

(a) an aircraft of the specified aircraft category;

(b) any class or type of aircraft within that aircraft category;

(d) alternatively, competency is demonstrated in an FSTD that is approved for the purpose.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) standard operating procedures for the category, and class or type of aircraft and the operator;

(b) fuel requirements for day VFR flight operation;

(d) airworthiness requirements applicable to the aircraft category, and class or type;

(e) local weather patterns;

(f) local aerodrome requirements.

C3 Operate aeronautical radio

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to operate radiotelephone and intercom equipment under normal and emergency conditions.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C3.1 – Operate radio equipment

(a) confirm serviceability of radio equipment;

(b) conduct transmission and receipt of radio communications using appropriate procedures and phraseology;

(d) conduct appropriate emergency and urgency transmissions.

2.2 C3.2 – Manage R/T equipment malfunctions

(a) perform radio failure procedures;

(b) use fault finding procedures and perform corrective actions.

2.3 C3.3 – Operate transponder

(a) operate a transponder during normal, abnormal and emergency operations;

(b) recall transponder emergency codes.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aircraft fitted with a common radio system and transponder;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) the phonetic alphabet;

(b) documented radio procedures relevant to the VFR;

(i) power source or battery switch, radio master, microphone;

(ii) transmitter;

(iii) receiver;

(iv) antenna;

(v) location of aerial antennas in buildings (except aircrew);

(vi) headphones and speaker;

(vii) the procedures for using an aeronautical radio system;

(viii) setting up an aeronautical radio (except aircrew);

(ix) use of radio transmit and receive selector switches (VHF, HF, I/C, PA);

(x) turning a radio on and off;

(xi) selecting correct frequencies;

(xii) use of squelch control;

(xiii) correct use of a microphone;

(d) characteristics of radio waves, wave propagation, transmission and reception (except aircrew):

(i) radio frequency band ranges (MF, HF, VHF, UHF);

(ii) properties of radio waves;

(iii) propagation of paths of radio waves:

(A) ground waves;

(B) sky waves;

(iv) factors affecting the propagation of radio waves:

(A) terrain;

(B) Ionosphere;

(D) interference from electrical equipment;

(E) thunderstorms;

(F) power attenuation;

(v) radio antennas:

(A) characteristics of antennas;

(B) use of antennas;

(e) the responsibilities of an aeronautical radio operator (except aircrew) for the following:

(i) secrecy of communications;

(ii) unauthorised transmissions;

(f) light signals, including interpretation and actions required.

C4 Manage fuel

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to effectively manage fuel for an aircraft operation.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C4.1 – Plan fuel requirements

(a) determine the required fuel reserves;

(b) determine the quantity of fuel required taking into account operational requirements and relevant abnormal or emergency conditions and contingencies;

2.2 C4.2 – Manage fuel system

(a) verify fuel quantity on-board aircraft prior to flight using 2 independent methods;

(b) ensure the fuel caps are secured;

(d) ensure fuel drain cocks are closed;

(e) monitor fuel usage during the flight;

(f) accurately maintain fuel log;

(g) calculate and state endurance at any point during flight;

(h) perform fuel tank changes correctly;

(i) maintain fuel load within aircraft limits;

(j) operate the fuel cross-feed system correctly (if fitted);

(k) operate fuel pumps and engine controls correctly;

(l) except for RPL and PPL, configure the aircraft correctly to achieve best range performance and correctly calculate the revised range of operation;

(m) configure the aircraft correctly to achieve best endurance performance and correctly calculate the revised operational endurance.

2.3 C4.3 – Refuel aircraft

(a) identify the correct type of fuel to be used;

(b) ensure aircraft is earthed prior to refuelling and defueling operations;

(d) ensure required fuel quantity is loaded;

(e) ensure fuel caps are closed and secured after fuelling operations;

(f) perform fuel quality checks.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aircraft of the applicable category;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) minimum fuel requirements for day VFR operations;

(b) fuel sources and fuel grades, including methods for identifying difference grades;

(d) fire extinguishers that can be used for fuel-related fires, including requirements and how to use them in the event of a fire;

(e) location of refuelling places;

(f) limitations on using drum stock fuel;

(g) health and safety requirements applicable to fuelling operations;

(h) variations to planned fuel consumption.

C5 Manage passengers and cargo

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to ensure the following:

(a) passengers are safe, informed and controlled;

(b) provision is made for passenger comfort and wellbeing;

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C5.1 – Manage passengers

(a) supervise passenger safety;

(b) encourage passengers to participate in and contribute to the safe outcome of the flight;

(d) ensure passengers are aware of, and avoid interference with, flight and systems controls;

(e) ensure passengers are aware of, and comply with, the use of seat harnesses;

(f) ensure passengers are aware of the use of escape hatches, exits and emergency equipment on board the aircraft;

(g) manage passenger safety in the event of abnormal or in-flight emergency situations.

2.2 C5.2 – Aid and assist passengers

(a) establish and maintain clear communications with passengers;

(b) assist with passenger comfort both when airside and in flight.

2.3 C5.3 – Manage cargo

(a) manage loading, unloading and security of cargo during flight operations;

(b) identify dangerous goods and apply procedures to ensure safety and security.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single or multi-engine aircraft;

(d) simulated abnormal or emergency situations;

(e) real or simulated passengers and cargo.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) managing passengers during abnormal or emergency situations;

(b) local procedures for movement of passengers;

(d) dangerous goods awareness;

(e) health and safety regulations and best practice.

NTS1 Non-technical skills 1

1 Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to manage a safe flight.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 NTS1.1 – Maintain effective lookout

(a) maintain traffic separation using a systematic visual scan technique at a rate determined by traffic density, visibility and terrain;

(b) maintain radio listening watch and interpret transmissions to determine traffic location and intentions;

2.2 NTS1.2 – Maintain situational awareness

(a) monitor all aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique;

(b) collect information to facilitate ongoing system management;

(d) collect flight environment information to update planned operations.

2.3 NTS1.3 – Assess situations and make decisions

(a) identify problems;

(b) analyse problems;

(d) assess solutions and risks;

(e) decide on a course of action;

(f) communicate plans of action (if appropriate);

(g) allocate tasks for action (if appropriate);

(h) take actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation;

(i) monitor progress against plan;

(j) re-evaluate plan to achieve optimum outcomes.

2.4 NTS1.4 – Set priorities and manage tasks

(a) organise workload and priorities to ensure optimum outcome of the flight;

(b) plan events and tasks to occur sequentially;

(d) use technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities.

2.5 NTS1.5 – Maintain effective communications and interpersonal relationships

(a) establish and maintain effective and efficient communications and interpersonal relationships with all stakeholders to ensure the optimum outcome of the flight;

(b) define and explain objectives to stakeholders;

3 Range of variables

(a) simulated conditions may be used where appropriate.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) effective communication under normal and non-normal circumstances;

(b) task management.

NTS2 Non-technical skills 2

1 Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to recognise, direct and manage threats and errors during flight operations.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 NTS2.1 – Recognise and manage threats

(a) identify relevant environmental or operational threats that are likely to affect the safety of the flight;

(b) identify when competing priorities and demands may represent a threat to the safety of the flight;

(d) monitor and assess flight progress to ensure a safe outcome, or modify actions when a safe outcome is not assured.

2.2 NTS2.2 – Recognise and manage errors

(a) apply checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors;

(b) identify committed errors before safety is affected or the aircraft enters an undesired state;

(i) aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique;

(ii) the flight environment;

(iii) other crew;

(d) implement countermeasures to prevent errors or take action in the time available to correct errors before the aircraft enters an undesired state.

2.3 NTS2.3 – Recognise and manage undesired aircraft state

(a) recognise an undesired aircraft state;

(b) prioritise tasks to ensure an undesired aircraft state is managed effectively;

3 Range of variables

(a) Reserved;

(b) simulated conditions may be used where appropriate.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) effective communication under normal and non-normal circumstances;

(b) threat and error management detailing processes that can be used to identify and mitigate or control threats and errors;

(c) the application of situational awareness to identifying real or potential environmental or operational threats to flight safety;

(d) developing and implementing plans of action for the following:

(i) removing and mitigating threats;

(ii) removing and mitigating errors;

(e) undesired aircraft states, including prevention, identifying and controlling;

(f) how an undesired aircraft state can develop from an unmanaged threat or error;

(g) what aspects of multi-crew operations (if applicable) can prevent an undesired aircraft state;

(h) use of checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent errors.

(i) task management, including:

(i) workload organisation and priority setting to ensure optimum safe outcome of the flight;

(ii) event planning to occur in a logical and sequential manner;

(iii) anticipating events to ensure sufficient opportunity is available for completion;

(iv) using technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities;

(v) task prioritisation and protection whilst filtering and managing real time information.

MCO Manage flight during multi-crew operations

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills, knowledge and behaviours required to plan, direct and control all aspects of a flight in a multi-crew environment as pilot in command or crew member.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 MCO.1 – Operate effectively as a crew member

(a) utilise standard operating procedures (SOP) and phraseology to conduct and manage flight;

(b) ensure crew members are aware of changes when operating aircraft systems;

(d) listen critically and request clarification when necessary;

(e) apply assertive strategies when working with others;

(f) present ideas in a way that shows respect for others;

(g) verbalise observations in a calm and concise manner;

(h) consider the condition (ability) of other crew members to perform crew duties;

(i) monitor and appraise crew members’ performance;

(j) interact with crew members in a supportive and constructive way;

(k) assist other crew members to manage workload;

(l) motivate and support other crew members;

(m) identify the signs, stages and possible causes of stress and conflict;

(n) apply strategies to manage stress and conflict;

(o) ensure pilot flying manages and monitors flight path;

(p) manage distractions and interruptions to cockpit activities.

2.2 MCO.2 – Demonstrate effective leadership and authority

(a) conduct briefings to share common plan and set priorities;

(b) ensure crew members are aware of their role and responsibilities throughout a flight;

(d) manage flight deck gradient relative to task;

(e) identify and manage threats and errors;

(f) maintain crew member motivation and commitment to task;

(g) monitor the effectiveness of crew performance;

(h) correct crew member deviations from standards;

(i) set realistic performance standards;

(j) monitor outcomes, and evaluate performance;

(k) collect information and identify key issues and relationships relative to achieving determined roles;

(l) break down tasks and establish courses of action to accomplish specified goals;

(m) encourage monitoring of performance by other crew members;

(n) allocate sufficient resources and time to complete workload;

(o) maintain patience and focus when processing large amounts of data or multiple tasks;

(p) identify when crew members become ineffective or incapacitated;

(q) manage time and resources to ensure that work is completed safely and effectively;

(r) ensure responsibility for flight path management is always assigned;

(s) take action to resolve crew member confusion.

2.3 MCO.3 – Maintain situational awareness

(a) actively monitor flight path, aircraft configuration and systems to achieve desired performance using a systematic scan technique;

(b) advise pilot flying of deviations from planned operations;

(d) analyse aircraft systems and flight environment information to identify actual and potential threats or errors;

(e) cross-check the actions of other crew members.

2.4 MCO.4 – Make effective decisions

(a) identify problems and their associated causal factors and review them with other crew members;

(b) break down systematically and logically problems or processes into component parts;

(d) generate, in the time available, solutions with crew members;

(e) assess alternative solutions and risks with other crew members;

(f) decide on a course of action and address crew member concerns;

(g) communicate plans of action and direct crew members to complete specified tasks;

(h) take actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation;

(i) monitor progress against agreed plan;

(j) evaluate decisions in line with changing circumstances;

(k) decision making is improvement-focused and directed towards achieving optimum outcomes.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) operations may be VFR or IFR;

(d) normal and simulated non-normal flight and ground operations;

(e) simulated hazardous weather conditions;

(f) simulated interaction involving ground and ATC personnel relevant to aviation activities.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) the topics mentioned in Unit 1.6.3, ATPL human factors in Schedule 3 of this MOS;

(b) threat and error management (TEM) principles, with particular emphasis on multi-crew operations.

SECTION 3 NAVIGATION AND INSTRUMENT FLYING STANDARDS

NAV Navigate aircraft

1 Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to plan and conduct a flight from a departure aerodrome to a destination aerodrome, or an alternate aerodrome, and navigating the aircraft under the applicable flight rules. This includes pre-flight planning, compliance with airspace, departure and arrival procedures, and navigation under normal and abnormal conditions.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 NAV.1 – Prepare documents and flight plan

(a) select and prepare appropriate navigation charts for the intended flight;

(b) select a suitable route and altitude considering weather, terrain, airspace, NOTAMs and alternate landing areas;

(d) determine whether the planned flight can be conducted under the applicable flight rules and taking account of the beginning and end of daylight times;

(e) except for the RPL navigation endorsement and the PPL, calculate and document critical point (CP) and point of no return (PNR) locations;

(f) complete a flight plan to the planned destination and alternates;

(g) lodge suitable flight notification for search and rescue (SAR) purposes.

2.2 NAV.2 – Comply with airspace procedures while navigating

(a) identify airspace restrictions and dimensions applicable to the flight;

(b) obtain and comply with air traffic clearances, if applicable;

2.3 NAV.3 – Conduct departure procedures

(a) organise cockpit to ensure charts, documentation and navigational calculator are accessible from the control seat;

(b) comply with all departure procedures, clearances and noise abatement requirements;

(d) calculate estimated time of arrival (ETA) for first waypoint.

2.4 NAV.4 – Navigate aircraft en route

(a) maintain a navigation cycle that ensures accurate tracking, and apply track correctional techniques to re-establish track prior to waypoint or destination;

(b) maintain heading to achieve a nominated track;

(d) maintain track in accordance with published flight path tolerances in controlled airspace;

(e) navigate using accepted map-reading techniques;

(f) maintain navigation and fuel log to monitor tracking, ETAs and fuel status;

(g) use appropriate techniques to obtain a positive fix at suitable intervals;

(h) maintain awareness of route, en route terrain, en route and destination weather, and react appropriately to changing weather conditions;

(i) perform pre-descent and turning point checks;

(j) maintain appropriate radio communication and listening watch with ATS and other aircraft if radio is fitted and used;

(k) configure the aircraft as required for the following environmental and operational conditions:

(i) turbulence;

(ii) holding;

(iii) maximum range;

(l) maintain awareness of search and rescue times (SARTIME) and revise as required;

(m) monitor aircraft systems, manage fuel and engine to ensure aircraft is operated to achieve flight plan objectives.

2.5 NAV.5 – Navigate at low level and in reduced visibility

(a) configure the aircraft as required for the following environmental and operational conditions:

(i) reduced visibility;

(ii) low cloud base;

(b) navigate aeroplane at minimum heights (not below 500 ft AGL, clear of built-up areas) and remain in VMC;

(d) avoid noise sensitive areas;

(e) operate appropriately in the vicinity of aerodromes and landing areas.

2.6 NAV.6 – Perform lost procedure

(a) acknowledge positional uncertainty in a timely manner;

(b) configure aircraft for range and endurance as required;

(d) fix position;

(e) use radio to request assistance, if applicable;

(f) plan a timely precautionary search and landing if unable to complete flight safely to suitable aerodrome.

2.7 NAV.7 – Perform diversion procedure

(a) make timely decision to divert;

(b) identify an acceptable alternate aerodrome;

(d) revise flight plan considering weather, terrain, airspace and fuel available;

(e) advise ATS of an intention to divert.

2.8 NAV.8 – Use instrument navigation systems

(a) initialise navigation system (as applicable);

(b) conduct navigation system validity check (as applicable);

(d) select, load, check and activate the flight plan (as applicable);

(e) navigate on departure, en route and on arrival using GNSS;

(f) operate instrument navigation systems correctly;

(g) use instrument navigation systems to assist with navigation;

(h) confirm waypoints and fixes using instrument navigation systems.

2.9 NAV.9 – Execute arrival procedures

(a) obtain updated relevant aerodrome information;

(b) determine landing direction and aerodrome suitability;

(d) identify and avoid all traffic;

(e) observe local and published noise abatement requirements and curfews;

(f) cancel SARWATCH.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) different terrain;

(d) simulated weather conditions.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) basic GNSS principles;

(b) en route GNSS navigation principles;

(d) navigate in featureless terrain and extended over-water flights;

(e) diversion considerations and procedures;

(f) maximum payload and minimum fuel operations.

RNE Radio navigation – en route

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to navigate an aircraft using radio navigation aids and systems.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 RNE.1 – Operate and monitor radio navigation aids and systems

(a) select and operate navigation aids and systems;

(b) monitor and take appropriate action in relation to the integrity of navigation aid systems information.

2.2 RNE.2 – Navigate the aircraft using navigation aids and systems

(a) determine aircraft position fix solely with reference to navigation aids and systems;

(b) intercept tracks to and from navigation aids and systems;

(d) record, assess and revise timings as required;

(e) recognise station passage.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) in an aircraft or an approved flight simulation training device;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) tracking tolerances for radio navigation and GNSS aids;

(b) for non-directional beacon (NDB):

(i) effects of coastal refraction, night error, thunderstorms, mountainous areas, types of terrain and altitude of aircraft on NDB indications or range;

(ii) methods of selecting and using the most appropriate NDB for tracking during navigation;

(iii) NDB tracking techniques, procedures and limitations;

(iv) procedures for sector entry and holding using the NDB;

(i) VOR instrument settings required to provide command indications when flying on given tracks both to and from the VOR;

(ii) VOR tracking techniques, procedures and limitations;

(iii) procedures for sector entry and holding using the VOR;

(d) for global navigation satellite system (GNSS):

(i) principles of operation, performance limitations and errors of a GNSS system;

(ii) methods of position fixing using a GNSS system;

(iii) GNSS operating procedures which provide safeguards against navigational error and loss of situational awareness;

(iv) GNSS operating procedures for typical navigational tasks using a specific type of aircraft equipment;

(v) indications of waypoint passage;

(vi) GNSS operational and serviceability checks;

(vii) human factors limitations associated with the use of GNSS equipment;

(viii) requirements applicable to pilots and equipment for GNSS operations;

(e) PBN specifications and requirements:

(i) applicable navigation specifications for various airspace operations;

(ii) RNP tracking tolerances;

(iii) APV Baro – NAV;

(iv) radius to fix path terminators on RF legs;

(v) equipment requirements;

(vi) system performance, monitoring and alert requirements;

(vii) circumstances in which a GNSS sensor is a primary RNP requirement.

IFF Full instrument panel manoeuvres

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform normal flight manoeuvres using the full instrument panel.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 IFF.1 – Determine and monitor the serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources

(a) determine serviceability of flight and navigational instruments;

(b) perform functional checks of flight and navigational instruments where applicable prior to take-off;

(c) monitor flight instrument and instrument power sources and react to any warnings, unserviceability or erroneous indications.

2.2 IFF.2 – Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel

(a) interpret flight instrument indications and apply procedures and techniques to achieve and maintain a specified flight path using the aircraft’s full instrument panel;

(b) except for RPL, set and maintain power and attitude by reference to the full instrument panel to achieve the following:

(i) straight and level performance during normal cruise within the flight tolerances;

(ii) nominated climb performance within the flight tolerances;

(iii) descent performance within the flight tolerances;

(c) set and maintain power and attitude by reference to the full instrument panel to establish a rate 1 turn onto a nominated heading within the flight tolerances.

2.3 IFF.3 – Recover from upset situations and unusual attitudes

(a) correctly identify upset situations and unusual attitudes under simulated IMC;

(b) recover to controlled flight from upset situations and unusual attitudes under simulated IMC from any combination of the following aircraft states:

(i) high and low-nose attitudes;

(ii) varying angles of bank;

(iii) various power settings;

(iv) various aircraft configurations;

(v) unbalanced flight.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR in variable weather conditions;

(c) for RPL, PPL, CPL licence and multi-engine aeroplane class rating training and assessment, day VFR simulated inadvertent entry into IMC with a level 180o turn to re-establish visual flight;

(d) VMC with simulated IMC;

(e) IMC if conducted in a synthetic flight simulator device;

(f) fitted flight instruments that are suitable for full panel instrument flight.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight;

(b) attitude and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles;

IFL Limited instrument panel manoeuvres

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform normal flight manoeuvres and recover from unusual attitudes in each of the following non-normal situations:

(a) without reference to the primary attitude indicator or display;

(b) without reference to the primary heading indicator or display;

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 IFL.1 – Recognise failure of attitude indicator and stabilised heading indicator

(a) monitor flight instruments and instrument power sources and recognise warning indicators or erroneous instrument indications;

(b) transition from a full instrument panel to a limited instrument panel.

2.2 IFL.2 – Perform manoeuvres – limited panel

(a) interpret and respond appropriately to instrument indications;

(b) apply power and attitude settings to achieve straight and level performance during:

(i) normal cruise;

(ii) in an aeroplane-approach configuration with flaps (when fitted) and undercarriage down;

(iii) in a helicopter at minimum power for level flight speed;

(i) nominated climb performance;

(ii) nominated descent performance;

(iii) during climb, descent and straight and level flight, rate 1 turns onto a nominated heading;

(d) trim (as applicable) and balance aircraft;

(e) establish level flight at a nominated altitude, from a climb or descent during straight or turning flight.

2.3 IFL.3 – Recover from upset situations and unusual attitudes – limited panel

(a) correctly identify upset situations and unusual attitudes under simulated IMC;

(b) recover to stabilised straight and level flight using approved techniques from upset situations and unusual attitudes under simulated IMC from any combination of the following aircraft states:

(i) high and low-nose attitudes;

(ii) varying angles of bank;

(iii) various power settings;

(iv) various aircraft configurations;

(v) unbalanced flight.

2.4 IFL.4 – Re-establish visual flight

(a) transition from visual flight conditions to instrument flight conditions while maintaining control of the aircraft;

(b) perform a manoeuvre to re-establish visual flight;

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single-engine or multi-engine aircraft or approved flight simulation training device;

(d) simulated IMC conditions;

(e) up to and including light turbulence.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight (without attitude or stabilised heading indicators);

(b) performance instrument indications and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles;

(c) anti-icing and de-icing controls and switches fitted to the aircraft type, and when these systems should be operated;

(d) instrument failure and warning systems fitted to the aircraft;

(e) the safety risks associated with application of large or rapid control inputs in more than 1 axis simultaneously.

CAS Operate airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS)

1 Unit description

This unit prescribes the standards required to operate an ACAS while conducting a flight operation.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 CAS.1 – ACAS pre-flight check

(a) complete a pre-flight check of ACAS equipment;

(b) determine the serviceability status of the equipment.

2.2 CAS.2 – ACAS operating mode

(a) select the correct operating mode of an ACAS;

(b) determine when the ACAS is operating normally.

2.3 CAS.3 – Respond to Traffic Advisory (TA)

(a) recognise a TA;

(b) interpret TA information correctly to determine bearing and range and vertical displacement of displayed traffic;

(d) apply right of way rules with visual acquisition of traffic or maintain safe separation.

2.4 CAS.4 – Respond to Resolution Advisory (RA)

(a) recognise an RA, at typical cruise altitudes and below 10,000 ft;

(b) apply positive control inputs as required within 5 seconds of RA notification;

(d) apply correct control inputs within 2.5 seconds to modify vertical speed with changes in RA guidance;

(e) recognise altitude crossing encounters where applicable;

(f) manage aircraft performance to avoid aircraft upset condition;

(g) notify ATC when clear of conflict once aircraft safety is assured and flight path resumed.

3 Range of variables

(a) in an FSTD or interactive computer-based training (CBT) with ACAS display and controls similar to those used to operate an aircraft;

(b) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) principles of the TCAS system and operation;

(b) the ATPL general knowledge standards in Schedule 3 of the Part 61 Manual of Standards relevant to this unit.

CTR Operate at a controlled aerodrome

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft to and from a controlled aerodrome.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 CTR.1 – Controlled aerodrome pre-flight preparation

(a) using a current ERSA and NOTAM, for the controlled aerodrome, extract all the relevant operational information;

(b) interpret the extracted information;

(d) check current weather forecast and local observations;

(e) identify all relevant radio and navigation aid frequencies.

2.2 CTR.2 – Taxi aircraft at a controlled aerodrome

(a) obtain and comply with ATC clearances;

(b) manoeuvre aircraft to holding point as instructed and take appropriate action to avoid other aircraft and obstructions;

(d) recognise lighting signals and take appropriate action;

(e) identify airport runway incursion hotspots;

(f) manoeuvre aircraft to avoid jet blast hazard;

(g) request taxi guidance if unsure of position;

(h) use strobes when crossing any runway.

2.3 CTR.3 – Perform departure from controlled aerodrome

(a) receive and correctly read back an airways clearance;

(b) check and ensure runway approach is clear prior to entering a runway;

(d) comply with ATC departure instructions;

(e) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to comply with clearance;

(f) contact approach with airborne report or give departure call to tower;

(g) maintain lookout;

(h) avoid wake turbulence;

(i) comply with airways clearances within tracking and altitude tolerances and maintain traffic lookout until clear of the aerodrome control zone.

2.4 CTR.4 – Perform arrival and landing at controlled aerodrome

(a) check ERSA and NOTAM prior to entering control area and extract required operational information;

(b) receive ATIS and correctly set the appropriate QNH;

(d) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to comply with clearance;

(e) maintain lookout at all times;

(f) update QNH as required;

(g) maintain tracking tolerances;

(h) establish aircraft on the correct leg of the circuit in preparation for landing and maintain separation from traffic;

(i) confirm clearance to land;

(j) vacate runway and obtain taxi clearance.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) Class C or D aerodromes;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) NOTAM decoding;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;

(d) radio failure procedures in ERSA;

(e) transponder codes for radio failure and emergency.

ONTA Operate at non-towered aerodromes

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft to and from a non‑ towered aerodrome or landing area.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 ONTA.1 – Non-towered aerodrome – pre-flight preparation

(a) using a current ERSA and NOTAM, for the non-towered aerodrome or landing area, extract all of the relevant operational information;

(b) interpret the extracted information;

(d) check current weather forecast and local observations;

(e) identify all relevant radio and navigation aid frequencies.

2.2 ONTA.2 – Taxi aircraft at a non-towered aerodrome or landing area

(a) refer to aerodrome or landing area chart (if available);

(b) set local QNH or area QNH;

(d) obtain and interpret traffic information;

(e) maintain lookout for, and separation from, other aircraft, wildlife and other obstructions;

(f) recognise ground markings during taxi and take appropriate action;

(g) Reserved;

(h) taxi aircraft to holding point;

(i) use strobes when crossing any runway.

2.3 ONTA.3 – Perform departure at a non-towered aerodrome or landing area

(a) check and ensure runway approach is clear prior to entering a runway;

(b) correctly set transponder code and mode prior to entering runway for take-off;

(d) broadcast line up details;

(e) Reserved;

(f) transmit appropriate radio calls and maintain separation with other aircraft;

(g) advise air service provider of departure details, if required;

(h) conduct departure.

2.4 ONTA.4 – Perform arrival and landing at a non-towered aerodrome or landing area

(a) check ERSA and NOTAM prior to entering circuit area;

(b) set correct area or local QNH;

(d) maintain effective lookout;

(e) maintain aircraft separation and avoid other traffic;

(f) maintain tracking tolerances;

(g) determine wind velocity;

(h) determine landing direction;

(i) confirm runway is serviceable for the operation;

(j) determine circuit direction;

(k) conduct landing area inspection (if applicable);

(l) position aircraft in the circuit in preparation for landing and maintain separation from traffic;

(m) make all necessary circuit radio calls;

(n) verify runway is clear of other traffic, wildlife and other obstructions;

(o) land the aircraft;

(p) vacate runway;

(q) cancel SARWATCH, if applicable.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) non-towered aerodromes;

(d) Class G airspace;

(e) CTAF;

(f) day VFR conditions.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) decode NOTAM;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;

(d) radio failure procedures in ERSA;

(e) transponder codes for G airspace.

CTA Operate in controlled airspace

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft in controlled airspace.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 CTA.1 – Operate aircraft in controlled airspace

2.1.1 The person must be able to demonstrate her or his ability to do the following:

(a) comply with airways clearance requirements for operating in all classes of airspace, including lead time required for flight plan submission, contents, ‘clearance void time’, and ‘readback’ requirement;

(b) apply airways clearance requirements for entering, operating in and departing from CTA and CTR, including details that need to be provided to ATC, and what details to expect from ATC;

(d) maintain tracking and altitude tolerances when operating on an airways clearance;

(e) reconfirm any clearance items when doubt exists;

(f) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to maintain clearance due to adverse weather conditions;

(g) follow ATC requirements for a change of level in CTA, including in an emergency situation;

(h) comply with departure, climb, transition to cruise (levelling out), cruise, change of levels, descent and visual approach procedures in CTA and CTR instructions;

(i) apply separation standards between IFR flights, and IFR and VFR flights in the various classes of CTA;

(j) perform appropriate actions in the event of the loss of radio communication in CTA and CTR;

(k) perform appropriate actions in the event of abnormal operations and emergency procedures in CTA and CTR;

(l) operate under radar vectoring procedures, including radio procedures and phraseologies;

(m) maximum permissible time interval between ATC transmissions during radar vectoring are not exceeded;

(n) perform appropriate actions in the event of abnormal operations and emergencies;

(o) recall transponder emergency code and communication failure code.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR conditions;

(d) Class C, D, or G airspace.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) decode NOTAMS;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;

(d) radio failure procedures that are published in the ERSA;

(e) transponder codes.

OGA Operate in Class G airspace

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft in Class G (uncontrolled) airspace.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 OGA – Operate aircraft in Class G airspace

(a) maintain tracking and altitude tolerances to remain outside controlled airspace;

(b) apply separation tolerances between IFR flights, and IFR and VFR flights;

(i) monitor appropriate radio frequency;

(ii) make appropriate radio calls;

(iii) obtain operational information from air services provider and other aircraft;

(iv) use information to ensure aircraft separation is maintained;

(v) apply loss of radio communication procedures;

(d) using a suitable chart:

(i) operate clear of active aerodromes and landing areas in the vicinity of the aircraft;

(ii) identify and remain clear of controlled and restricted airspace;

(iii) take appropriate action when operating in the vicinity of a danger area;

(e) perform actions in the event of abnormal operations and emergencies;

(f) recall transponder emergency code and communication failure code.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR conditions;

(d) simulated or actual abnormal, emergency situations and radio failure.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

Class G airspace.

SECTION 4: AIRCRAFT RATING STANDARDS

AEROPLANE CATEGORY

A1 Control aeroplane on the ground

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aeroplane on the ground.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A1.1 – Start and stop engine

(a) perform engine start and after start actions;

(b) perform engine shutdown and after shutdown actions;

(d) considers ground surface in relation to contamination and propeller care during engine start and stop activities.

2.2 A1.2 – Taxi aeroplane

(a) use aerodrome or landing area charts to taxi aircraft;

(b) comply with taxiway and other aerodrome markings, right-of-way rules and ATC or marshalling instructions when applicable;

(i) brakes and steering function normally and take appropriate action in the event of a malfunction;

(ii) instruments for correct readings;

(iii) altimeter setting;

(d) maintain safe taxi speed and control of the aircraft;

(e) maintain safe spacing from other aircraft, obstructions, and persons;

(f) maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline;

(g) avoid causing a hazard to other aircraft, objects or persons;

(h) correct handling techniques are applied to take into account wind from all 4 quadrants;

(i) correctly manage the engine during taxi manoeuvres.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single-engine aeroplane with propeller;

(d) windsock located on the aerodrome;

(e) sufficient wind that requires control adjustment (may be simulated);

(f) hazardous weather (may be simulated);

(g) day VFR conditions;

(h) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) typical single-engine aeroplane aircraft systems;

(b) differences between normally aspirated and fuel-injected systems;

(d) the cause and effect of fuel vaporisation;

(e) typical aircraft performance characteristics of single-engine aeroplanes and the effects of local weather conditions on performance;

(f) aircraft weight and balance and the how to calculate aircraft centre of gravity;

(g) the contents of the flight manual and POH for the aircraft being flown;

(h) the environmental conditions that represent VMC;

(i) propeller wash, rotor wash and jet blast and how they affect other aircraft;

(j) the day VFR flight rules;

(k) the meaning of:

(i) light and marshalling signals;

(ii) aerodrome markings, signals and local procedures;

(l) care of propellers;

(m) the actions to be taken in the event of a brake or tyre or steering failure;

(n) the relevant sections of the AIP.

A2 Take-off aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to complete pre-take-off checks, take-off aeroplane into wind and in cross-wind conditions and perform after take-off checks in an aeroplane.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A2.1 – Carry out pre-take-off procedures

(a) correctly identify critical airspeeds, configurations, and emergency and abnormal procedures for normal and cross-wind take-offs;

(b) work out a plan of action, in advance, to ensure the safest outcome in the event of abnormal operations;

(d) perform all pre-take-off and line-up checks required by the aircraft checklist;

(e) ensure approach path is clear of conflicting traffic and other hazards before lining up for take-off;

(f) align the aeroplane on the runway centreline.

2.2 A2.2 – Take off aeroplane

(a) apply the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway, if appropriate, prior to initiating and during the take-off;

(b) adjust the power controls taking into account the existing conditions;

(c) monitor power controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are achieved and maintained;

(d) adjust the controls to attain the desired pitch attitude at the predetermined airspeed to attain the desired performance;

(e) perform the take-off applying the required pitch, roll and yaw inputs as appropriate in a smooth, coordinated manner;

(f) trim the aeroplane accurately;

(g) perform gear and flap retractions, power adjustments (as applicable) and other required pilot-related activities;

(h) maintain flight path along the runway extended centreline;

(i) apply the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures;

(j) recognise take-off abnormalities and take appropriate action to reject take-off (can be simulated).

2.3 A2.3 – Take off aeroplane in a cross-wind

(a) perform a take-off in an aeroplane making appropriate adjustments for cross-wind conditions;

(b) maintain the runway centreline and extended centreline.

2.4 A2.4 – Carryout after take-off procedures

(a) perform after take-off checklist;

(b) maintain the appropriate climb segment at the nominated heading and airspeed;

(d) maintain traffic separation.

2.5 A2.5 – Take-off aeroplane from ‘short field’

(a) calculate take-off and landing performance in accordance with the aeroplane’s performance charts;

(b) perform take-off aeroplane to achieve the minimum length take-off performance;

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aeroplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;

(d) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;

(e) aircraft with or without flaps;

(f) sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;

(g) windsock located on aerodrome;

(h) engine start and shutdown malfunctions and emergencies covered by the aircraft flight manual;

(i) simulated hazardous weather;

(j) day VFR conditions;

(k) for take-off in cross-wind, the cross-wind component must be:

(i) for RPL, not more than 10 kts;

(ii) otherwise, 70% of the maximum permitted for the type of aeroplane being flown;

(l) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) obtaining or calculating the cross-wind and down or up wind components;

(b) the factors affecting take-off and initial climb performance;

(d) take-off distance required calculation;

(e) aerodrome charts and an ability to interpret them;

(f) local topographical charts to identify safe areas for engine-failure purposes and noise‑abatement considerations.

A3 Control aeroplane in normal flight

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to control an aeroplane while performing normal flight manoeuvres.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A3.1 – Climb aeroplane

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when commencing, during, and completing a climbing flight manoeuvre;

(b) adjust altimeter subscale according to applicable settings;

(d) for the following climbing manoeuvres select power, attitude and configuration as required for the flight path, balance and trim the aeroplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the manoeuvre:

(i) cruise climb;

(ii) best angle climb;

(iii) best rate climb;

(e) anticipate level-off altitude and achieve straight and level flight.

2.2 A3.2 – Maintain straight and level flight

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during straight and level flight manoeuvres;

(b) adjust altimeter subscale according to applicable settings;

(d) for the following straight and level manoeuvres select power, attitude and configuration as required for the flight path, balance and trim the aeroplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the manoeuvre:

(i) at slow speed;

(ii) at normal cruise;

(iii) at high-speed cruise;

(iv) during acceleration and deceleration;

(v) except for the RPL, at maximum range;

(vi) except for the RPL, at maximum endurance;

(vii) with flaps selected.

2.3 A3.3 – Descend aeroplane

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during descending flight manoeuvres;

(b) for the following descending manoeuvres select power, attitude and configuration as required for the flight path, balance and trim the aeroplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the manoeuvre:

(i) glide;

(ii) powered;

(iii) approach configuration descent (flap and undercarriage);

2.4 A3.4 – Turn aeroplane

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during turning flight manoeuvres;

(b) for the following turning manoeuvres select power, attitude and configuration as required for the flight path, balance and trim the aeroplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the manoeuvre:

(i) level turns;

(ii) climbing turn;

(iii) powered descending;

(iv) gliding descending turn;

(d) turn aeroplane at varying rates to achieve specified tracks;

(e) manoeuvre aeroplane over specified tracks or geographical features.

2.5 A3.5 – Control aeroplane at slow speeds

(a) complete pre-manoeuvre checks;

(b) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when operating the aeroplane at slow speed in straight and level, climbing, descending and turning flight;

(c) except for multi-engine aeroplane operations, select power, attitude and configuration as required for the flight path, balance and trim the aeroplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve stable flight at the required flight tolerances that apply to the following:

(i) minimum approach speed with flaps retracted;

(ii) minimum approach speed in approach configuration;

(iii) flight at speeds just above stall warning activation or at the initial symptoms of stall;

(d) except for multi-engine aeroplane operations, observe audible and visible stall warnings and recover aeroplane to controlled flight;

(e) recognise and respond positively to reduced effectiveness of controls during slow flight manoeuvres;

(f) recognise the need to increase power while manoeuvring in slow flight to maintain nominated altitude and a margin of speed above the stall;

(g) transition from slow speed configuration, using take‑off power to achieve nominated speed in excess of 1.5 Vs without loss of height.

2.6 A3.6 – Perform circuits and approaches

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when operating the aeroplane in the circuit;

(b) in accordance with specific local procedures, safely perform a full circuit pattern (5 legs) by balancing and trimming the aeroplane accurately while applying smooth, coordinated control inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances specified for the flight path flown during traffic pattern manoeuvres as follows:

(i) track upwind along extended centreline to 500 ft;

(ii) establish and maintain cross-wind leg tracking 90° to the runway;

(iii) establish and maintain downwind leg tracking parallel to, and at a specified distance from, the runway at circuit height;

(iv) establish base leg tracking 90° to the runway at a specified distance from the runway threshold;

(d) establish the approach and landing configuration appropriate for the runway and meteorological conditions, and adjust the power plant controls as required for the following:

(i) commence and control approach descent path;

(ii) adjust descent commencement point to take account of extended downwind leg or traffic adjustments;

(iii) align and maintain aircraft on final approach flight path with specified or appropriate runway;

(iv) set and maintain approach configuration not below 500 ft AGL;

(v) identify and maintain the nominated aiming point;

(vi) maintain a stabilised approach angle at the nominated airspeed not less than 1.3VS to the round-out height;

(vii) verify existing wind conditions, make proper correction for drift, and maintain a precise ground track;

(viii) apply speed allowances for wind gusts;

(ix) configure aeroplane for landing;

(e) maintain aircraft separation and position in the circuit with reference to other aircraft traffic in the circuit area.

2.7 A3.7 – Local area airspace

(a) using an appropriate chart, for the local area and circuit area:

(i) identify geographical features;

(ii) identify geographical limits;

(iii) identify restricted, controlled and uncontrolled airspace areas;

(iv) state local airspace limits;

(v) identify the transit route between the departure aerodrome and training area;

(vi) identify the geographical limits of the training area;

(vii) identify aerodromes and landing areas within the local area;

(b) maintain orientation and pinpoint location by using geographical features and a local area chart;

(d) operate safely within a transit lane (if applicable);

(e) remain clear of restricted, controlled and other appropriately designated airspace;

(f) operate safely in the vicinity of local aerodromes and landing areas;

(g) transit from the designated training area to the circuit area;

(h) set QNH appropriately;

(i) correctly determine which runway is to be used for landing;

(j) ensure runway is serviceable and available;

(k) position aircraft for arrival into the circuit.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aeroplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;

(d) aircraft with or without flaps;

(e) simulated hazardous weather;

(f) approach and landing configurations:

(i) normal;

(ii) flapless;

(iii) glide;

(g) circuit patterns:

(i) normal 1,000 ft AGL circuit;

(ii) low-level 500 ft AGL circuit;

(iii) full circuit pattern, including 5 legs;

(iv) shortened circuit pattern;

(h) day VFR conditions;

(i) local area airspace limitations.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) the primary effects of controls;

(b) the secondary effects of controls;

(d) aircraft systems;

(e) aircraft performance;

(f) aircraft weight and balance;

(g) hazards when performing performance manoeuvres;

(h) turning using a magnetic compass;

(i) relationship between angle of bank, load factor and stall speed;

(j) relationship between induced drag and operating at slow speed;

(k) dangers associated with mechanical and wake turbulence;

(l) engine considerations during prolonged climbing and descending;

(m) contents of the aircraft flight manual and pilot’s operating handbook;

(n) environmental conditions that represent VMC;

(o) day VFR flight rules;

(p) local area operating procedures;

(q) relevant sections of the AIP.

A4 Land aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to conduct a landing in an aeroplane.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A4.1 – Land aeroplane

(a) maintain a constant landing position aim point;

(b) achieve a smooth, positively-controlled transition from final approach to touchdown, including the following;

(i) control ballooning during flare;

(ii) touchdown at a controlled rate of descent, in the specified touchdown zone within tolerances

(iii) control bouncing after touchdown;

(iv) touchdown aligned with the centreline within tolerances;

(d) maintain positive directional control and cross-wind correction during the after-landing roll;

(e) use drag and braking devices, as applicable, in such a manner to bring the airplane to a safe stop;

(f) complete the applicable after-landing checklist items in a timely manner.

2.2 A4.2 – Land aeroplane in a cross-wind

(a) verify existing wind conditions, make proper correction for drift, and maintain a precise ground track;

(b) configure the aeroplane for the cross-wind conditions;

(c) control the aeroplane during the transition from final approach to touchdown and during after-landing roll to compensate for the cross-wind conditions.

2.3 A4.3 – Conduct a missed approach

(a) recognise the conditions when a missed approach should be executed;

(b) make the decision to execute a missed approach when it is safe to do so;

(i) select power, attitude and configuration to safely control aeroplane;

(ii) manoeuvre aeroplane clear of the ground and conduct after take-off procedures;

(iii) make allowance for wind velocity during go-around;

(iv) avoid wake turbulence.

2.4 A4.4 – Perform recovery from missed landing

(a) recognise when a missed landing is occurring and when it is appropriate to take recovery action;

(b) make the decision to execute recovery from a missed landing only when it is safe to do so;

(i) select power, attitude and configuration to safely control aeroplane;

(ii) manoeuvre aeroplane clear of the ground and conduct after take-off procedures;

(iii) make allowance for wind velocity during go-around;

(iv) avoid wake turbulence.

2.5 A4.5 – Short landing

(a) land aeroplane at nominated touchdown point at minimum speed;

(b) control ballooning during flare;

(d) maintain direction after touchdown;

(e) apply maximum braking without locking up wheels;

(f) stops aircraft within landing distance available.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aeroplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;

(d) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;

(e) aircraft with or without flaps;

(f) sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;

(g) windsock located on aerodrome;

(h) simulated hazardous weather;

(i) day VFR conditions;

(j) for landing an aeroplane in cross-wind, the cross-wind component must be:

(i) for RPL, not more than 10 kts;

(ii) otherwise, 70% of the maximum permitted for the type of aeroplane being flown;

(k) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) typical single-engine aeroplane aircraft systems;

(b) aeroplane performance;

(d) aeroplane weight and balance;

(e) options when local conditions are not suitable for landing;

(f) causes of loss of control of aeroplane on landing;

(g) contents of the aircraft flight manual and pilot’s operating handbook;

(h) environmental conditions that represent VMC;

(i) day VFR flight rules;

(j) propeller wash, rotor wash and jet blast;

(k) relevant sections of the AIP.

A5 Aeroplane advanced manoeuvres

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform advanced manoeuvres in an aeroplane.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A5.1 – Enter and recover from stall

(a) perform stalling pre-manoeuvre checks;

(b) recognise symptoms of a stall;

(c) control the aeroplane by trimming and balancing accurately for slow flight and then applying the required pitch, roll and yaw inputs to enter and recover from the following:

(i) slow flight where initial symptoms of a stall become evident;

(ii) stall, recovering without application of power;

(iii) stall, recovering with full power applied (not required for multi-engine aeroplanes);

(iv) stall under the following conditions:

(A) straight and level flight;

(B) climbing flight (not required for multi-engine aeroplanes);

(D) approach to land configuration;

(E) turning flight (not required for multi-engine aeroplanes);

(d) perform stall recovery including the following:

(i) reduce angle of attack;

(ii) prevent yaw;

(iii) use available power and height to increase the aircraft energy state;

(iv) avoid secondary stall;

(v) re-establish desired flight path and aircraft control with balanced control application;

(e) perform stall recovery in simulated partial and complete engine failure conditions;

(f) perform stall recovery at simulated low altitude.

2.2 A5.2 – Avoid spin

This element only applies to a single-engine aeroplane:

(a) perform stalling pre-manoeuvre checks;

(b) recognise wing drop at the stall;

(d) perform recovery where the aeroplane exhibits a tendency to drop a wing at the stall, in accordance with paragraph (d) of subclause 2.1 (5.1 – Enter and recover from stall);

(e) perform stall recovery at simulated low altitude.

2.3 A5.3 – Turn aeroplane steeply

(a) pre-manoeuvre checks for steep turning;

(b) steep level turn using a nominated bank angle, ending on a nominated heading or geographical feature, without altitude change;

(c) steep descending turn using a nominated bank angle, ending on a nominated heading or geographical feature ending on a nominated altitude;

(d) aeroplane operating limits are not exceeded.

2.4 A5.4 – Sideslip aeroplane (where flight manual permits)

(a) straight sideslip:

(i) induce slip to achieve increased rate of descent while maintaining track and airspeed; and

(ii) adjust rate of descent by coordinating angle of bank and applied rudder;

(b) sideslipping turn by adjusting the bank angle to turn through minimum heading change of 90° at constant airspeed using sideslip, and exiting the turn on a specified heading or geographical feature, within tolerance;

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) manoeuvres are performed within operating limits of aeroplane;

(d) aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel;

(e) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;

(f) aircraft with or without flaps;

(g) sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;

(h) windsock located on aerodrome;

(i) simulated hazardous weather;

(j) day VFR conditions;

(k) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) operational circumstances where steep turns are required;

(b) aerodynamic and aeroplane operational considerations related to slow flight, sideslipping, stalling, spinning, steep turns, upset aeroplane states, including but not limited to the following:

(i) symptoms of approach to stall and throughout the stall manoeuvre until recovery;

(ii) relationship between angle of attack and stall;

(iii) effects of weight, centre of gravity position, ‘g’ force and angle of attack;

(iv) dangers of unbalanced flight;

(v) principle of stick and control and the point of stall;

(vi) priority given to reduce angle of attack during stall manoeuvres;

(vii) loss of height is considered in relation to available height and energy state;

(viii) the technique of converting excess speed to height;

(ix) the technique of converting excess height to speed;

(x) symmetrical and rolling ‘g’ force limitations;

(xi) higher stall speeds when aeroplane is turning;

(xii) effects on fuel, pitot and flap systems;

(d) environmental conditions that represent VMC;

(e) day VFR flight rules;

(f) relevant sections of the AIP.

A6 Manage abnormal situations – single-engine aeroplanes

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to accurately assess an abnormal situation, reconfigure the aeroplane, control the aeroplane and execute appropriate manoeuvres to achieve a safe outcome with no injury to personnel or damage to the aeroplane or property.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A6.1 – Manage engine failure – take-off (simulated)

(a) correctly identify an engine failure after take-off;

(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the aeroplane;

(d) perform recall actions;

(e) perform emergency actions as far as time permits;

(f) manoeuvre the aeroplane to achieve the safest possible outcome;

(g) ensure passengers adopt brace position;

(h) advise others such as ATS and other aircraft of intentions if time permits.

2.2 A6.2 – Manage engine failure in the circuit area (simulated)

(a) correctly identify an engine failure during flight;

(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the aeroplane;

(d) select a suitable landing area within gliding distance, on the aerodrome or elsewhere;

(e) perform emergency procedures and land the aeroplane if the engine cannot be restarted as time permits;

(f) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(g) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and harness security;

(h) land the aeroplane ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved.

2.3 A6.3 – Perform forced landing (simulated)

(a) after a simulated complete engine failure has occurred, without prior indications, carryout the following:

(i) identify complete power failure condition and control aeroplane;

(ii) perform immediate actions;

(iii) formulate and describe a recovery plan, including selecting the most suitable landing area;

(iv) establish optimal gliding flight path to position the aeroplane for a landing on the selected landing area;

(v) perform emergency procedures and land the aeroplane if the engine cannot be restarted as time permits;

(vi) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(vii) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and harness security;

(viii) land the aeroplane ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved;

(b) after a simulated partial engine failure has occurred, without prior indications, carryout the following:

(i) identify partial power failure condition;

(ii) perform recall actions;

(iii) adjust flight controls to re-establish flight path that maximises performance for partial power condition and maintain a safe airspeed margin above stall speed;

(iv) establish radio communications where possible;

(v) perform partial engine failure actions;

(vi) formulate a plan to recover aeroplane to a safe landing area or aerodrome, taking into account that partial failure might lead to a full power failure at any time;

(vii) manoeuvre the aeroplane to a selected landing area or aerodrome using the remaining power to establish an optimal aircraft position for a safe landing;

(viii) advise ATS, or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(ix) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and harness security;

(x) maintain a contingency plan for coping with a full power failure throughout the manoeuvre;

(xi) when a safe landing position is established, shut down and secure engine and aeroplane.

2.4 A6.4 – Conduct precautionary search and landing (simulated condition)

(a) assess flight circumstances and make an appropriate decision when to perform precautionary landing;

(b) configure aeroplane for conditions;

(d) select landing area, carryout an inspection and assess its suitability for landing, taking into account:

(i) unobstructed approach and overshoot paths;

(ii) landing area length adequate for landing;

(iii) landing area surface is suitable for aeroplane type and clear of hazards;

(e) maintain orientation and visual contact with the landing area;

(f) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(g) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and harness security;

(h) land and secure aircraft and manage passengers.

2.5 A6.5 – Manage other abnormal situations (simulated)

(a) correctly identify the situation and maintain safe control of the aeroplane at all times;

(b) manage abnormal and emergency situations in accordance with relevant emergency procedures and regulatory requirements;

(d) identify and conduct flight with an unreliable airspeed indication;

(e) correctly identify when an emergency evacuation of an aeroplane is required;

(f) execute a simulated emergency evacuation of an aeroplane;

(g) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions.

2.6 A6.6 – Recover from unusual flight attitudes

(a) identify nose-high or nose-low unusual attitude flight condition;

(b) recover from nose-low or nose-high unusual attitudes by adjusting pitch, bank and power to resume controlled and balanced flight;

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single-engine aeroplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;

(c) discontinue simulated manoeuvres that would be terminated by a forced landing when the assessor is satisfied that the landing standard would be achieved;

(d) day VFR conditions.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) engine failure scenarios and procedures for partial and complete power loss;

(b) forced landing scenarios and procedures;

(d) judging descent profiles in various configurations;

(e) prioritising activities during emergencies and non-normal situations;

(f) ditching;

(g) suitable fields for forced landings and precautionary landings;

(h) considerations when practicing emergencies and non-normal operations;

(i) aircraft performance in a glide (straight and turning);

(j) hazard of sideslip at low altitude;

(k) effects of partial engine power on performance, flight profile, range and landing options;

(l) contents of the flight manual and pilot’s operating handbook;

(m) passenger control and briefing;

(n) VMC;

(o) low-flying hazards.

AME Operate multi-engine aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate a multi-engine class-rated aeroplane in non-normal and emergency operations.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 AME.1 – Operate multi-engine aeroplane

(a) start multi-engine aeroplane;

(b) use asymmetric thrust to assist with taxi manoeuvring;

2.2 AME.2 – Manage failures and malfunctions – general

(a) operate and manage aircraft systems;

(b) asymmetric operations for all phases of flight are anticipated and contingencies are planned;

(c) a plan of action is self-briefed or briefed that will ensure the safest outcome in the event of asymmetric operations.

2.3 AME.3 – Manage engine failure and malfunction after take-off (simulated)

(a) manage simulated engine failures and malfunctions effectively whilst maintaining control of the aircraft flight path within specified tolerances;

(b) configure and fly aeroplane to achieve best performance;

2.4 AME.4 – Manage engine failure and malfunction en route (simulated)

(a) maintain or regain control of the aeroplane flight path within specified tolerances;

(b) manage failed or malfunctioning engine effectively;

2.5 AME.5 – Perform rejected take-off – multi-engine aeroplane

(a) abort take-off at or before decision point during the take-off where the abort procedure can be initiated and the aeroplane stopped on the remaining runway or stopway;

(b) reduce power smoothly and promptly;

(c) activate spoilers, prop fine, reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes and other drag and braking devices (as applicable);

(d) maintain positive control to bring the aeroplane to a safe stop;

(e) initiate and complete engine failure procedures and checklists.

2.6 AME.6 – Manage engine failure and malfunction during approach and landing (simulated)

(a) maintain control of aeroplane flight path;

(b) nominate decision height for landing;

(d) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(e) establish the approach and landing configuration appropriate for the runway or landing area, and meteorological conditions, and adjust the power plant controls as required;

(f) maintain a stabilised approach and nominated airspeed within tolerances;

(g) achieve a smooth, positively-controlled transition from final approach to touchdown in the touchdown zone within tolerances;

(h) maintain positive directional control and cross-wind corrections during the after-landing roll maintaining the centreline within tolerances;

(i) use spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reversers, wheel brakes, and other drag or braking devices, as appropriate, in such a manner to bring the airplane to a safe stop after landing (as applicable).

2.7 AME.7 – Conduct go-around or missed approach with engine failure (simulated)

(a) identify and confirm engine failure in a multi-engine aeroplane during a go-around or missed approach;

(b) maintain control of aeroplane;

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR or IFR;

(d) aerodromes;

(e) appropriate surfaces;

(f) simulated emergencies;

(g) simulated hazardous weather.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) airspeed limitations, including: VNO, VA, VX and VY, VNE, VFE, VLO, VLE, VLO2 (landing gear operations down), maximum cross-wind, turbulence penetration speed and maximum load factor;

(b) emergency airspeeds, including: VMCA, VSSE, engine(s) inoperative climb, approach and final speed, emergency descent and best glide range speeds;

(c) emergency procedures for: engine failure after take-off, engine fire on the ground and airborne, engine failure in the cruise, waste gate failure (if applicable) and propeller or turbine over-speed;

(d) safety implications of asymmetric flight below VMCA;

(e) power, flight and configuration requirements that apply to VMCA;

(f) methods of regaining control of an aeroplane with a failed engine that is flying at a speed less than VMCA;

(g) conditions that would increase V1 (if stated in AFM and POH);

(h) performance the aeroplane can achieve after reaching VY or V2 during asymmetric flight;

(i) markings on the airspeed indicator that apply to failed engine operations;

(j) normal and cross-wind take-off and landing procedures: climb, cruise, descent procedures, including airspeeds, configurations, method of drift allowance, setting of flight instruments and non-normal and emergency procedures;

(k) technique and procedures used during engine failure on take-off, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required;

(l) technique and procedure for carrying out a rejected take-off after an engine or system(s) failure or warnings, including related safety factors;

(m) technique and procedures used to conduct an asymmetric go-around or missed approach, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required;

(n) other abnormal or emergency items as contained in the flight manual or pilot operating handbook.

TR-CR Type rating – cruise relief aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for the issue of a cruise-relief type rating.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 TR-CR.1 – Conduct pre-flight inspection

(a) complete pre-flight inspections;

(b) communicate with ground support crew;

(d) prepare and operate aircraft systems correctly.

2.2 TR-CR.2 – Extract pre-flight performance data

(a) extract correct aircraft loading and performance data;

(b) set instrumentation and systems;

2.3 TR-CR.3 – Request ATC clearance

Obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance.

2.4 TR-CR.4 – Start engines

(a) start engine correctly;

(b) manage occurrences where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.

2.5 TR-CR.5 – Taxi aircraft

(a) request ATC clearances or make mandatory air traffic broadcast;

(b) push back or power back aircraft safely;

(d) divide attention appropriately between inside and outside the flight deck, to ensure maintenance of control while taxiing and completion of cockpit procedures and checklists;

(e) check instruments in a suitable area clear of traffic and other hazards;

(f) interpret and comply with taxiway, lighting, other aerodrome markings and marshalling instructions;

(g) adjust taxi speed to suit aircraft type, surface conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control, and avoid collision with personnel, obstacles or other aircraft;

(h) apply flying controls, power and brakes to maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline while compensating for wind and surface conditions.

2.6 TR-CR.6 – Conduct pre-take-off checks

(a) perform pre-take-off checklist and confirm all systems are within normal operating range;

(b) perform pre-take-off briefing;

(d) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway.

2.7 TR-CR.7 – Conduct take-off

(a) demonstrate knowledge of airspeeds, configurations, and emergency and abnormal procedures for normal and cross-wind take-offs;

(b) brief a plan of action to ensure the safest outcome in the event of abnormal operations;

(d) ensure all pre-take-off checks required by the appropriate checklist items are completed in a timely manner;

(e) align the aircraft on the runway centreline;

(f) apply the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway, if appropriate, prior to initiating and during the take-off;

(g) adjust the power plant controls;

(h) monitor power plant controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are maintained;

(i) adjust the controls to attain the desired pitch attitude at the predetermined airspeed to attain the desired performance;

(j) perform the required pitch changes and, as appropriate, perform and verify the completion of, gear and flap retractions, power adjustments (as applicable) and other required pilot‑related activities at the required airspeed within the published tolerances;

(k) use the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures;

(l) verify the completion of the appropriate after take-off checklist items in a timely manner;

(m) manage any incident, malfunction or failure during take-off to achieve the safest possible outcome.

2.8 TR-CR.8 – Operate aircraft in flight

(a) operate aircraft in normal flight profiles;

(b) operate aircraft systems for normal, non-normal and emergency conditions;

(i) approach to stall and full stall recovery;

(ii) maximum performance turning;

(iii) unusual attitude and upset recovery;

(iv) flight with unreliable airspeed;

(v) emergency descent.

2.9 TR-CR.9 – Manage engine failure in flight

(a) maintain control of aircraft flight path;

(b) correctly identify and verify malfunction;

2.10 TR-CR.10 – Conduct a descent, arrival and landing

(a) plan and conduct a descent, arrival and landing;

(b) obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance for descent and arrival;

(d) demonstrate missed approach manoeuvre.

2.11 TR-CR.11 – Conduct taxi to stand, park and shutdown

Follow published procedures, taxi, park and shutdown aircraft at the designated parking bay.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day and night VMC or IMC;

(d) simulated abnormal or emergency situations;

(e) flight crew incapacitation (multi-crew operations);

(f) simulated hazardous weather;

(g) sealed, gravel or grass surfaces.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) normal and cross-wind take-off;

(b) instrument take-off;

(d) the procedures used during engine failure on take-off, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required;

(e) rejected take-off;

(f) departure procedures;

(g) steep turns;

(h) approaches to stalls;

(i) engine failure;

(j) any specific flight characteristics;

(k) recovery from unusual attitudes;

(l) normal and cross-wind approaches and landings;

(m) approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure;

(n) baulked approach and missed-landing;

(o) no flap or a non-standard flap approach and landing;

(p) critical airspeeds, V-speeds (including tyre rotation limits);

(q) how to calculate landing distance required;

(r) the normal system operating procedures of the aircraft systems;

(s) emergency procedures;

(t) how potential, kinetic and chemical energy relate to an aircraft in flight;

(u) how energy states are manipulated to generate aerodynamic forces that allow an aircraft to be manoeuvred;

(v) the unintended flight conditions of pitch, bank and airspeed that describe upset aircraft state;

(w) the physical symptoms that may or may not be evident in a stall;

(x) stall recovery technique during any nominated phase of flight applicable to the aircraft type being flown;

(y) the upset recovery techniques applicable to the aircraft type being flown at low altitude, and high altitude where the aircraft is pressurised;

(z) Structural integrity of an aeroplane is not ensured when operating at or below maximum manoeuvring speed, if multiple control inputs in one axis, or full control inputs in more than one axis, are initiated at the same time.

TR-SEA Type rating – single-engine aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to operate a type-rated single‑engine aeroplane.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 TR-SEA.1 – Conduct pre-flight inspection

(a) complete pre-flight inspection correctly;

(b) communicate effectively with ground support crew;

(d) prepare and operate aircraft systems.

2.2 TR-SEA.2 – Extract pre-flight performance data

(a) extract correct aircraft loading and performance data;

(b) set instrumentation and systems;

2.3 TR-SEA.3 – Request ATC clearance

Obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance.

2.4 TR-SEA.4 – Start engine

(a) start engine;

(b) manage occurrences where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.

2.5 TR-SEA.5 – Taxi aircraft

(a) request ATC clearances or make mandatory air traffic broadcast appropriate to the local airspace and aerodrome;

(b) maintain control of aircraft during taxi;

(c) divide attention appropriately between inside and outside the flight deck, to ensure aircraft control is maintained while taxiing and complete cockpit procedures and checklists;

(d) check instruments in a suitable area clear of traffic and other hazards;

(e) interpret and comply with taxiway, lighting, other aerodrome markings and marshalling instructions;

(f) adjust taxi speed to suit aircraft type, surface conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control; and avoid collision with personnel, obstacles or other aircraft;

(g) apply flying controls, power and brakes to maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline while compensating for wind and surface conditions.

2.6 TR-SEA.6 – Conduct pre-take-off checks

(a) perform pre-take-off checklist and confirm all systems are within normal operating range;

(b) perform pre-take-off briefing effectively;

(d) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway.

2.7 TR-SEA.7 – Conduct take-off

(a) apply correct airspeeds, configurations, and emergency and abnormal procedures for normal and cross-wind take‑offs;

(b) conduct a briefing covering the plan of action that will ensure the safest outcome in the event of abnormal operations;

(d) perform and ensure all pre-take-off checks required by the appropriate checklist items are completed in a timely manner;

(e) align the aircraft on the runway centreline;

(f) apply the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway, if appropriate, prior to initiating and during the take-off;

(g) adjust the powerplant controls correctly;

(h) monitor powerplant controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are maintained;

(i) adjust the controls to attain the desired pitch attitude to attain the desired performance;

(k) use the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures, as applicable;

(l) verify the completion of the appropriate after take-off checklist items in a timely manner.

2.8 TR-SEA.8 – Incident, malfunction or failure during take-off

Appropriately manage incident, malfunction or failure during take-off.

2.9 TR-SEA.9 – Operate aircraft in flight

(a) operate aircraft in normal flight profiles;

(b) operate aircraft systems for normal, non-normal and emergency conditions;

(d) demonstrate approach to the stall and stall recovery as follows:

(i) recognises approaching stall symptoms;

(ii) reduce AOA at the stall;

(iii) prevents yaw with rudder;

(iv) apply recommended power;

(v) when the wings are unstalled, level them using balanced aileron control;

(vi) recover height loss;

(e) demonstrate maximum performance turning under the following conditions:

(i) maximum rate;

(ii) minimum radius;

(f) demonstrate flight with unreliable airspeed;

(g) demonstrate ability to recover from unusual attitude and upset situations;

(h) demonstrate an emergency descent.

2.10 TR-SEA.10 – Manage partial and complete engine failure situations in flight

(a) maintain control of aircraft;

(b) correctly identify and verify failure;

(d) perform forced landing;

(e) perform precautionary landing (simulated).

2.11 TR-SEA.11 – Conduct engine relight and restart in flight

Maintain control while performing relight and restart.

2.12 TR-SEA.12 – Conduct a descent, arrival and landing

(a) plan and conduct a descent, arrival and landing;

(b) obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance for descent and arrival;

(d) demonstrate missed approach manoeuvre.

2.13 TR-SEA.13 – Conduct taxi to stand, park and shutdown

(a) taxi, park and shut down aircraft at the designated parking bay as cleared;

(b) secure aircraft.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day and night VMC or IMC;

(i) pitch attitude more than 25° nose up;

(ii) pitch attitude more than 10° nose down;

(iii) bank angle more than 45°;

(iv) flying at airspeeds inappropriate to the conditions;

(d) aircraft of the type to which the rating applies;

(e) approved flight simulator.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) normal and cross-wind take-off;

(b) instrument take-off (IFR pilots only);

(d) rejected take-off;

(e) departure procedures;

(f) steep turns;

(g) approaches to stalls;

(h) engine failure;

(i) any specific flight characteristics (e.g. Dutch roll);

(j) recovery from unusual attitudes;

(k) normal and cross-wind approaches and landings;

(l) approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure – multi-engine aeroplane;

(m) baulked approach and missed landing;

(n) no flap and non-standard flap approach and landing:

(o) factors that affect an aircraft when full or partial flaps, leading edge flaps, and any other similar devices become inoperative, including aircraft handling;

(p) extract critical airspeeds, V-speeds (including tyre rotation limits);

(q) calculate landing distance required;

(r) normal systems operating procedures;

(s) emergency procedures;

(t) how potential and kinetic energy relate to an aircraft in flight;

(u) how energy states are manipulated to generate aerodynamic forces that allow an aircraft to be manoeuvred;

(v) the unintended flight conditions of pitch, bank and airspeed that describe upset aircraft state;

(w) the physical symptoms that may or may not be evident in a stall;

(x) stall recovery technique during any nominated phase of flight applicable to the aircraft type being flown;

(y) upset recovery techniques applicable to the aircraft type being flown at low altitude, and high altitude where the aircraft is pressurised;

TR-MEA Type rating – multi-engine aeroplane

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to operate a type-rated multi‑engine aeroplane.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 TR-MEA.1 – Conduct pre-flight inspection

(a) complete pre-flight inspection correctly;

(b) communicate effectively with ground support crew;

(d) prepare and operate aircraft systems.

2.2 TR-MEA.2 – Extract pre-flight performance data

(a) extract correct aircraft loading and performance data;

(b) set instrumentation and systems;

2.3 TR-MEA.3 – Request ATC clearance

Obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance.

2.4 TR-MEA.4 – Start engines

(a) start engines;

(b) manage occurrences where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.

2.5 TR-MEA.5 – Taxi aircraft

(a) request ATC clearances or make mandatory air traffic broadcast appropriate to the local airspace and aerodrome;

(b) push back or power back aircraft safely;

(d) divide attention appropriately between inside and outside the flight deck, to ensure aircraft control is maintained while taxiing and cockpit procedures and checklists are completed;

(e) check instruments in a suitable area clear of traffic and other hazards;

(f) interpret and comply with taxiway, lighting, other aerodrome markings and marshalling instructions;

(g) adjust taxi speed to suit aircraft type, surface conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control, and avoid collision with personnel, obstacles or other aircraft;

(h) apply flying controls, power and brakes to maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline while compensating for wind and surface conditions.

2.6 TR-MEA.6 – Conduct pre-take-off checks

(a) perform pre-take-off checklist and confirm all systems are within normal operating range;

(b) perform pre-take-off briefing;

(d) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway.

2.7 TR-MEA.7 – Conduct take-off

(a) demonstrate knowledge of airspeeds, configurations, and emergency and abnormal procedures for normal and cross-wind take‑offs;

(b) conduct a briefing covering the plan of action that will ensure the safest outcome in the event of abnormal operations;

(d) perform and ensure all pre-take-off checks required by the appropriate checklist items are completed in a timely manner;

(e) align the airplane on the runway centreline;

(f) apply the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway, if appropriate, prior to initiating and during the take-off;

(g) adjust the power plant controls correctly;

(h) monitor power plant controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are maintained;

(i) adjust the controls to attain the desired pitch attitude to attain the desired performance;

(k) use the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures;

(l) verify the completion of the appropriate after take-off checklist items in a timely manner.

2.8 TR-MEA.8 – Incident, malfunction or failure during take-off

Manage incidents, malfunctions and failures during take-off as described in the AFM.

2.9 TR-MEA.9 – Operate aircraft in flight

(a) operate aircraft in normal flight profiles;

(b) operate aircraft systems for normal, non-normal and emergency conditions;

(d) demonstrate approach to the stall and stall recovery as follows:

(i) recognise approaching stall symptoms;

(ii) at the stall, reduce AOA;

(iii) prevent further yaw with rudder;

(iv) apply recommended power;

(v) when the wings are unstalled, level the wings using aileron control;

(vi) recover height loss;

(e) demonstrate maximum performance turning under the following conditions:

(i) maximum rate;

(ii) minimum radius;

(f) demonstrate flight with unreliable airspeed;

(g) demonstrate her or his ability to recover from unusual attitude and upset situations;

(h) demonstrate an emergency descent.

2.10 TR-MEA.10 – Manage engine failure in flight

(a) maintain control of aircraft flight path;

(b) correctly identify and verify failed engine;

2.11 TR-MEA.11 – Conducts engine relight and restart in flight

Relight and restart an engine in flight.

2.12 TR-MEA.12 – Conduct a descent, arrival and landing

(a) plan and conduct a descent, arrival and landing;

(b) obtain, interpret and brief ATC clearance for descent and arrival;

(d) demonstrate missed approach manoeuvre.

2.13 TR-MEA.13 – Conduct taxi to stand, park and shut down

Follow published procedures taxi, park and shut down aircraft at the designated parking bay.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day and night VMC or IMC;

(d) approved flight simulation training device if available;

(e) upset conditions include the following:

(i) pitch attitude more than 25° nose up;

(ii) pitch attitude more than 10° nose down;

(iii) bank angle more than 45°;

(iv) flying at airspeeds inappropriate to the conditions;

(f) in the absence of markings, the aircraft is maintained in the centre of the taxiway and at a safe distance from obstacles;

(g) simulated abnormal or emergency situations;

(h) flight crew incapacitation (multi-crew operations);

(i) simulated hazardous weather;

(j) sealed, gravel or grass surfaces.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) normal and cross-wind take-off;

(b) instrument take-off (IFR pilots only);

(d) rejected take-off;

(e) departure procedures;

(f) steep turns;

(g) approaches to stalls;

(h) engine failure;

(i) any specific flight characteristics (e.g. Dutch roll);

(j) recovery from unusual attitudes;

(k) normal and cross-wind approaches and landings;

(l) approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure – multi-engine aeroplane;

(m) baulked approach and missed landing;

(n) no flap or a non-standard flap approach and landing;

(o) the factors that affect the characteristics of an aircraft when full or partial flaps, leading edge flaps, and any other similar devices become inoperative, including on aircraft handling;

(p) extract critical airspeeds, V-speeds (including tyre rotation limits);

(q) calculate landing distance required;

(r) normal systems operating procedures;

(s) emergency procedures;

(t) how potential and kinetic energy relate to an aircraft in flight;

(u) how energy states are manipulated to generate aerodynamic forces that allow an aircraft to be manoeuvred;

(v) knows the unintended flight conditions of pitch, bank and airspeed that describe upset aircraft state;

(w) knows the physical symptoms that may or may not be evident in a stall;

(x) stall recovery technique during any nominated phase of flight applicable to the aircraft type being flown;

(y) upset recovery techniques applicable to the aircraft type being flown at low altitude, and high altitude where the aircraft is pressurised.

FR-SEAC SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANE CLASS RATING FLIGHT REVIEW

1 Unit description

This unit describes the standards required for a single-engine aeroplane class rating flight review.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 FR-SEAC.1 – Conduct flight

(a) start and taxi aircraft ready for take-off;

(b) perform a normal take-off simulating minimum take-off distance available;

(d) perform general handling manoeuvres, including the following:

(i) initiate stall and recover where initial symptoms of a stall become evident;

(ii) perform a full stall and recovery;

(iii) perform steep level and descending turns through at least 360°;

(iv) conduct low flying at 500 ft AGL and perform a reversal turn;

(e) perform circuit rejoin and at least 1 full circuit pattern;

(f) perform a missed approach;

(g) perform a flapless approach and landing;

(h) perform cross-wind take-off and landing if conditions permit;

(i) perform a normal landing simulating minimum landing distance available.

2.2 FR-SEAC.2 – Manage aircraft systems

(a) ensure sufficient fuel is loaded and fuel consumption is monitored and managed throughout the flight;

(b) manage the aircraft fuel system;

2.3 FR-SEAC.3 – Navigation (optional)

(a) plan flight of at least 3 legs and submit flight plan in accordance with AIP;

(b) conduct a departure;

(d) perform diversion procedure;

(e) conduct arrival.

2.4 FR-SEAC.4 – Airspace

(a) comply with airspace procedures and requirements;

(b) operate aircraft radio and conform to standard radio procedures.

2.5 FR-SEAC.5 – Instrument flying

(a) perform basic flight manoeuvres using full instrument panel;

(b) recover from upset situations and unusual aircraft attitudes to straight and level flight;

2.6 FR-SEAC.6 – Manage non-normal and emergency conditions

(a) manage a simulated engine failure in the take-off segment (optional);

(b) manage a simulated partial engine failure (optional);

(d) manage aircraft system malfunctions other than engine failure.

2.7 FR-SEAC.7 – Non-technical skills

(a) recognise and manage threats and errors during pre-flight planning and in-flight;

(b) maintain effective lookout and situational awareness;

(d) set priorities and manage tasks;

(e) maintain effective communication with stakeholders;

(f) communicate effectively using aeronautical radio.

2.8 FR-SEAC.8 – Manage passengers and cargo

(a) conduct pre-flight and in-flight safety briefings to ensure passengers are familiar with safety procedures, emergency equipment, exits and operational requirements;

(b) manage cargo.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) simulated conditions can be used;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) privileges, limitations and responsibilities of the licences, ratings and endorsements the applicant holds;

(b) flight review requirements;

(d) navigation and flight planning for day VFR operations;

(e) weight and balance and aircraft performance;

(f) operation of systems fitted to the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(g) extracting and applying aircraft performance data, including take-off and landing performance data for the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(h) airspace requirements and procedures;

(i) manage cargo and passengers;

(j) hazard identification and risk management;

(k) non-normal and emergency procedures, including full and partial failures;

(l) local operating procedures;

(m) hazardous weather;

(n) airworthiness requirements;

(o) reporting requirements;

(p) ERSA normal and emergency procedures;

(q) current and recently changed legislation and procedures that are relevant to the applicant’s licences, ratings and endorsements.

FR-MEAC Multi-engine aeroplane class rating flight review

1 Unit description

This unit describes the standards required for a multi-engine aeroplane class rating flight review.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 FR-MEAC.1 – Conduct flight

(a) start and taxi aircraft ready for take-off;

(b) perform a normal take-off simulating minimal take-off distance available;

(d) perform general handling manoeuvres, including the following:

(i) initiate stall and recover where initial symptoms of a stall become evident;

(ii) perform a full stall and recovery;

(iii) perform steep level and descending turns through at least 360°;

(iv) conduct low flying at 500 ft AGL and perform a reversal turn;

(e) perform circuit rejoin and at least 1 full circuit pattern;

(f) perform a missed approach;

(g) perform a normal landing simulating minimum landing distance available.

2.2 FR-MEAC.2 – Manage aircraft systems

(a) ensure sufficient fuel is loaded and fuel consumption is monitored and managed throughout the flight;

(b) manage the aircraft fuel system;

2.3 FR-MEAC.3 – Navigation (optional)

(a) plan flight of at least 3 legs and submit flight plan in accordance with AIP;

(b) conduct a departure;

(d) perform diversion procedure;

(e) conduct arrival.

2.4 FR-MEAC.4 – Airspace

(a) comply with airspace procedures and requirements;

(b) operate aircraft radio and conform to standard radio procedures.

2.5 FR-MEAC.5 – Instrument flying

(a) perform basic flight manoeuvres using full instrument panel;

(b) recover from upset situations and unusual aircraft attitudes to straight and level flight;

2.6 FR-MEAC.6 – Manage non-normal and emergency conditions

(a) manage a simulated engine failure in the take-off segment;

(b) manage a simulated partial engine failure;

(d) manage aircraft system malfunctions.

2.7 FR-MEAC.7 – Non-technical skills

(a) recognise and manage threats and errors during pre-flight planning and in-flight;

(b) maintain effective lookout and situational awareness;

(d) set priorities and manage tasks;

(e) maintain effective communication with stakeholders;

(f) communicate effectively using aeronautical radio.

2.8 FR-MEAC.8 – Manage passengers and cargo.

(a) conduct pre-flight and in-flight safety briefings to ensure passengers are familiar with safety procedures, emergency equipment, exits and operational requirements;

(b) manage cargo.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) simulated conditions can be used;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) privileges, limitations and responsibilities of the licences, ratings and endorsements the applicant holds;

(b) flight review requirements;

(d) navigation and flight planning for day VFR operations;

(e) weight and balance and aircraft performance;

(f) operation of systems fitted to the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(g) extracting and applying aircraft performance data, including take-off and landing performance date for the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(h) airspace requirements and procedures;

(i) manage cargo and passengers;

(j) hazard identification and risk management;

(k) non-normal and emergency procedures, including full and partial failures;

(l) local operating procedures;

(m) hazardous weather;

(n) airworthiness requirements;

(o) reporting requirements;

(p) ERSA normal and emergency procedures;

(q) current and recently changed legislation and procedures that are relevant to the applicant’s licences, ratings and endorsements.

FR-MEAT Multi-engine aeroplane type rating flight review

1 Unit description

This unit describes the standards required for a multi-engine aeroplane type rating flight review.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 FR-MEAT.1 – Conduct flight

(a) start and taxi aircraft ready for take-off;

(b) perform a normal take-off simulating minimal take-off distance available;

(d) perform general handling manoeuvres, including the following:

(i) initiate stall and recover where initial symptoms of a stall become evident;

(ii) perform a full stall and recovery;

(iii) perform steep level and descending turns through at least 360°;

(iv) conduct low flying at 500 ft AGL and perform a reversal turn;

(e) perform circuit rejoin and at least 1 full circuit pattern;

(f) perform a missed approach;

(g) perform a normal landing simulating minimum landing distance available.

2.2 FR- MEAT.2 – Manage aircraft systems

(a) ensure sufficient fuel is loaded and fuel consumption is monitored and managed throughout the flight;

(b) manage the aircraft fuel system;

2.3 FR- MEAT.3 – Navigation (optional)

(a) plan flight of at least 3 legs and submit flight plan in accordance with AIP;

(b) conduct a departure;

(d) perform diversion procedure;

(e) conduct arrival.

2.4 FR- MEAT.4 – Airspace

(a) comply with airspace procedures and requirements;

(b) operate aircraft radio and conform to standard radio procedures.

2.5 FR- MEAT.5 – Instrument flying

(a) perform basic flight manoeuvres using full instrument panel;

(b) recover from upset situations and unusual aircraft attitudes to straight and level flight;

2.6 FR- MEAT.6 – Manage non-normal and emergency conditions

(a) manage a simulated engine failure in the take-off segment;

(b) manage a simulated partial engine failure;

(d) manage aircraft system malfunctions.

2.7 FR- MEAT.7 – Non-technical skills

(a) recognise and manage threats and errors during pre-flight planning and in-flight;

(b) maintain effective lookout and situational awareness;

(d) set priorities and manage tasks;

(e) maintain effective communication with stakeholders;

(f) communicate effectively using aeronautical radio.

2.8 FR- MEAT.8 – Manage passengers and cargo.

(a) conduct pre-flight and in-flight safety briefings to ensure passengers are familiar with safety procedures, emergency equipment, exits and operational requirements;

(b) manage cargo.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) simulated conditions can be used;

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) privileges, limitations and responsibilities of the licences, ratings and endorsements the applicant holds;

(b) flight review requirements;

(d) navigation and flight planning for day VFR operations;

(e) weight and balance and aircraft performance;

(f) operation of systems fitted to the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(g) extracting and applying aircraft performance data, including take-off and landing performance date for the aircraft that is used in the flight review;

(h) airspace requirements and procedures;

(i) manage cargo and passengers;

(j) hazard identification and risk management;

(k) non-normal and emergency procedures, including full and partial failures;

(l) local operating procedures;

(m) hazardous weather;

(n) airworthiness requirements;

(o) reporting requirements;

(p) ERSA normal and emergency procedures;

(q) current and recently changed legislation and procedures that are relevant to the applicant’s licences, ratings and endorsements.

TR-FE Type rating – flight engineer

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required by a flight engineer to operate a type-rated aircraft.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 FTM.1 – Conduct pre-flight inspection

(a) complete pre-flight inspection correctly;

(b) communicate effectively with ground support crew;

(d) prepare and operate aircraft systems.

2.2 FTM.2 – Manage engines

(a) manage engine systems correctly;

(b) manage and monitor aircraft systems as appropriate;

2.3 FTM.3 – Conduct pre-take-off checks

(a) complete the pre-take-off checklist and confirm all applicable systems are within normal operating range.

2.4 FTM.4 – Conduct take-off

(a) operate flight engineer controls correctly;

(b) adjust the power plant controls correctly;

(c) monitor power plant controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are maintained;

(d) inform the pilot in command of abnormal or emergency situations in a timely manner.

2.5 FTM.5 – Operate aircraft in flight

(a) operate flight engineer systems for normal, non-normal and emergency conditions;

(b) identify an aeroplane upset condition and immediately informs the pilot in command.

2.6 FTM.6 – Manage engine failure in flight

(a) inform pilot in command;

(b) correctly identify and verify failed engine;

2.7 FTM.7 – Conducts engine relight and restart in flight

2.8 FTM.8 – Conducts shutdown

2.8.1 The person must be able to demonstrate her or his ability to correctly shutdown the aircraft.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day and night VMC or IMC;

(i) pitch attitude more than 25° nose up;

(ii) pitch attitude more than 10° nose down;

(iii) bank angle more than 45°;

(iv) flying at airspeeds inappropriate to the conditions.

(d) approved multi-engine multi-crew aircraft;

(e) approved flight simulator;

(f) simulated abnormal or emergency situations;

(g) flight crew incapacitation (multi-crew operations);

(h) simulated hazardous weather.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) engine failure during take-off;

(b) rejected take-off;

(d) aircraft systems failures;

(e) any specific flight characteristics (e.g. Dutch roll);

(f) recognition of unusual attitudes;

(g) recognition of aeroplane upset conditions (aeroplane only);

(h) normal systems operating procedures;

(i) emergency procedures;

(j) approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure – multi-engine aircraft.

HELICOPTER CATEGORY

H1 Control helicopter on the ground – stationary

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate a stationary helicopter on the ground.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H1.1 – Start and stop engine

(a) ensure the helicopter is in a suitable location for starting the engine and rotors;

(b) perform pre-start and start actions;

(d) control blade sailing during start and shut down by appropriate positioning of helicopter and use of cyclic pitch;

(e) comply with manufacturer’s limitations and report deviations when appropriate;

(f) manage emergencies appropriately (simulated).

2.2 H1.2 – Engage rotor

(a) set engine RPM within limits before rotor engagement (if applicable – this is only relevant to the few rotorcraft, including the R22 and R44 which are the most common basic trainers);

(b) engage rotor correctly (if applicable);

(d) maintain disc position within operating limits as Rotor RPM (RRPM) increases;

(e) operate rotor brake correctly (if applicable – this is only relevant to the very few rotocraft that can run 1 engine at idle before rotor engagement);

(f) monitor and react appropriately to transmission, hydraulic system and engine indications (if applicable).

2.3 H1.3 – Control main rotor disc and anti-torque system

(a) maintain the correct main rotor disc attitude during all RRPM operations;

(b) set correct engine idle RPM;

(d) maintain correct rotor disc attitude and RRPM while performing other tasks or actions.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom, if fitted;

(d) malfunctions and emergency procedures described in the flight manual;

(e) day VFR;

(f) aerodromes and helicopter landing sites;

(g) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(h) various wind conditions (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) regulations and procedures relating to the ground operation of rotorcraft;

(b) operational and start limitations of typical helicopters;

(d) operating on different surfaces, including sealed and unsealed surfaces;

(e) effect of wind on rotor blade control (blade sailing);

(f) use of the fire extinguisher system fitted to the helicopter;

(g) ground resonance;

(h) dynamic rollover;

(i) local noise abatement procedures and curfews.

H2 Control helicopter in lift-off, hover and landing

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to complete pre-take-off checks, lift-off helicopter to the hover, complete hover checks, perform hover, perform aborted lift-off, perform hovering turns and land from the hover.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H2.1 – Lift-off and hover helicopter, perform hover checks and abort take-off

(a) calculate aircraft performance for the flight;

(b) complete pre-take-off checks;

(i) set flight controls correctly to prepare for lift-off to the hover at the location;

(ii) use correct flight and power controls to lift helicopter off the surface to a stable hover at the appropriate hover height for the helicopter while controlling heading;

(iii) anticipate and take account of wind effect with appropriate control inputs to maintain position over hover point;

(iv) demonstrate awareness of rotor downwash on surrounding aircraft, people, objects and environment;

(v) confirm the proper functioning of the flight controls and the centre of gravity and power required to hover are within limits;

(d) at a constant and safe hover height, commence, maintain and stop a hover taxi manoeuvre while maintaining power and RRPM within the limits;

(e) remain clear of the manufacturer’s ‘height-velocity diagram avoid area’ when applicable;

(f) perform aborted take-off from the hover.

2.2 H2.2 – Hover helicopter in cross-wind and tailwind

(a) maintain helicopter in flight over a nominated hover point at a nominated height and heading in cross-wind and tailwind;

(b) apply controlled corrective action to maintain a constant rate of turn and counter the effects of wind.

2.3 H2.3 – Perform turn around a mast

(a) turn helicopter around a mast while maintaining a constant height at a constant rate of turn using anti-torque pedals;

(b) stop the turn on a nominated heading;

2.4 H2.4 – Perform turns around nose and tail

(a) turn helicopter around a nominated point on or forward of the nose while maintaining a constant height and specified rate of movement around the point;

(b) turn helicopter around a nominated point on or aft of the tail while maintaining a constant height and specified rate of movement around the point;

(d) maintain RPM within limits during the turn;

(e) maintain ground track at a constant distance from the nominated point;

(f) use the anti-torque pedals to ensure helicopter is pointed at the nominated turning point.

2.5 H2.5 – Perform sideways and backwards flight

(a) transition from static hover to forward, sideways and backwards flight and terminate this movement over a nominated hover point at a nominated height;

(b) ensure direction of travel is clear of obstructions;

(d) maintain sideways and backwards directional control;

(e) maintain RPM within limits during the turn;

(f) maintain rate of movement of helicopter at a safe speed;

(g) maintain lookout in direction of travel;

(h) terminate sideways or backwards movement at desired hover point.

2.6 H2.6 – Land from the hover

(a) complete pre-landing checks (if applicable);

(b) nominate touchdown point;

(c) from a stable hover, establish a controlled rate of descent, maintain heading and remain over the nominated hover point;

(d) land helicopter at a suitable rate and maintain a constant heading without lateral or longitudinal drift while maintaining the requisite RRPM during the landing sequence;

(e) ensure helicopter is stable on its undercarriage prior to fully lowering collective;

(f) perform after-landing checks;

(g) for mishandled landing:

(i) recognise when a safe landing cannot be achieved;

(ii) discontinue the landing and return to the hover safely;

(iii) re-establish a stabilised hover;

(iv) land from the stabilised hover.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom day VFR;

(d) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(e) various wind conditions (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) calculates aircraft performance for the flight;

(b) operational and start limitations of typical helicopters;

(d) effect of wind on rotor blade control (blade sailing);

(e) use of the fire extinguisher system fitted to the helicopter being used;

(f) ground resonance;

(g) recirculation;

(h) dynamic rollover;

(i) local noise abatement procedures and curfews.

H3 Taxi helicopter

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to taxi a helicopter.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H.3.1 – Ground taxi helicopter

(a) use correct flight and power control techniques to initiate forward movement of the helicopter on the surface;

(b) check and confirm the proper functioning of the wheel brake system;

(c) use correct flight and power control techniques to ground taxi and manoeuvre the helicopter on appropriate surfaces (wet and dry) at a safe speed in headwind, cross-wind and tailwind conditions;

(d) perform flight instrument checks while taxiing (if applicable);

(e) avoids adverse effects of rotor wash on personnel, aircraft, structures and loose objects;

(f) apply smooth control while ground taxiing and manoeuvring the helicopter with turns at a constant and safe rate of turn while maintaining power and RRPM within the limits;

(g) adjusts taxi speed to suit helicopter type, surface conditions, congestion while maintaining control and desired track and avoiding collision with obstacles and other aircraft;

(h) maintain landing gear in contact with the ground;

(i) apply smooth and controlled actions to terminate at a nominated holding or parking point under different wind and surface conditions;

(j) maintain RRPM within normal operating limits;

(k) observe mast operating limits, if applicable;

(l) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic.

2.2 H3.2 – Air taxi helicopter

(a) manoeuvre the helicopter while allowing for prevailing conditions, over a prescribed track at a constant height;

(b) maintain alignment of the landing gear with the direction of travel;

(d) maintain RPM within operating limits;

(e) adjust air taxi speed to suit helicopter type, traffic conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control and to avoid collision with obstacles or other aircraft;

(f) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic.

2.3 H3.3 – Air transit helicopter

(a) obtain transit clearance and complies with ATC instructions (if applicable);

(b) manoeuvre the helicopter, while allowing for prevailing conditions, over a prescribed track at a height not above 100 ft AGL at airspeeds greater than speeds used for air taxiing;

(d) remain clear of manufacturer’s ‘height-velocity diagram avoid area’;

(e) maintain height;

(f) manipulate instruments, switches or devices, when safe to do so, including when the release of the collective pitch level is required, while maintaining height, heading, speed, and attitude and not exceeding RPM or power limits;

(g) avoid conditions that could lead to loss of tail rotor or anti-torque effectiveness;

(h) aligns helicopter with track, or balances, as applicable;

(i) adjust air transit ground speed to suit helicopter type, traffic conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control and to avoid collision with obstacles or other aircraft;

(j) maintain RRPM within normal operating limits;

(k) avoid adverse effect of rotor wash on other aircraft, facilities, loose objects and personnel;

(l) ensure final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom;

(d) aerodromes and helicopter landing sites;

(e) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(f) various wind conditions (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) height-velocity diagram;

(b) adverse effects of rotor wash;

(d) taxiway and runway markings;

(e) loss of tail rotor effectiveness and action to be taken when it occurs;

(f) hazards and risks associated with conducting air taxi and air transit manoeuvres.

H4 Take-off helicopter and approach to hover

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to prepare a helicopter for take-off, perform take-off and perform an approach to termination at hover.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H4.1 – Carryout pre-take-off checks

(a) complete pre-take-off checks correctly and clearing turn (if applicable);

(b) assess situation and select safe take-off path;

(c) conduct a take-off safety briefing (this may be carried out prior to take off lift-off to the hover if necessitated by location);

(d) clear the area, taxi into the take-off position, perform line-up checks.

2.2 H4.2 – Take-off helicopter

(a) transition to forward flight and maintain take-off path;

(b) recognise and control translational lift effect;

(d) control the helicopter to remain outside of the Height-Velocity (H-V) avoid curve, balanced and trimmed (if applicable);

(e) ensure obstacle clearance;

(f) correct power and attitude are maintained for the profile and IAS to be flown;

(g) landing gear is retracted after a positive rate of climb is established (if applicable);

(h) comply with noise abatement procedures, where applicable;

(i) complete after take-off checks.

2.3 H4.3 – Approach to hover

(a) select a suitable termination point;

(b) complete checklists as applicable for manoeuvre;

(d) adjust power and attitude to achieve a controlled decreasing closure rate to the termination point;

(e) align the landing gear to the planned approach direction;

(f) recognise and control loss of translational lift;

(g) controls RPM within limits;

(h) terminates approach to the hover over the termination point.

2.4 H4.4 – Perform go-round procedure

(a) recognise adverse conditions that require the execution of a go-round;

(b) initiate go-round safely in the time available;

(d) maintain control throughout go-round procedure;

(e) align landing gear with the planned take-off direction until the point at which balanced flight is required;

(f) perform after-take-off checks.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom;

(d) aerodromes and helicopter landing sites;

(e) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(f) various wind conditions (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) vortex ring state;

(b) loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE);

(d) overpitching or low RRPM – rotor stall;

(e) recirculation;

(f) contributing operational situations and environmental conditions;

(g) avoidance and recognition of and recovery techniques appropriate to helicopter type;

(h) aircraft systems;

(i) aircraft performance;

(j) aircraft weight and balance;

(k) AFM and POH;

(l) day VFR flight rules.

H5 Control helicopter in normal flight

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to control a helicopter in normal flight, whilst flying straight and level, climbing, descending and turning.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H5.1 – Climb helicopter

(a) set and maintain power and attitude to establish and maintain climb flight on a constant heading for the following profiles:

(i) maintain IAS for cruise climb;

(ii) maintain IAS for best angle of climb (VX);

(iii) maintain IAS for best rate of climb (VY);

(b) set appropriate altimeter settings;

(d) maintain power as altitude increases.

2.2 H5.2 – Maintain straight and level flight

(a) set and maintain power and attitude to achieve straight and level flight at nominated airspeeds, altitudes and headings;

(b) ensure helicopter is balanced and trimmed (if applicable).

2.3 H5.3 – Descend helicopter

(a) set and maintain power and attitude to achieve cruise descending flight on a constant heading at a nominated rate of descent;

(b) set appropriate altimeter settings;

(d) ensure helicopter is balanced and trimmed (if applicable).

2.4 H5.4 – Turn helicopter

(a) perform airspace cleared procedure;

(b) set and maintain power, attitude and bank to achieve specified turn performance to the left and to the right, onto specific headings or geographical features for the following:

(i) level turns;

(ii) climbing turn, rate 1 or with 20° bank angle;

(iii) powered descending turn with 30° bank angle;

(d) manoeuvre the helicopter over specified ground tracks;

(e) ensure helicopter is balanced and trimmed (if applicable).

2.5 H5.5 – Perform circuits and approaches

(a) plan and conduct descent;

(b) join traffic pattern;

(d) track upwind on extended centreline to 500 ft;

(e) adjust circuit to ensure spacing with preceding traffic;

(f) establish the helicopter on cross-wind tracking 90° to the runway;

(g) establish the helicopter on downwind at circuit height tracking parallel to the runway at a specified distance from the runway;

(h) perform pre-landing checks;

(i) establish aircraft on base leg a specified distance from helicopter landing site;

(j) commence and control rate of descent to maintain approach path;

(k) ensure helicopter is aligned with specified or appropriate runway when applicable;

(l) establish helicopter on final approach in approach configuration not below 500 ft AGL;

(m) select termination point;

(n) maintain closure rate to the termination point;

(o) maintain helicopter on extended centreline, approach slope and approach speed;

(p) adjust speed to compensate for wind gusts;

(q) complete final approach checks;

(r) ensure helicopter is balanced and trimmed (as applicable);

(s) complete approach at the termination point.

2.6 H5.6 – Comply with airspace requirements

(a) use a chart and identify the geographical limits of the designated area;

(b) with reference to a suitable chart, identify prominent geographical features;

(d) identify and avoid restricted areas and controlled airspace using a chart and geographical features when applicable;

(e) complete departure from the circuit area and transits to the designated area without incident;

(f) complete departure from the designated area and transits to the circuit area without incident;

(g) maintain orientation by geographical features with the aid of a suitable map.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom;

(d) aerodromes and helicopter landing sites;

(e) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(f) various wind conditions (may be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) primary and secondary effects of helicopter controls;

(b) vortex ring state;

(d) managing non-normal and emergencies in the circuit area;

(e) wind shear, turbulence and wake turbulence;

(f) helicopter instruments and monitoring helicopter performance.

H6 Control helicopter during advanced manoeuvres

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to control a helicopter during advanced manoeuvres and procedures.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H6.1 – Turn helicopter steeply

(a) complete airspace cleared procedure;

(b) perform steep turns (45º) onto a nominated heading or geographical feature as follows:

(i) maintaining altitude;

(ii) descending through a minimum descent of 500 ft;

(iii) in balance.

2.2 H6.2 – Perform autorotative flight

(a) enter and maintain autorotative flight at a nominated speed in balanced flight for the following profiles:

(i) straight descent at nominated heading and manufacturer’s recommended speed;

(ii) turning descent through 180˚ and 360˚ using up to 45˚ angle of bank;

(iii) best range speed and minimum descent rate speed;

(b) maintain RRPM within limitations during autorotative flight;

(i) anticipate and comply with nominated minimum descent altitude;

(ii) ensure engine RPM and RRPM ‘needles’ are rejoined prior to the setting of climb power;

(iii) set climb power;

(iv) control yaw;

(v) set climb speed;

(d) perform power termination as follows:

(i) maintain RRPM within limitations;

(ii) ensure throttle(s) is at 100% (or the equivalent terminology) prior to the commencement of the flare;

(iii) commence flare at appropriate height for the prevailing conditions and reduce ground speed and rate of descent;

(iv) controls attitude to achieve a decreasing closure rate and reducing rate of descent;

(v) control yaw, engine and RRPM;

(vi) terminate the helicopter to a hover or hover taxi within tolerances of termination point without lateral or rearward movement;

(e) perform autorotative landing as follows:

(i) commence flare at appropriate height for the prevailing conditions and reduce ground speed and rate of descent;

(ii) control RRPM;

(iii) select and maintain helicopter at the hover attitude without lateral or rearward movement;

(iv) control touchdown rate;

(v) control yaw;

(vi) land helicopter with zero or minimum run-on speed within tolerances of nominated touchdown point without lateral or rearward movement.

2.3 H6.3 – Land on, and lift off from, sloping ground

2.3.1 Land on sloping ground:

(a) plan and conduct a slope landing in accordance with the wind and slope limits specified for the helicopter (if stated);

(b) use the appropriate slope landing technique relevant to the helicopter as follows:

(i) make adjustments using the controls in response to wind, surface and applicable limitations;

(ii) maintain RRPM within limits;

(iii) apply an appropriate rate of descent whilst maintaining a constant heading and preventing all drift during all the phases of land on;

(iv) control the roll rate of the helicopter following first contact;

(v) maintain the helicopter’s position on the slope while lowering collective and centralising the cyclic;

2.3.2 Lift off from sloping ground:

(a) plan and conduct a lift-off from sloping ground in accordance with the wind and slope limits of the helicopter;

(b) use the appropriate slope lift-off technique for the helicopter as follows:

(i) make adjustments using the controls in response to wind, surface and applicable limitations;

(ii) maintain RRPM within limits;

(iii) apply an appropriate rate of climb while maintaining a constant heading and preventing all drift during all the phases of lift-off;

(iv) control the roll rate of the rotorcraft during lift-off;

2.4 H6.4 – Land, take off and manoeuvre in a confined area

2.4.1 Land in confined area:

(a) plan and conduct a confined area landing in accordance with the limitations for the helicopter;

(b) confirm helicopter performance, which includes power checks as applicable;

(d) intercept and maintain approach path to the termination point;

(e) operate the helicopter within its limitations;

(f) land at a suitable landing and lift-off area.

2.4.2 Take off from confined area:

(a) plan a take-off from a confined area in accordance with the limitations for the helicopter;

(b) calculate and confirm the helicopter’s take-off performance is adequate for the confined area;

(d) identify all obstacles on the departure patch and a possible abort path in the confined area;

(e) conduct take-off and departure from the confined area and remain clear of obstacles with a margin that is applicable to the operation;

(f) operate the helicopter within its limitations.

2.4.3 Manoeuvre in a confined area:

(a) plan for manoeuvring in a confined area in accordance with the limitations for the helicopter;

(b) confirm the helicopter’s performance, which includes power checks as applicable;

(d) manoeuvre the helicopter in the confined area while remaining clear of obstacles;

(e) operate the helicopter within its limitations.

2.5 H6.5 – Execute limited power take-off, approach and landing

2.5.1 Limited power take-off:

(a) confirm the helicopter’s performance using its performance charts;

(b) apply maximum, or nominated, power, while maintaining optimum RRPM;

(d) recognise and control translational lift effect;

(e) maintain direction of departure path then balance when appropriate;

(f) establish and maintain climb;

(g) identify and avoid obstacles.

2.5.2 Limited power approach and landing:

(a) confirm the helicopter’s performance using its performance charts;

(b) confirm the landing area available is sufficient for a safe limited power approach and landing;

(d) intercept the planned approach path appropriate for the performance of the helicopter in the prevailing conditions;

(e) manage the helicopter’s airspeed with the optimum RRPM appropriate to the power available and landing environment;

(f) identify and avoid obstacles;

(g) maintain effective translational lift until touchdown is assured;

(h) maintain balance and direction of approach path;

(i) touchdown on the nominated touchdown point;

(j) control the helicopter on the ground.

2.6 H6.6 – Land on, and take-off, from a pinnacle or ridgeline (CPL only)

2.6.1 Land on pinnacle or ridgeline:

(a) plan a pinnacle or ridgeline landing in accordance with the limitations of the helicopter;

(b) confirm the helicopter’s performance, which includes power checks as applicable;

(c) inspect the ridgeline or pinnacle as applicable, and determine a plan including an appropriate approach and departure path;

(d) assess the local environment conditions for effects of the terrain on wind and turbulence;

(e) intercept and maintain the approach path to the termination point;

(f) operate the helicopter within its limitations and set optimum RPM;

(g) maintain effective translational lift until touchdown is assured;

(h) terminate to a hover over the selected landing and lift-off area;

(i) touchdown on nominated touchdown point;

(j) control the helicopter on the ground.

2.6.2 Take off from pinnacle or ridgeline:

(a) plan a take-off from in a pinnacle or ridgeline in accordance with the limitations of the helicopter;

(b) calculate and confirm the helicopter’s take-off performance is adequate for the departure;

(d) identify all obstacles on the departure patch and proposed abort path for the pinnacle or ridgeline (if applicable);

(e) conduct take-off and departure from the pinnacle or ridgeline remaining clear of obstacles with a margin that is applicable to the operation;

(f) operate the helicopter within its limitations.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR;

(i) confined helicopter landing site;

(ii) terrain with sloping ground;

(iii) terrain with a pinnacle or ridgeline;

(d) simulated abnormal and emergency situations;

(e) simulated hazardous or marginal weather;

(f) for PPL, autorotative landings may be replaced by a power termination.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) cross-wind and rotor control limits for the helicopter;

(b) helicopter performance limitations;

(d) typical hazards and risks associated with conducting advanced manoeuvres and identify precautions and procedures to control the risks;

(e) instructions, procedures and information that is relevant to executing advanced manoeuvres and procedures.

H7 Manage abnormal situations and emergencies – helicopter

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to manage abnormal and emergency situations in helicopters.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 H7.1 – Manage forced landing from level flight

(a) identify engine failure correctly and maintain control of helicopter;

(b) establish and maintain helicopter in autorotative flight;

(d) control RRPM within limitations;

(e) select suitable landing area;

(f) position helicopter to land in selected area;

(g) make appropriate radio transmissions (if time permits);

(h) perform emergency checks;

(i) brief passengers as appropriate;

(j) perform autorotative landing and secure helicopter.

2.2 H7.2 – Manage engine failure during take-off and on final approach

(a) identify engine failure correctly and maintain control of helicopter;

(b) establish and maintain helicopter in autorotative flight;

(d) perform autorotative landing or power termination and secure helicopter.

2.3 H7.3 – Manage engine failure during hover or hover taxi

2.3.1 During hover:

(a) correctly identify engine failure;

(b) control yaw and drift;

2.3.2 During hover taxi:

(a) correctly identify engine failure;

(b) control yaw and drift;

(d) perform controlled touchdown;

(e) control ground-slide.

2.4 H7.4 – Manage tail rotor malfunctions

2.4.1 During flight:

(a) correctly identify tail rotor malfunction;

(b) maintain control of the helicopter;

(d) manoeuvre helicopter to a position where the safest landing is assured;

(e) land the helicopter.

2.4.2 During hover:

(a) correctly identify tail rotor malfunction;

(b) maintain control of the helicopter;

(d) land the helicopter.

2.5 H7.5 – Manage jammed flight control systems

(a) correctly identify when controls are jammed;

(b) locate and remove any objects that are causing the jam;

(d) manoeuvre the helicopter to the safest landing area available.

2.6 H7.6 – Manage helicopter systems malfunctions

(a) maintain control of the helicopter;

(b) identify and confirm the system malfunction;

(d) where appropriate, isolate the system;

(e) perform emergency procedures.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) helicopter with dual controls and electronic intercom;

(d) aerodromes and helicopter landing sites;

(e) obstructions and personnel (simulated);

(f) various wind conditions (can be simulated).

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) emergency procedures;

(b) applicable system malfunctions;

(d) prioritising tasks when managing malfunctions;

(e) the following key hazards including, for each, the typical causal factors and contributing operational situations, avoidance and recognition of symptoms and recovery techniques:

(i) vortex ring state;

(ii) ground resonance;

(iii) loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE);

(iv) low ‘g’ and mast bumping;

(v) overpitching or low RRPM – rotor stall;

(vi) retreating blade stall;

(vii) recirculation;

(viii) dynamic rollover;

(f) the impact of high gross weight and high density altitude on key hazards;

(g) threat and error management as follows:

(i) flight planning to avoid hazardous flight regimes;

(ii) techniques for how to avoid a potentially hazardous situation developing whilst in flight.

TR-SEH Type rating – single-engine helicopter

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate a type-rated single-engine helicopter.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 TR-SEH.1 – Control helicopter on the ground

2.1.1 For all helicopters:

(a) prepare for start as follows:

(i) using an orderly procedure with checklists, inspect and prepare the helicopter, including those items recommended by the manufacturer, for a flight;

(ii) identify and verify switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and spare fuses pertinent to day and night operations;

(iii) confirm that there is sufficient fuel and oil for the intended flight;

(iv) identify and verify the required equipment for the flight is on-board and serviceable;

(v) ensure security of baggage and required equipment;

(vi) organise and arrange documents and equipment that will need to be accessed in flight in a manner that makes the items readily available;

(vii) perform an effective passenger safety briefing (if type capable of carrying passengers);

(b) conduct engine start and rotor engagement as follows:

(i) ensure helicopter is located in a suitable location for starting engine and rotors;

(ii) use the appropriate checklist provided by the helicopter manufacturer or owner or operator;

(iii) calculate and confirm sufficient power margin available for the proposed flight;

(iv) demonstrate knowledge of recommended starting procedures;

(v) take appropriate action with respect to unsatisfactory start conditions;

(vi) complete the appropriate engine and helicopter systems checks;

(i) carry out pre-take-off checks;

(ii) set flight controls correctly to prepare for the lift-off transition to the hover at the location;

(iii) use correct flight and power control techniques to lift helicopter off the surface to a stable hover at the appropriate hover height for the helicopter;

(iv) confirm the proper functioning of the flight controls and confirm centre of gravity and power required to hover are within limits;

(v) trim helicopter where applicable;

(vi) demonstrate smooth control at a constant safe hover height while hover manoeuvring and maintaining power and RRPM within the limits;

(vii) maintain helicopter in flight over a nominated hover point at a nominated height and heading in cross-wind and tailwind;

(viii) transition from static hover to forward, sideways and backwards flight and terminate this movement over a nominated hover point;

(ix) turn helicopter around a the mast while maintaining a constant height at a constant rate of turn using anti-torque pedals;

(x) turn helicopter around a nominated point on or forward of the nose or on or aft of the tail while maintaining a constant height and specified rate of movement around the point;

(xi) apply controlled corrective action to maintain a constant rate of turn and to counter the effects of wind;

(xii) adjust air transit ground speed to suit helicopter type, traffic conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control and to avoid collision with obstacles or other aircraft.

2.1.2 For a helicopter with wheel landing gear, be able to do the following:

(a) select and maintain correct disk attitude and power required to initiate forwards movement of the helicopter on the surface;

(b) check and confirm the proper functioning of the wheel brake system;

(c) select and maintain correct disk attitude and power required to ground taxi and manoeuvre the helicopter on appropriate surfaces (wet and dry) at a safe speed in headwind, cross-wind and tailwind conditions;

(d) control the helicopter smoothly while ground taxiing and manoeuvring the helicopter with turns at a constant and safe rate of turn while maintaining an appropriate disk attitude and power setting;

(e) apply smooth and controlled actions to terminate at a nominated holding or parking point under different wind and surface conditions.

2.2 TR-SEH.2 – Conduct take-off to departure

2.2.1 Manage normal take-off to departure as follows:

(a) using approved technique and documented procedures perform a take-off, either from the ground or hover, and transition to forward flight and:

(i) complete appropriate checklists;

(ii) perform a take-off safety briefing (this may be carried out prior to lift off to the hover if necessitated by location);

(iii) ensure operating RPM within limits;

(iv) clear the area, taxi into the take-off position;

(v) transition to forward flight and through translational lift using correct techniques;

(b) accelerate to and maintain the recommended or nominated climb speed using the correct profile:

(i) outside of the Height-Velocity (H-V) avoid curve;

(ii) ensure obstacle avoidance;

(iii) retract the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established (if applicable);

(iv) maintain correct power and attitude for the profile and IAS to be flown;

(v) comply with noise abatement procedures, where applicable;

(vi) complete appropriate checks.

2.2.2 Manage engine failure during take-off to departure as follows:

(a) self-brief, or brief crew members, stating a plan of action that will ensure the safest outcome in the event of an engine failure;

(b) maintain RRPM within the prescribed limits and control of the helicopter;

(d) at the appropriate time, complete the engine failure shutdown checklist.

2.3 TR-SEH.3 – Control helicopter in normal flight

Set power and maintain attitude to establish and maintain the following manoeuvres with the helicopter in balanced flight and trimmed (as applicable) within prescribed tolerances as follows:

(a) straight and level:

(i) straight and level flight at normal cruise;

(ii) maintains heading;

(iii) maintains nominated altitude;

(b) straight climbs and descents:

(i) maintain IAS for best angle of climb (VX);

(ii) maintain IAS for best rate of climb (VY);

(iii) maintain IAS for cruise climb;

(iv) maintain IAS for cruise descent;

(v) maintain correct power setting as applicable to the rotorcraft;

(vi) maintain heading;

(c) turn onto specific headings (using magnetic compass) or geographical feature within the flight tolerances for the following:

(i) level turn;

(ii) climbing turn, rate 1 or 20° bank;

(iii) powered descending turn, 30° bank.

2.4 TR-SEH.4 – Control helicopter during advanced manoeuvres

(a) perform steep turns (45º) within the flight tolerances as follows:

(i) level turn altitude;

(ii) exit on specified heading or geographical feature;

(b) perform autorotative flight:

(i) enter and maintain autorotative flight at nominated speed in balanced flight for the following profiles:

(A) descend at nominated heading and manufacturer’s recommended speed;

(B) conduct 180˚ autorotations using up to 45˚ angle of bank;

(D) maintain RRPM within limitations;

(d) perform power termination:

(i) maintain RRPM within limitations;

(ii) commence flare at appropriate height for the prevailing conditions and reduce ground speed and rate of descent;

(iii) control attitude to achieve a decreasing closure rate and reducing rate of descent;

(iv) control yaw, engine and RRPM;

(v) terminate the helicopter to a hover or hover taxi within tolerances of termination point without lateral or rearward drift;

(e) perform autorotative landing:

(i) commence flare at appropriate height for the prevailing conditions and reduces ground speed and rate of descent;

(ii) control RRPM;

(iii) select and maintain helicopter at the hover attitude without lateral or backward movement;

(iv) control touchdown rate;

(v) control yaw;

(vi) land helicopter with zero or minimum run-on speed within tolerances of nominated touchdown point without lateral or backward drift.

2.5 TR-SEH.5 – Manage abnormal and emergency conditions

(a) manage engine failure using the correct technique and applying the applicable checklists, procedures and planning during the following:

(i) hover and hover taxi;

(ii) take-off and departure;

(iii) cruise flight;

(iv) approach and landing;

(b) manage control malfunction as follows:

(i) identify tail rotor malfunction during flight and take appropriate action following required checklists and procedures;

(ii) select and manoeuvre helicopter to the safest landing area within area of regard;

(iii) identify jammed primary controls, carry out manoeuvres to safely remediate the problem, and land at a suitable location for the following:

(A) jammed pedals;

(B) jammed or limited cyclic or collective;

(c) manage system malfunctions by identifying critical system malfunction during flight and take appropriate action following required checklists and procedures for:

(i) hydraulic system emergencies (if applicable);

(ii) electrical system emergencies;

(iii) clutch system emergencies (if applicable);

(iv) engine governing system emergencies;

(d) perform recovery from the following (if applicable):

(i) vortex ring condition;

(ii) loss of tail rotor effectiveness;

(iii) low ‘g’ and mast bumping;

(e) control helicopter throughout, and manoeuvre the helicopter to the safest landing area available.

2.6 TR-SEH.6 – Conduct a descent and arrival to an aerodrome

(a) plan and conduct descent;

(b) join traffic pattern;

2.7 TR-SEH.7 – Fly a full circuit pattern

(a) perform a full circuit pattern (5 legs) within the tolerances specified for the relevant flight path;

(b) manage engine failure in the circuit:

(i) maintain control of the aircraft;

(ii) perform recall actions correctly;

(iii) select a suitable landing area within gliding distance, on the aerodrome or elsewhere;

(iv) perform emergency procedures correctly and land the aircraft if the engine cannot be restarted;

(v) advise ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions;

(vi) brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and harness security;

(vii) land aircraft ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved.

2.8 TR-SEH.8 – Conduct a landing

Perform the following while operating within the limitations prescribed in the RFM:

(i) land on, and lift off from, sloping ground;

(ii) land, take off and manoeuvre in a confined area;

(iii) limited power approach and landing and take-off;

(iv) land and take-off from a pinnacle or ridgeline.

3 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR;

(d) aerodromes or HLS;

(e) sealed, gravel or grass surfaces;

(f) limitations, such as those imposed by local noise abatement procedures and curfews;

(g) operational hazards, which may include variable surfaces, loose objects, personnel, birds and propeller wash, rotor wash and jet blast;

(h) simulated abnormal and emergency situations;

(i) simulated hazardous weather.

4 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) general aircraft data;

(b) make, type and model of helicopter, designation of engines, take-off and rated power;

(c) stated airspeed limitations including, but not limited to: VNE (at varying AUW and density altitudes) VH, configuration airspeed limits VLO, VTURB, maximum cross-wind;

(d) low speed wind limits;

(e) RRPM limits (Power ON and Power OFF);

(f) engine, transmission and any other stated limits in the RFM;

(g) slope landing limitations (if available);

(h) emergency procedures for the following:

(i) engine failure in the hover;

(ii) taxiing;

(iii) during transitions before and after take-off;

(iv) in the cruise;

(v) on final approach before and after landing;

(vi) engine fire on the ground and airborne;

(vii) electrical fire on the ground and airborne;

(viii) cabin fire in flight;

(i) N1, torque split indications;

(j) identify malfunctioning governor in flight and manage the related engine;

(k) corrective action to be taken when engine run-up or run-down has been diagnosed;

(l) the following weight and balance topics:

(i) weight, balance and performance;

(ii) permissible take-off weight;

(iii) maximum gross weight, landing weight, ramp weight and zero fuel weight;

(iv) centre of gravity position for any specified conditions;

(v) centre of gravity limitations;

(vi) appropriate charts to determine centre of gravity;

(vii) calculated centre of gravity position and confirm it is within limits;

(m) the following take-off and landing topics:

(i) continuing and rejected take-off distances;

(ii) take-off decision point;

(iii) landing decision point;

(n) climb performance, hover out of ground effect and height–velocity diagram charts;

(o) failed engine operations;

(p) the following aircraft systems:

(i) fuel system;

(ii) hydraulic system;

(iii) electrical system;

(iv) oil system;

(v) stability augmentation, AFCS and FDS (as applicable);

(vi) anti-icing and de-icing systems (as applicable);

(vii) heating and ventilation systems;

(viii) pitot and static system;

(ix) fire extinguisher system (as applicable);

(x) engine systems;

(xi) transmission and rotor systems;

(xii) display systems (as applicable);

(xiii) undercarriage system (fixed or retractable as applicable);

(q) the following key hazards including, for each, the typical causal factors and contributing operational situations, avoidance and recognition of symptoms and recovery techniques:

(i) vortex ring state;

(ii) ground resonance;

(iii) loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE);

(iv) low ‘g’ and mast bumping;

(v) overpitching or low RRPM – rotor stall;

(vi) retreating blade stall;

(vii) recirculation;

(viii) dynamic rollover.

TR-MEH Type rating – multi-engine helicopter

1 Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate a multi-engine helicopter.

2 Elements and performance criteria

2.1 TR-MEH.1 – Control helicopter on the ground