Commonwealth of Australia
Inclusion of ecological communities in the list of threatened ecological communities under section 181 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
I, PETER ROBERT GARRETT, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts, pursuant to section 184(1)(a) of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, hereby amend the list referred to in section 181 of that Act by:
including in the list in the critically endangered category
Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia
as described in the Schedule to this instrument.
Dated this…......12th..............................day of…..........September........................2008
PETER ROBERT GARRETT
Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts
SCHEDULE
Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia
The ecological community represents a complex of rainforest and coastal vine thickets, including some that are deciduous, on the east coast of Australia. Typically, the ecological community occurs within two kilometres of the coast, including offshore islands, or adjacent to a large salt water body, such as an estuary and, thus, is influenced by the sea. It is naturally distributed as a series of disjunct and localised stands occurring on a range of landforms derived from coastal processes that can include dunes, headlands, seacliffs, offshore islands or other places influenced by the sea. As a result, the ecological community is not associated with a particular soil type and can occur on a variety of geological substrata.
The ecological community occurs from Princess Charlotte Bay, Cape York Peninsula to the Gippsland Lakes in Victoria as well as on offshore islands on the east coast. The latitudinal range where the ecological community occurs encompasses warm temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climate zones.
The ecological community is defined by habitat expressed in terms of structure, floristic composition and ecology in response to coastal processes. Whilst the ecological community’s canopy species are well adapted to coastal exposure (e.g. strong and persistent salt-laden winds and storm events), the canopy protects less tolerant plants in the understorey. The canopy height varies with the degree of exposure and can range from <1 to 25 m tall. Due to extreme exposure to salt laden winds, the canopy often demonstrates equal height. Highly exposed patches will display the effect of windshear in the canopy. In more sheltered sites, for example, around estuaries, wind shear may not be evident in the canopy.
The diversity of plants (particularly canopy species) generally declines in a north to south direction, i.e. with increasing latitude. However, species richness of adjacent patches may vary considerably within one latitudinal zone.
The key diagnostic characteristics of the ecological community are:
- The ecological community occurs in the following IBRA bioregions: Cape York Peninsula, Wet Tropics, Central Mackay Coast, South Eastern Queensland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner.
- Patches of the ecological community occur within two kilometres of the east coast, including offshore islands, or adjacent to a large body of salt water, such as an estuary, where they are subject to maritime influence.
- The structure of the ecological community typically is a closed canopy of trees but can be patchy when in exposed situations and as a result of storm events. As a result, the canopy forms a mosaic due to canopy regeneration. Usually, several vegetation layers are present. However, where there is extreme exposure to salt laden winds, these distinct layers demonstrate equal height. Moreover, wind sheared canopy can be present on the frontal section leading to closed secondary canopies. Emergents may be present, for example, species from the genera Araucaria (northern bioregions only), Banksia or Eucalyptus. The ground stratum of the vegetation typically is very sparse.
- The ecological community contains a range of plant life forms including trees, shrubs, vines, herbs, ferns and epiphytes. To the north, most plant species diversity is in the tree and shrub (i.e. canopy) layers rather than in the lower layer. The converse generally occurs from the Sydney Basin Bioregion southwards. Feather palms, fan palms and large leaved epiphytes are generally rare. Ground ferns and epiphytes are lower in diversity in littoral rainforests compared to most other rainforest types.
- Plants with drought tolerant and succulent features are generally more common in littoral rainforest than in hinterland rainforest types. Canopy stem sizes also tend to be smaller compared to that in hinterland rainforest. Trunks rarely host mosses though lichens are usually common.
- Whilst species can be regionally predictable, there may be considerable variation in the composition of individual stands of the ecological community within any given bioregion. Annexure A provides a list of plant species for each relevant bioregion.
The Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia ecological community comprises those patches that meet the key diagnostic characteristics (above) and the condition thresholds below.
- Small patches can be resilient and viable, but the minimum size of a patch needs to be 0.1 ha; AND
- The cover of transformer weed species (as identified in Annexure A) is 70% or less. Transformer weeds are highly invasive plants with the potential to seriously alter the structure and function of the ecological community. This threshold recognises the relative resilience and recoverability of the ecological community to invasion by weed species; AND
- The patch must have:
- at least 25% of the native plant species diversity characteristic of this ecological community in that bioregion (Annexure A); OR
- at least 30% canopy cover of one rainforest canopy (either tree or shrub) species (Annexure A, excluding Banksia and Eucalyptus species that may be part of the ecological community).
Note that:
- Where gaps in the canopy exist, they should be in the process of regenerating with the usual suite of rainforest gap species for the site (Annexure A). Where weed invasion is significant, natural regeneration of native gap species may be limited.
- As species diversity diminishes from northern to southern latitudes, it is important to take into account the natural diversity of a patch in a particular bioregion when examining specific sites.
Annexure A
FLORA SPECIES OF LITTORAL RAINFOREST AND COASTAL VINE THICKETS OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BIOREGION
Note 1: This ecological community is defined by habitat expressed in terms of structure, flora composition and ecology in response to coastal processes. Whilst species can be regionally predictable, there may be considerable variation in the composition of individual stands of the ecological community within any given bioregion. The diagnostic characteristics presented in the listing advice should be considered when determining the presence or absence of this ecological community.
Note 2: This flora list is not exhaustive. Additional rainforest species encountered when surveying a site need to be included when determining the condition thresholds. Species in this list may not always be exclusive to this ecological community.
CAPE YORK PENINSULA
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees Acacia crassicarpa Acacia polystachya Acacia solenota Aglaia elaeagnoidea Aidia racemosa Alectryon reticulatus Araucaria cunninghamii Arytera bifoliolata Asteromyrtus angustifolia Atractocarpus sessilis Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Bossiaea arenicola Buchanania arborescens Canarium australianum Celtis philippensis var. philippensis Choriceras tricorne Cochlospermum gillivraei Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cupaniopsis anacardioides Dinosperma erythrococcum Diospyros compacta Diospyros maritima Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Emmenosperma cunninghamii Endiandra glauca Erythrina variegata Eugenia reinwardtiana Exocarpos latifolius Ficus opposita Ganophyllum falcatum Garuga floribunda var. floribunda Guettarda speciosa Gyrocarpus americanus Halfordia kendack Litsea glutinosa | Trees (continued) Mallotus nesophilus Manilkara kauki Mimusops elengi Neofabricia myrtifolia Niemeyera antiloga Pisonia grandis Polyalthia nitidissima Pouteria sericea Premna dallachyana Premna serratifolia Rhodamnia fordii Stenocarpus verticis Sterculia quadrifida Strychnos lucida Syzygium bamagense Syzygium banksii Syzygium suborbiculare Terminalia muelleri Vavaea amicorum Vitex acuminata Xanthostemon arenarius Shrubs Antirhea ovatifolia Capparis lucida Carissa laxiflora Croton arnhemicus Eugenia reinwardtiana Glycosmis trifoliata Ixora timorensis | Shrubs (continued) Leucopogon ruscifolius Leucopogon yorkensis Lithomyrtus obtusa Memecylon pauciflorum var. pauciflorum Micromelum minutum Pemphis acidula Suriana maritima Tabernaemontana orientalis Triflorensia australis Vitex acuminata Forbs
Xenostegia tridentata Lilies Dianella pavopennacea Vines Abrus precatorius Alyxia spicata Asparagus racemosus Capparis sepiaria Cassytha filiformis Flagellaria indica Orchid (epiphytic and ground) Dendrobium discolor |
Transformer WEEDS |
Annona glabra Bidens pilosa var. pilosa Cryptostegia grandiflora Hyptis suaveolens Lantana camara Senna siamea |
WET TROPICS
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees Acacia crassicarpa Acacia oraria Acacia polystachya Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra Acronychia acronychioides Aidia cowleyi Alectryon connatus Aleurites moluccana Alphitonia excelsa Anthocarapa nitidula Antidesma erostre Antirhea tenuiflora Archidendron grandiflorum Archontophoenix alexandrae Arenga australasica Argyrodendron polyandrum Arytera divaricata Backhousia hughesii Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blepharocarya involucrigera Brackenridgea australiana Brucea javanica Buchanania arborescens Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum sil Canarium australianum Canarium vitiense Carallia brachiata Castanospermum australe Celtis paniculata Cerbera floribunda Chionanthus ramiflorus Cleistanthus apodus Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cryptocarya exfoliata Cryptocarya hypospodia Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia Cryptocarya vulgaris Cupaniopsis anacardioides Darlingia darlingiana Dillenia alata Diospyros compacta Diospyros cupulosa Diospyros hebecarpa Diospyros maritima Drypetes deplanchei Dysoxylum latifolium Dysoxylum oppositifolium Dysoxylum setosum Elaeocarpus bancroftii Elaeocarpus michaelii Elaeodendron melanocarpum Elattostachys microcarpa Emmenosperma cunninghamii Endiandra glauca Endiandra hypotephra Endospermum myrmecophilum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus destruens Ficus obliqua var. obliqua Ficus opposita Ficus racemosa Ficus variegata var. variegata Ficus virens Vines (continued) Jasminum elongatum Mallotus repandus Melodorum uhrii Mucuna gigantea Neosepicaea jucunda Pachygone ovata Parsonsia velutina Pycnarrhena novoguineensis Rhamnella vitiensis Rourea brachyandra Salacia chinensis Salacia disepala Sarcopetalum harveyanum Secamone elliptica Smilax australis Smilax blumei Smilax calophylla Stephania japonica Tetrastigma nitens Tetrastigma thorsborneorum Uvaria concava Vandasina retusa | Trees (continued) Flindersia bourjotiana Ganophyllum falcatum Garuga floribunda var. floribunda Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum Gmelina dalrympleana Gomphandra australiana Grevillea baileyana Guettarda speciosa Guioa acutifolia Heritiera littoralis Hibiscus tiliaceus Intsia bijuga Ixora timorensis Lepiderema sericolignis Lepidozamia hopei Licuala ramsayi Litsea bindoniana Litsea breviumbellata Litsea fawcettiana Litsea glutinosa Melaleuca leucadendra Melia azedarach Miliusa brahei Millettia pinnata Mimusops elengi Mischocarpus exangulatus Myristica insipida Myrsine porosa Normanbya normanbyi Ormosia ormondii Palaquium galactoxylum Paraserianthes toona Planchonia careya Pleiogynium timorense Pleomele angustifolia Podocarpus grayae Polyalthia nitidissima Polyscias australiana Polyscias elegans Pouteria chartacea Pouteria obovata Pouteria sericea Pouteria xerocarpa Psydrax banksii Psydrax tropica Ptychosperma elegans Randia fitzalanii Rhodamnia spongiosa Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Sarcopteryx reticulata Schefflera actinophylla Scolopia braunii Semecarpus australiensis Syzygium angophoroides Syzygium banksii Syzygium forte subsp. forte Syzygium kuranda Syzygium monospermum Terminalia arenicola Terminalia muelleri Thespesia populnea Vavaea amicorum Wilkiea pubescens Wrightia laevis Xylopia maccreae Epiphytes Bulbophyllum baileyi Cymbidium madidum Dendrobium discolor var. discolor Epipremnum pinnatum Ophioglossum pendulum Platycerium hillii Pyrrosia longifolia Vittaria ensiformis Ferns (terrestrial) Drynaria sparsisora Schizaea dichotoma Parasites Amyema glabra Amyema villiflora subsp. tomentilla Cassytha filiformis | Shrubs Aglaia elaeagnoidea Aglaia meridionalis Alchornea rugosa Allophylus cobbe Atractocarpus sessilis Capparis lucida Clausena brevistyla Codiaeum variegatum var. moluccanum Cordyline cannifolia Cyclophyllum multiflorum Dichapetalum papuanum Eugenia reinwardtiana Gardenia actinocarpa Glycosmis trifoliata Harpullia rhyticarpa Ixora biflora Linospadix minor Lithomyrtus obtusa Mackinlaya confusa Maytenus fasciculiflora Micromelum minutum Morinda citrifolia Opilia amentacea Pilidiostigma papuanum Pisonia aculeata Pittosporum rubiginosum Psychotria dallachiana Rhodomyrtus trineura subsp. trineura Salacia chinensis Tabernaemontana orientalis Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Vitex trifolia var. trifolia Ximenia americana Herbs Achyranthes aspera Amorphophallus galbra Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Dianella bambusifolia Hypolytrum nemorum Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillis Pseuderanthemum variabile Vines Abrus precatorius Alyxia spicata Calamus australis Calamus caryotoides Cansjera leptostachya Capparis sepiaria Cassytha filiformis Cissus hastata Colubrina asiatica var. asiatica Connarus conchocarpus subsp. conchocarpus Derris sp. Daintree (D.E.Boyland+ 469) Flagellaria indica Gynochthodes sessilis Hibbertia scandens Hippocratea barbata Hoya australis subsp. tenuipes Hugonia jenkinsii Hypserpa decumbens Hypserpa laurina |
Transformer WEEDS |
Agave sp. (sisal hemp) Cenchrus echinatus Hyptis suaveolens Lantana camara Opuntia sp. (prickly pear) Megathyrsus maximus Melinis minutiflora Passiflora foetida Passiflora suberosa Sphagneticola trilobata Tridax procumbens |
CENTRAL MACKAY COAST/CENTRAL QUEENSLAND
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees Acacia flavescens Acronychia laevis Aglaia elaeagnoidea Aidia racemosa Alectryon connatus Alphitonia excelsa Araucaria cunninghamii Arytera divaricata Banksia integrifolia Celtis paniculata Chionanthus ramiflorus Clerodendrum floribundum Corymbia tessellaris Cryptocarya triplinervis Cupaniopsis anacardioides Diospyros geminata Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus congesta Ficus opposita Ficus rubiginosa Ganophyllum falcatum Hibiscus tiliaceus Jagera pseudorhus Litsea glutinosa Livistona decora Mallotus philippensis Mimusops elengi Olea paniculata Pandanus tectorius Paraserianthes toona Pittosporum ferrugineum | Trees (continued) Planchonia careya Pleiogynium timorense Polyalthia nitidissima Pouteria sericea Psydrax odorata Schefflera actinophylla Scolopia braunii Sterculia quadrifida Xylosma ovatum Shrubs Alyxia ruscifolia Capparis lucida Clerodendrum inerme Cyclophyllum coprosmoides Eugenia reinwardtiana Lithomyrtus obtusa Micromelum minutum Psychotria polyostemma Tabernaemontana orientalis Vines Alyxia spicata Cissus opaca Eustrephus latifolius Hoya australis Jasminum didymum Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense Sarcostemma viminale subsp. brunonianum Smilax australis Stephania japonica Trophis scandens subsp. scandens | Herbs Dianella caerulea Pseuderanthemum variabile Sedges Gahnia aspera Cyperus eglobosus Cyperus enervis Grasses Imperata cylindrica Oplismenus spp. Orchids (epiphyic and ground) Dendrobium discolor Ferns Drynaria sparsisora Microsorum punctatum |
Transformer WEEDS |
Cryptostegia grandiflora Lantana camara Megathyrsus maximus (var. maximus and var. pubiglumis) Passiflora suberosa |
NORTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees Acacia disparrima (A. aulacocarpa) Acronychia imperforata Acronychia laevis Aidia racemosa Alectryon connatus Alectryon tomentosus Alphitonia excelsa Arytera divaricata Bridelia leichhardtii Capparis arborea Celtis paniculata Clerodendrum floribundum Corymbia tessellaris Cryptocarya triplinervis Cupaniopsis anacardioides Cupaniopsis shirleyana Diospyros fasciculosa Diospyros geminata Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus rubiginosa Ficus opposita Fitzalania sp. Gregory River (J.Randall 624) Geijera salicifolia Glochidion lobocarpum Harpullia hillii | Trees (continued) Ixora queenslandica Jagera pseudorhus Livistona decora Mallotus discolor Maytenus disperma Petalostigma pubescens Pittosporum ferrugineum Pleiogynium timorense Polyalthia nitidissima Polyscias elegans Pouteria sericea Psychotria loniceroides Psydrax odorata Scolopia braunii Sterculia quadrifida Xylosma ovatum Shrubs Alyxia ruscifolia Breynia oblongifolia Carissa ovata Cyclophyllum coprosmoides Micromelum minutum Pavetta australiensis Pittosporum revolutum Psychotria loniceroides Myrsine variabilis Turraea pubescens | Vines Cissus opaca Eustrephus latifolius Flagellaria indica Hoya australis Jasminum didymum Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense Geitonoplesium cymosum Melodorum leichhardtii Pandorea pandorana Pleogyne australis Sarcostemma viminae subsp. brunonianum Trophis scandens subsp. scandens Smilax australis Stephania japonica var. discolor Secamone elliptica Forbs Pseuderanthemum variabile Fern Microsorum punctatum Grasses Ancistrachne uncinulata Imperata cylindrica Sedges Cyperus eglobosus |
Transformer WEEDS |
Lantana camara Megathyrsus maximus (var. maximus and var. pubiglumis) Passiflora suberosa Psidium guajava Schinus terebinthifolius Cryptostegia grandiflora |
SOUTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND AND NSW NORTH COAST
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees | Trees (continued) | Shrubs (continued) |
Acacia disparrima | Jagera pseudorhu* | Rhysotoechia bifoliolata |
Acacia maidenii* | Litsea australis* | Senna acclinis |
Acacia melanoxylon* | Litsea reticulata | Sterculia quadrifida |
Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra | Livistona australis | Symplocos stawellii |
Acmena smithii | Lophostemon confertus | Synoum glandulosum |
Acronychia imperforata | Macaranga tanarius* | Wikstroemia indica |
Acronychia littoralis | Mallotus discolor | |
Acronychia oblongifolia | Mallotus philippensis | |
Acronychia wilcoxiana | Melia azedarach* | Epiphytes |
Alectryon coriaceus* | Melicope vitiflora* | |
Alphitonia excelsa | Mischocarpus pyriformis* | Asplenium australasicum |
Aphananthe philippinensis* | Notelaea longifolia* | Davallia solida var pyxidata |
Archidendron grandiflorum | Olea paniculata | Platycerium bifurcatum |
Archidendron hendersonii | Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum* | Pyrrosia confluens |
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana | Pilidiostigma rhytispermum* | |
Arytera divaricata | Pittosporum undulatum* | |
Baloghia inophylla | Podocarpus elatus | Vines and scramblers |
Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia* | Polyalthia nitidissima* | |
Bridelia exaltata | Polyscias elegans* | Austrosteenisia blackii |
Callistemon salignus* | Pouteria australis | Cayratia clematidea |
Callitris columellaris | Pouteria chartacea* | Cissus antarctica |
Celtis paniculata | Pouteria myrsinoides* | Cissus hypoglauca |
Claoxylon australe* | Pouteria queenslandica | Cissus sterculiifolia |
Clerodendrum floribundum* | Psydrax lamprophylla* | Cynanchum elegans |
Clerodendrum tomentosum* | Psydrax odorata* | Dioscorea transversa |
Commersonia bartramia* | Rhodamnia acuminata | Embelia australiana |
Commersonia fraseri* | Rhodamnia argentea* | Flagellaria indica |
Cryptocarya foetida | Rhodomyrtus psidioides* | Geitonoplesium cymosum |
Cryptocarya triplinervis | Sarcomelicope simplicifolia* | Hibbertia scandens |
Cupaniopsis anacardioides* | Scolopia braunii* | Hoya australis |
Dendrocnide photinophylla | Syzygium australe | Maclura cochinchinensis |
Diospyros australis* | Syzygium francisii | Marsdenia rostrata |
Diospyros fasciculosa | Syzygium hodgkinsoniae | Morinda jasminoides |
Diospyros geminata | Syzygium luehmannii | Pandorea pandorana |
Diospyros pentamera | Syzygium moorei | Parsonsia straminea |
Drypetes deplanchei subsp deplanchei | Syzygium oleosum* | Ripogonum album |
Duboisia myoporoides* | Toechima tenax* | Sarcopetalum harveyanum |
Dysoxylum fraserianum | Trema tomentosa var. aspera* | Smilax australis |
Elaeocarpus obovatus | Trochocarpa laurina* | Smilax glyciphylla |
Elaeocarpus reticulatus | Wilkiea hugeliana* | Stephania japonica |
Elattostachys nervosa* | | |
Endiandra discolor* | Shrubs | Herbs |
Endiandra sieberi* | | Alocasia brisbanensis |
Ficus coronata* | Breynia oblongifolia | Aneilema acuminatum |
Ficus fraseri* | Capparis arborea | Calochlaena dubia |
Ficus macrophylla | Cordyline congesta | Commelina diffusa |
Ficus obliqua | Cordyline rubra | Dianella caerulea |
Ficus rubiginosa | Cordyline stricta | Doodia aspera |
Ficus superba var. henneana | Cyclophyllum coprosmoides | Gahnia aspera |
Ficus watkinsiana | Elaeodendron australe | Gymnostachys anceps |
Flindersia bennettiana | Eupomatia laurina | Hypolepis muelleri |
Flindersia schottiana | Euroschinus falcatus | Lomandra longifolia |
Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi* | Exocarpus latifolius | Monococcus echinophorus |
Glochidion sumatranum* | Hibiscus heterophyllus | Oplismenus imbecillis |
Guioa acutifolia | Homalanthus populifolius | Ottochloa gracillima |
Guioa semiglauca* | Myrsine variabilis | Ottochloa nodosa |
Halfordia kendack* | Neolitsea dealbata | Pellaea falcata var. falcata |
Harpullia hillii* | Pittosporum multiflorum | Pteridium esculentum |
Harpullia pendula* | Pittosporum revolutum | Scleria sphacelata |
Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora | Psychotria loniceroides | |
| Note 1: Species with * are trees and shrubs |
SOUTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND AND NSW NORTH COAST (continued)
TRANSFORMER WEEDS |
Anredera cordifolia Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus africanus Asparagus plumosus Brachiaria mutica Cardiospermum grandiflorum Delairea odorata Desmodium uncinatum Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata Gloriosa superba Ipomoea cairica Lantana camara Macfadyena unguis-cati Megathyrsus maximus var. maximus Ochna serrulata Schefflera actinophylla Schinus terebinthifolius Senna pendula var. glabrata |
SYDNEY BASIN
FLORA SPECIES |
Trees Acmena smithii Acronychia oblongifolia Banksia integrifolia Claoxylon australe Cupaniopsis anacardioides Diospyros pentamera Elaeodendron australe Eucalyptus botryoides Eupomatia laurina Ficus obliqua Glochidion ferdinandi Guioa semiglauca Livistona australis Pittosporum undulatum Podocarpus elatus Myrsine howittiana Sarcomelicope simplicifolia Synoum glandulosum | Shrubs Breynia oblongifolia Notelaea longifolia Pittosporum revolutum Syzygium paniculatum Vines/Creepers Cissus antarctica Cissus hypoglauca Eustrephus latifolius Geitonoplesium cymosum Hibbertia scandens Marsdenia rostrata Parsonsia straminea Smilax australis Stephania japonica Ferns Pellaea falcate |
TRANSFORMER WEEDS |
Asparagus aethiopicus Chrysanthemoides monilifera Delairea odorata Ehrharta erecta Lantana camara Senna pendula Tradescantia albiflora (just ground layer, not into canopy, but still impacts on the ecological community significantly if infestation is thick) |
SOUTHEAST CORNER
Species |
Trees Acacia caerulescens Acacia maidenii Acacia mearnsii Acmena smithii Acronychia oblongifolia Alectryon subcinereus Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia Claoxylon australe Commersonia fraseri Commersonia rossii Elaeocarpus reticulatus Elaeodendron australe var. australe Eucalyptus botryoides Exocarpos cupressiformis Ficus coronata Ficus rubiginosa Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi Livistona australis Monotoca elliptica s.s. Myoporum acuminatum Myoporum insulare Myrsine howittiana Notelaea longifolia forma longifolia Pittosporum undulatum Pomaderris aspera Shrubs Acacia longifolia subsp sophorae Alyxia buxifolia Breynia oblongifolia Coprosma quadrifida Eupomatia laurina Goodenia ovata Helichrysum elatum Leucopogon parviflorus Melicytus dentatus s.l. Notelaea venosa Olearia viscosa Omalanthus populifolius Pittosporum revolutum Pomaderris oraria subsp. calcicola Solanum aviculare Synoum glandulosum subsp. glandulosum Trema tomentosa var. viridis Westringia fruticosa | Vines Aphanopetalum resinosum Cassytha phaeolasia Celastrus australis Cissus antarctica Cissus hypoglauca Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides Eustrephus latifolius Geitonoplesium cymosum Glycine clandestina Hibbertia dentata Hibbertia scandens Kennedia rubicunda Marsdenia rostrata Morinda jasminoides Muehlenbeckia adpressa Pandorea pandorana Parsonsia straminea Rhagodia candolleana subsp candolleana Sarcopetalum harveyanum Smilax australis Stephania japonica subsp. discolor Tetragonia implexicoma Tylophora barbata Forbs Apium prostratum subsp. prostratum Commelina cyanea Desmodium gunnii Dichondra repens Euchiton gymnocephalus Galium propinquum Geranium homeanum Hydrocotyle hirta Lagenophora stipitata Lobelia anceps Lobelia purpurascens Oxalis perennans Plantago debilis Plectranthus parviflorus Pseuderanthemum variabile Rumex brownii Senecio linearifolius var. 7 Senecio minimus Senecio tenuiflorus Solanum pungetium Solanum silvestre | Forbs (continued) Solanum stelligerum Stellaria flaccida Tetragonia tetragonioides Urtica incisa Veronica plebeia Viola eminens Ferns Asplenium flabellifolium Doodia aspera Pellaea falcata s.s. Pteridium esculentum Pteris tremula Epiphytes and/or Lithophytes Asplenium australasicum Dendrobium speciosum Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum Muellerina celastroides Platycerium bifurcatum Pyrrosia rupestris Rumohra adiantiformis Graminoids Carex appressa Carex longebrachiata Dianella caerulea s.l. Dianella tasmanica Echinopogon ovatus Entolasia marginata Ficinia nodosa Gahnia aspera Gahnia melanocarpa Lachnagrostis billardierei Lepidosperma concavum Lepidosperma gladiatum Libertia paniculata Lomandra longifolia Luzula meridionalis Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Notodanthonia longifolia Oplismenus hirtellus Poa ensiformis Poa labillardierei Zoysia macrantha |
Transformer Weeds |
Acetosa sagittata Agapanthus praecox Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus asparagoides Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus plumosus (black berry tall climber) Asparagus scandens Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant) Chrysanthemoides monolifera subsp. rotundata Coprosma repens Cortaderi selloana (Pampas Grass) Cotoneaster glaucophyllus (large leaf) Cotoneaster pannosus (small leaf) Crassula sp. (long trailing) Crassula multicava | Crataegus monogyna Delairea odorata Dolichos (=Dipogon) lignosus Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) Festuca arundinacea Galium aparine Hedera helix Jasminum polyanthum Lantana camara var. camara Ligustrum lucidum (large leaf) Ligustrum sinense Ligustrum vulgare Lonicera fragrantissima (hairy-stemmed version of L. japonica) Lonicera japonica | Lycium ferrocissimum Olea europa subsp. cuspidata Opuntia sp. Oxalis incarnata Pennesetum clandestinum Phalaris subsp. (previously aquatica) Phoenix canariensis Pinus radiata Polygala myrtifolia Populus x canescens Rhaphiolepis indica (Fairfield Park Shrub) Stenotaphrum secundatum Tradescantia albiflora Vinca major Zantedeschia aethiopica |