Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Section 1.1: General

1.1.1 Background and scope

1.1.2 Document Set

1.1.3 Differences Between ICAO Standards and those in MOS

1.1.4 Differences published in AIP

1.1.5 MOS Documentation Change Management

1.1.6 Related Documents

Section 1.2: Definitions

1.2.1 Unless the contrary intention appears, the following definitions
apply for this MOS:

1.2.2 Despite the meaning of runway in the table in subsection 1.2.1,
where a provision of this MOS refers, expressly or by implication, to
the upgrade of an aerodrome facility that is a runway, the reference
is taken to include any 1 or more of the following:

1.2.3 Despite the meaning of taxiway in the table in subsection 1.2.1,
where a provision of this MOS refers, expressly or by implication, to
the upgrade of an aerodrome facility that is a taxiway, the reference
is taken to include any 1 or more of the following:

Chapter 2: Application of Standards to Aerodromes

Section 2.1: General

2.1.1 Legislative Background and Applicability

2.1.2 Standard Changes and Existing Aerodrome Facilities

2.1.3 Exemptions to Standards

2.1.4 Conflict with Other Standards

2.1.5 Using ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code to Specify Standards

2.1.6 Providing for Future Larger Aeroplanes

2.1.9A Aerodrome with Terminal Instrument Flight Procedures

2.1.10 Runways Used for Special Authorisation Category I instrument
Approach Operations

2.1.11 Runways Used for Special Authorisation Category II Instrument
Approach Operations

Chapter 3: Applying for an Aerodrome Certificate

Section 3.1: General

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Aerodrome Certificate Processing Fee

3.1.3 Processing an Aerodrome Certificate Application

3.1.4 Granting of an Aerodrome Certificate

3.1.5 Maintenance and Control of Aerodrome Manual

3.1.6 Initiating NOTAM to Promulgate a Certified Aerodrome

Section 3.2: Application for an Aerodrome Certificate

3.2.1 Sample Aerodrome Certificate Application

Chapter 4: Applying to Register an Aerodrome

Section 4.1: General

4.1.1 Introduction

4.1.2 Aerodrome Registration Application and Processing Fee

4.1.3 Approving a Registration Application

4.1.4 Maintenance of Registration

4.1.5 Aerodrome Safety Inspection Report

Section 4.2: Application to Register an Aerodrome

4.2.1 Application to Register an Aerodrome

Chapter 5: Aerodrome Information for AIP

Section 5.1: General

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Aerodrome Information to be Provided for a Certified Aerodrome

5.1.3 Standards for Determining Aerodrome Information

5.1.4 Obstacle Data

Section 5.2: Illustration of Declared Distances

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Calculation of Declared Distances

5.2.3 Obstacle-free Take-off Gradient

5.2.4 Critical Obstacle

5.2.5 Declared Distances for Intersection Departures

Section 5.3: Illustration of Supplementary Take-Off Distances Available
and Shielding

5.3.1 Introduction

Chapter 6: Physical Characteristics

Section 6.1: General

6.1.1 Introduction

Section 6.2: Runways

6.2.1 Location of Runway Threshold

6.2.2 Length of Runway

6.2.3 Runway Width

6.2.4 Runway Turning Area

6.2.5 Parallel Runways

6.2.6 Runway Longitudinal Slope

6.2.7 Runway Sight Distance

6.2.8 Transverse Slopes on Runways

6.2.9 Runway Surface

6.2.10 Runway Bearing Strength

6.2.11 Runway Shoulders

6.2.12 Characteristics of Runway Shoulders

6.2.13 Transverse Slope on Runway Shoulder

6.2.14 Surface of Runway Shoulder

6.2.15 Provision of Runway Strip

6.2.16 Composition of Runway Strip

6.2.17 Runway Strip Length

6.2.18 Runway Strip Width

6.2.19 Longitudinal Slope on Graded Area of Runway Strip

6.2.20 Longitudinal Slope Changes on Graded Area of Runway Strip

6.2.21 Runway Strip Longitudinal Slope Changes at Runway Ends (Radio Altimeter Operating Area)

6.2.22 Runway Strip Transverse Slope

6.2.23 Surface of Graded Area of Runway Strip

6.2.24 Objects on Runway Strips

6.2.25 Runway End Safety Area (RESA)

6.2.26 Dimensions of RESA

6.2.27 Slopes on RESA

6.2.28 Objects on RESA

6.2.29 Bearing Strength of RESA

6.2.30 Clearways

6.2.31 Location of Clearways

6.2.32 Dimensions of Clearways

6.2.33 Slopes on Clearways

6.2.34 Objects on Clearways

6.2.35 Stopways

6.2.36 Dimensions of Stopways

6.2.37 Surface of Stopway

6.2.38 Stopway Slopes and Slope Changes

6.2.39 Bearing Strength of Stopway

Section 6.3: Taxiways

6.3.1 Taxiway Width

6.3.2 Taxiway Edge Clearance

6.3.3 Taxiway Curves

6.3.4 Taxiway Longitudinal Slope

6.3.5 Taxiway Transverse Slope

6.3.6 Taxiway Sight Distance

6.3.7 Taxiway Bearing Strength

6.3.8 Taxiway Shoulders

6.3.9 Width of Taxiway Shoulders

6.3.10 Surface of Taxiway Shoulders

6.3.11 Taxiway Strips

6.3.12 Width of Taxiway Strip

6.3.13 Width of Graded Area of Taxiway Strip

6.3.14 Slope of Taxiway Strip

6.3.15 Objects on Taxiway Strip

6.3.16 Taxiways on Bridges

6.3.17 Taxiway Minimum Separation Distances

Section 6.4: Holding Bays, Runway-Holding Positions, Intermediate
Holding Positions and Road-Holding Positions

6.4.1 Introduction

6.4.2 Provision of a Holding Bay, Runway-holding Position, Intermediate Holding Position and Road-holding Position

6.4.3 Location of Holding Bay, Runway-holding Position, Intermediate
Holding Position or Road-holding Position

6.4.4 Distance from Runway-holding Position, Intermediate Holding
Position or Road-holding Position to Runway Centreline

Section 6.5: Aprons

6.5.1 Location of Apron

6.5.2 Separation Distances on Aprons

6.5.2A Alternative aircraft parking position separation

6.5.3 Slopes on Aprons

6.5.4 Apron Bearing Strength

6.5.5 Apron Road

Section 6.6: Jet Blast

6.6.1 General

6.6.2 Jet Blast and Propeller Wash Hazards

Section 6.7: Glider Facilities

6.7.1 Location of Glider Runway Strips

6.7.2 Dimensions of Glider Runway Strips

6.7.3 Glider Parking Areas

6.7.4 Glider Runway Strip Serviceability

6.7.5 Glider Runway Strip Standards

6.7.6 Notification of Glider Facilities and Procedures

Chapter 7: Obstacle Restriction and Limitation

Section 7.1: General

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Obstacle Restriction

7.1.3 Obstacle Limitation

7.1.4 Procedures for Aerodrome Operators to Deal with Obstacles

7.1.5 Objects Outside the OLS

7.1.6 Objects That Could Become Obstacles

7.1.7 Monitoring of Obstacles Associated with Instrument Runways

7.1.8 Additional Obstacle Assessment for an Existing Non-instrument
Runway to be Upgraded to a Non-precision Instrument Runway

7.1.9 Obstacle Protection for Curved Take-Off

Section 7.2: Aerodrome Obstacle Charts

7.2.1 Type A Charts

7.2.2 Type B Charts

7.2.3 Type C Charts

7.2.4 Precision Approach Terrain Charts – ICAO

Section 7.3: Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

7.3.1 General

7.3.2 Description of OLS

Section 7.4: Principles of Shielding

7.4.1 General

7.4.2 Shielding Principles

Chapter 8: Visual Aids Provided by Aerodrome Markings,
Markers, Signals and Signs

Section 8.1: General

8.1.1AA Visual aids — early compliance with alternative new Chapter 8
standards......................................................8-1

8.1.1 Introduction

8.1.2 Closed Aerodrome

8.1.3 Colours

8.1.4 Visibility

Section 8.2: Markers

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 The Use of Markers on a Runway Strip

8.2.3 The Use of Markers on an Unsealed Runway

8.2.4 The Use of Markers on an Unsealed Taxiway

8.2.5 The Use of Markers on an Unsealed Apron

Section 8.3: Runway Markings

8.3.1 General

8.3.2 Pre-runway-end Markings

8.3.3 Runway Centreline Markings

8.3.4 Runway Designation Markings

8.3.5 Runway End Markings

8.3.6 Runway Side-stripe Markings

8.3.7 Aiming Point Markings

8.3.7A Touchdown Zone Marking

8.3.8 Runway Threshold Markings

8.3.9 Temporarily Displaced Threshold Markings

8.3.10 Runway Land and Hold Short Position Markings

Section 8.4: Taxiway Markings

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 Taxi Guideline Markings

8.4.3 Runway Holding Position Markings

8.4.4 Intermediate Holding Position Markings

8.4.5 Taxiway Edge Markings

8.4.6 Holding Bay Markings

8.4.7 Taxiway Pavement Strength Limit Markings

Section 8.5: Apron Markings

8.5.1 Introduction

8.5.2 Apron Taxi Guideline Markings

8.5.3 Apron Edge Markings

8.5.4 Parking Clearance Line

8.5.5 Aircraft Type Limit Line

8.5.6 Parking Weight Limit Line

8.5.7 Leased Area Line

8.5.8 Equipment Clearance Line

8.5.9 Equipment Storage Markings

8.5.10 Apron Service Road Markings

8.5.11 Aircraft Parking Position Markings

8.5.12 Lead-in Line

8.5.13 Taxi Lead-in Line Designation

8.5.14 Pilot Turn Line

8.5.15 Primary Aircraft Parking Position Markings

8.5.16 Marshaller Stop Line

8.5.17 Pilot Stop Line

8.5.18 Alignment Line

8.5.19 Secondary Aircraft Parking Position Markings

8.5.20 Keyhole Marking

8.5.21 Triangle Marking

8.5.22 Lead-out Line

8.5.23 Designation Markings

8.5.24 Aircraft Parking Position Designation

8.5.25 Designation Characters for Taxi and Apron Markings

8.5.26 Tug operator Guidance Marking

8.5.27 Aircraft Push-back Lines

8.5.28 Tug Parking Position Lines

8.5.29 Towbar Disconnect Markings

8.5.30 Push-back Limit Markings

8.5.31 Push-back Alignment Bars

8.5.32 Passenger Path Markings

8.5.33 Typical Apron Markings

Section 8.6: Movement Area Guidance Signs (MAGS)

8.6.1 Introduction

8.6.2 Naming of taxiways

8.6.3 Dimensions, Location and Lettering

8.6.4 Sign Size and Location Distances, Including Runway Exit Signs

8.6.5 Structural

8.6.6 Illumination

8.6.7 MAGS with Mandatory Instructions

8.6.8 Runway Designation Signs

8.6.9 Category I, II or III Runway Designation Signs

8.6.10 Runway Holding Position Sign

8.6.11 Aircraft NO ENTRY Sign

8.6.12 Vehicular STOP Signs

8.6.13 Runway/Runway Intersection Signs

8.6.14 MAGS with Information

8.6.15 Taxiway Location Signs

8.6.16 Direction Signs

8.6.17 Destination Signs

8.6.18 Take-off Run Available Sign

8.6.19 Runway Exit Signs

8.6.20 LAHSO Distance To Go Signs

Section 8.7: Wind Direction Indicators

8.7.1 Requirements

8.7.2 Standards

Section 8.8: Ground Signals

8.8.1 Signal Areas

8.8.2 Ground Signals in Signal Area

Section 8.9: Marking of Unserviceable and Work Areas

8.9.1 Introduction

8.9.2 Marking of Unserviceable Areas on Runways, Taxiways and Aprons

8.9.3 Use of Unserviceability Markers

8.9.4 Works Limit Markers

Section 8.10: Obstacle Markings

8.10.1 General

8.10.2 Marking of Obstacles

8.10.3 Marking of Temporary and Transient Obstacles

8.10.4 Marking of Vehicles

Section 8.11: Helicopter Areas on Aerodromes

8.11.1 Introduction

8.11.2 Helicopter Landing and Lift-off Area Markings

8.11.3 Helicopter Apron Markings

8.11.4 Helicopter Parking Position Markings

8.11.5 Helicopter Taxi Guideline Designation

8.11.6 Helicopter Parking Position Numbers

8.11.7 Helicopter Apron Edge Markings

Section 8.12: Marking of Glider Runway Strips on an Aerodrome

Chapter 9: Visual Aids Provided by Aerodrome Lighting......................9-1

Section 9.1: General.....................................................9-1

9.1.1AA Inset runway lights — early compliance with alternative new
Chapter 9 standards............................................9-1

9.1.1 Application and Definitions........................................9-2

9.1.2 Standardisation of Aerodrome Lighting..............................9-4

9.1.3 Lighting in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome............................9-4

9.1.4 Minimum Lighting System Requirements............................9-5

9.1.5 Primary Source of Electricity Supply................................9-6

9.1.6 Electrical Circuitry................................................9-6

9.1.7 Secondary Power Supply.........................................9-7

9.1.8 Switch-over Time................................................9-8

9.1.9 Standby Power Supply...........................................9-9

9.1.10 Portable Lighting................................................9-9

9.1.11 Light Fixtures and Supporting Structures...........................9-11

9.1.12 Elevated and Inset Lights.......................................9-11

9.1.13 Colour of Light Shown...........................................9-12

9.1.14 Light intensity and Control......................................9-12

9.1.15 Commissioning of Lighting Systems..............................9-16

Section 9.2: Colours for Aeronautical Ground Lights.....................9-18

9.2.1 General......................................................9-18

9.2.2 Chromaticities.................................................9-18

9.2.3 Discrimination Between Coloured Lights..........................9-19

Section 9.3: Pilot Activated Lighting Systems............................9-21

9.3.1 General......................................................9-21

9.3.2 VHF Carrier Activation Code....................................9-22

9.3.3 VHF Carrier Detector Technical Requirements.....................9-23

9.3.4 Inputs to the PAL..............................................9-23

9.3.5 Fail-safe Arrangements with PAL system.........................9-24

9.3.6 Access to Manual Switches.....................................9-24

9.3.7 Receiving Antenna.............................................9-25

9.3.8 PAL with Audio Acknowledgment................................9-25

Section 9.4: Obstacle Lighting..........................................9-26

9.4.1 General......................................................9-26

9.4.2 Types of Obstacle Lighting and Their Use.........................9-27

9.4.3 Location of Obstacle Lights.....................................9-27

9.4.4 Natural Obstacles..............................................9-33

9.4.5 Temporary Obstacles..........................................9-33

9.4.6 Characteristics of Low Intensity Obstacle Lights....................9-33

9.4.7 Characteristics of Medium Intensity Obstacle Lights................9-34

9.4.8 Characteristics of High Intensity Obstacle Lights...................9-34

9.4.9 Floodlighting of Obstacles......................................9-36

9.4.10 Ongoing Availability of Obstacle Lights...........................9-36

Section 9.5: Aerodrome Beacons........................................9-38

9.5.1 General......................................................9-38

Section 9.6: Illuminated Wind Direction Indicator.........................9-40

9.6.1 General......................................................9-40

Section 9.7: Approach Lighting Systems.................................9-42

9.7.1 Simple Approach Lighting System...............................9-42

9.7.2 Precision Approach Category I Lighting System....................9-42

9.7.3 Precision Approach Categories II and III Lighting System...........9-46

Section 9.8: Isocandela Diagrams of Approach Lighting..................9-50

9.8.1 Collective Notes...............................................9-50

Section 9.9: Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems....................9-52

9.9.1 General......................................................9-52

9.9.2 Obstacle Assessment Surface...................................9-53

9.9.3 T-VASIS and AT-VASIS........................................9-55

9.9.4 Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) system..................9-60

Section 9.10: Runway Lighting..........................................9-68

9.10.1 Types of Runway Edge Lighting Systems.........................9-68

9.10.2 Runway Edge Lights...........................................9-68

9.10.3 Location of Runway Edge Lights.................................9-69

9.10.4 Longitudinal Spacing of Runway Edge Lights......................9-69

9.10.5 Lateral Spacing of Runway Edge Lights...........................9-70

9.10.6 Characteristics of Low and Medium Intensity Runway Edge Lights...9-70

9.10.7 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway Edge Lights...............9-70

9.10.8 Use of Bidirectional or Back-to-back Light Fittings..................9-71

9.10.9 Runway Threshold Lights.......................................9-71

9.10.10 Location of Runway Threshold Lights.............................9-71

9.10.11 Pattern of Low Intensity and Medium Intensity Runway Threshold
Lights........................................................9-71

9.10.12 Pattern of High Intensity Runway Threshold Lights.................9-72

9.10.13 Characteristics of Low Intensity and Medium Intensity Runway
Threshold Lights...............................................9-72

9.10.14 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway Threshold Lights..........9-73

9.10.15 Additional Lighting to Enhance Threshold Location.................9-73

9.10.16 Runway End Lights............................................9-76

9.10.17 Location of Runway End Lights..................................9-76

9.10.18 Pattern of Runway End Lights...................................9-76

9.10.19 Characteristics of Low and Medium Intensity Runway End Lights.....9-77

9.10.20 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway End Lights................9-77

9.10.21 Runway Turning Area Edge Lights...............................9-77

9.10.22 Stopway Lights................................................9-78

9.10.23 Hold Short Lights..............................................9-78

9.10.24 Runway Centreline Lights.......................................9-79

9.10.25 Runway Touchdown Zone Lights................................9-80

9.10.26 Photometric Characteristics of Runway Lights.....................9-81

9.10.27 Installation and Aiming of Light Fittings...........................9-81

9.10.28 Illustrations of Runway Lighting..................................9-81

Section 9.11: Isocandela Diagrams of Runway Lighting...................9-82

9.11.1 Collective Notes...............................................9-82

Section 9.12: Illustrations of Runway Lighting............................9-94

Section 9.13: Taxiway Lighting.........................................9-101

9.13.1 Provision of Taxiway Centreline Lights...........................9-101

9.13.2 Provision of Taxiway Edge Lights...............................9-101

9.13.3 Taxiway Markers.............................................9-101

9.13.4 Apron Taxiway Lighting........................................9-102

9.13.5 Use of Different Types of Taxiway Lights.........................9-102

9.13.6 Control of Lights on Taxiways..................................9-102

9.13.7 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights...........................9-103

9.13.8 Spacing of Taxiway Centreline Lights............................9-103

9.13.9 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights on Exit Taxiways............9-104

9.13.10 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights on Rapid Exit Taxiways......9-104

9.13.11 Characteristics of Taxiway Centreline Lights......................9-105

9.13.12 Beam Dimensions and Light Distribution of Taxiway Centreline
Lights.......................................................9-105

9.13.13 Location of Taxiway Edge Lights................................9-106

9.13.14 Spacing of Taxiway Edge Lights................................9-107

9.13.15 Characteristics of Taxiway Edge Lights..........................9-108

9.13.16 Provision of Runway Guard Lights..............................9-109

9.13.17 Pattern and Location of Runway Guard Lights....................9-109

9.13.18 Characteristics of Runway Guard Lights.........................9-110

9.13.19 Control of Runway Guard Lights................................9-111

9.13.20 Provision of Intermediate Holding Position Lights.................9-111

9.13.21 Pattern and Location of Intermediate Holding Position Lights.......9-112

9.13.22 Characteristics of Intermediate Holding Position Lights............9-112

9.13.23 Stop Bars....................................................9-112

9.13.24 Location of Stop Bars.........................................9-113

9.13.25 Characteristics of Stop Bars....................................9-113

9.13.26 Taxiway Edge Markers........................................9-114

9.13.27 Characteristics of Taxiway Edge Markers........................9-114

9.13.28 Taxiway Centreline Markers....................................9-114

9.13.29 Characteristics of Taxiway Centreline Markers....................9-114

9.13.30 Photometric Characteristics of Taxiway Lights....................9-114

9.13.31 Installation and Aiming of Light Fittings..........................9-115

Section 9.14: Isocandela Diagrams for Taxiway Lights...................9-116

9.14.1 Collective Notes to Figures....................................9-116

Section 9.15: Illustrations of Taxiway Lighting..........................9-123

Section 9.16: Apron Floodlighting......................................9-126

9.16.1 Introduction..................................................9-126

9.16.2 Provision of Apron Floodlighting................................9-126

9.16.3 Location of Apron Floodlighting.................................9-126

9.16.4 Characteristics of Apron Floodlighting...........................9-127

Section 9.17: Visual Docking Guidance Systems........................9-129

9.17.1 Provision of Visual Docking Guidance Systems...................9-129

9.17.2 Characteristics of Visual Docking Guidance Systems..............9-129

9.17.3 Azimuth Guidance Unit - Location...............................9-130

9.17.4 Azimuth Guidance Unit - Characteristics.........................9-130

9.17.5 Stopping Position Indicator - Location...........................9-130

9.17.6 Stopping Position Indicator - Characteristics......................9-130

9.17.7 Parking Position Identification Sign..............................9-131

9.17.8 Notification of Type of Aircraft Docking Guidance Systems.........9-131

Section 9.18: Lighting Associated with Closed and Unserviceable Areas..9-132

9.18.1 Closed Runway or Taxiway....................................9-132

9.18.2 Unserviceable Areas..........................................9-132

9.18.3 Characteristics of Unserviceability Lights.........................9-132

Section 9.19: Other Lights on an Aerodrome............................9-133

9.19.1 Vehicle Warning Lights........................................9-133

9.19.2 Works Limit Lights............................................9-133

9.19.3 Road and Car Park Lighting....................................9-133

9.19.4 Road-holding Position Light....................................9-133

Section 9.20: Monitoring, Maintenance and Serviceability of Aerodrome Lighting              9-135

9.20.1 General.....................................................9-135

9.20.2 Reporting of Aerodrome Lighting Outage........................9-135

Section 9.21: Lighting in the Vicinity of Aerodromes.....................9-139

9.21.1 Advice to Lighting Designers...................................9-139

9.21.1A Purpose of the Section........................................9-139

9.21.2 Legislative Background........................................9-139

9.21.3 General Requirement.........................................9-140

9.21.4 Light Fittings.................................................9-140

9.21.5 Coloured Lights..............................................9-141

9.21.6 Information and Correspondence...............................9-141

Section 9.22: Use of Unarmoured Cables for Aerodrome Lighting........9-143

9.22.1 Introduction..................................................9-143

9.22.2 Significant Areas of the Dispensation............................9-143

9.22.3 Conditions Governing the Dispensation..........................9-143

9.22.4 Aspects to Note..............................................9-143

9.22.5 Acceptability of an Installation to the Supply Authority.............9-144

Chapter 10: Operating Standards for Certified Aerodromes..................10-1

Section 10.1: General...................................................10-1

10.1.1 Introduction...................................................10-1

10.1.2 Aerodrome Manual and Aerodrome Operating Procedures..........10-1

10.1.3 Training of Aerodrome Personnel Involved with Safety
Functions.....................................................10-1

10.1.4 Aerodrome Safety Management System (SMS)....................10-2

Section 10.2: Inspecting and Reporting Aerodrome Serviceability.........10-3

10.2.1 General......................................................10-3

10.2.2 Significant Objects.............................................10-3

10.2.3 Surface Conditions of the Movement Area, Including the
Presence of Water.............................................10-4

10.2.4 Aerodrome Markings, Lightings, Wind Direction Indicators and
Ground Signals................................................10-4

10.2.5 Cleanliness of the Movement Area...............................10-4

10.2.6 Obstacles Infringing the Take-off, Approach and Transitional
Surfaces......................................................10-5

10.2.7 Birds or Animals on, or in the Vicinity of, the Movement Area........10-5

10.2.8 Empirical Assessment of the Bearing Strength of Unrated
Runway Pavements and Runway Strips..........................10-5

10.2.9 Currency of NOTAMs..........................................10-6

10.2.10 Aerodrome Fencing............................................10-6

10.2.11 Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit............................10-6

10.2.12 Inspection Logbooks...........................................10-6

Section 10.3: Initiating a NOTAM........................................10-7

10.3.1 Introduction...................................................10-7

10.3.2 Changes Reported to Australian NOTAM Office....................10-7

10.3.3 Time-Limited NOTAM..........................................10-8

10.3.4 Permanent NOTAM............................................10-8

10.3.5 Making Changes to Aerodrome Information Published in
AIP-ERSA....................................................10-9

10.3.6 Bird or Animal Hazard Warning..................................10-9

10.3.7 New or Upgraded Visual Aids...................................10-9

10.3.8 Changes to Type A Chart Information............................10-9

10.3.9 Follow up Actions..............................................10-9

10.3.10 Record Keeping...............................................10-9

Section 10.4: Sample Aerodrome Report Form..........................10-10

Section 10.5: Examples of NOTAM and Listing of Abbreviations..........10-11

10.5.1 Examples....................................................10-11

10.5.2 General Word Abbreviations and Phrase Contractions to
Minimise Message Length of Aerodrome NOTAMs................10-14

Section 10.6: Appointment of Reporting Officers........................10-31

10.6.1 General.....................................................10-31

10.6.2 Reporting Officer Qualifications.................................10-31

10.6.3 What to Report...............................................10-31

10.6.4 Monitoring Activities Outside Aerodrome.........................10-32

Section 10.7: Aerodrome Emergency Planning..........................10-33

10.7.1 Introduction..................................................10-33

10.7.2 Records.....................................................10-34

10.7.3 Disabled Aircraft Removal.....................................10-34

Section 10.8: Guidelines for Aerodrome Emergency Plans...............10-35

10.8.1 General.....................................................10-35

10.8.2 Medical Subcommittee........................................10-36

10.8.3 Testing Facilities and Reviewing Roles..........................10-36

10.8.4 Aerodrome Emergency Exercises................................10-36

10.8.5 Emergency Operations Centre and Mobile Command Post.........10-37

10.8.6 Definitions of Command, Control, and Coordination...............10-37

10.8.7 Role of the Police.............................................10-38

Section 10.9: Control of Airside Access Including Vehicle Control........10-39

10.9.1 Introduction..................................................10-39

10.9.2 Airside Vehicle Control........................................10-39

10.9.3 Airside drivers................................................10-39

10.9.4 Technical Standards for Electronic Surveillance Equipment
Fitted to Vehicles.............................................10-40

Section 10.10: Aerodrome Works Safety................................10-42

10.10.1 Introduction..................................................10-42

10.10.2 Method of Working Plans......................................10-42

10.10.3 Time-Limited Works..........................................10-43

10.10.4 Restrictions on Carrying Out Time-Limited Works.................10-43

10.10.5 Restoration of Normal Safety Standards.........................10-44

10.10.6 Resumption of Aerodrome Works...............................10-44

10.10.7 Management and Control of Aerodrome Works...................10-44

10.10.8 Markers, Markings and Lights..................................10-45

10.10.9 Communication Equipment....................................10-45

10.10.10 Completion..................................................10-45

10.10.11 Pavement Overlay Works......................................10-46

10.10.12 Works on Runway Strips......................................10-46

Section 10.11: Method of Working Plans................................10-48

10.11.1 Introduction..................................................10-48

10.11.2 Title Page...................................................10-48

10.11.3 Works Information............................................10-48

10.11.4 Restrictions to Aircraft Operations and Issue of NOTAMs..........10-49

10.11.5 Work Stages.................................................10-49

10.11.6 Emergencies and Adverse Weather.............................10-49

10.11.7 NOTAMs....................................................10-49

10.11.8 Restrictions to Works Organisations............................10-49

10.11.9 Personnel and Equipment.....................................10-49

10.11.10 Access......................................................10-49

10.11.11 Aerodrome Markers, Markings and Lights........................10-50

10.11.12 Protection of Electrical Services................................10-50

10.11.13 Special Requirements.........................................10-50

10.11.14 Administration...............................................10-50

10.11.15 Authority....................................................10-50

10.11.16 Drawings....................................................10-50

10.11.17 Distribution List..............................................10-51

Section 10.12: Functions of a Works Safety Officer......................10-52

10.12.1 Works Safety Officer..........................................10-52

Section 10.13: Aircraft Parking.........................................10-54

10.13.1 Introduction..................................................10-54

10.13.2 Apron Congestion............................................10-54

10.13.3 Apron Safety Management.....................................10-54

Section 10.14: Bird and Animal Hazard Management.....................10-55

10.14.1 Introduction..................................................10-55

Section 10.15: Pavement Maintenance..................................10-56

10.15.1 Pavement Cleanliness........................................10-56

10.15.2 Runway Surface Friction.......................................10-56

10.15.3 Deterioration of Runway Grooves...............................10-57

10.15.4 Surface Irregularities..........................................10-58

10.15.5 Standards for Natural and Gravel Surface Runways...............10-58

Section 10.16: Maintenance Around Navigational Aids...................10-59

10.16.1 Introduction..................................................10-59

Section 10.17: Aerodrome Safety Procedures during Conditions of
Reduced Visibility or Low Cloud................................10-60

10.17.1 Introduction..................................................10-60

10.17.2 Development of Low Visibility Procedures........................10-60

10.17.3 Implementation of Low Visibility Procedures......................10-61

10.17.4 Review of Low Visibility Procedures.............................10-62

Section 10.18: Aerodrome Technical Inspections........................10-63

10.18.1 Introduction..................................................10-63

Section 10.19: Runway Visibility Assessments by Ground Personnel.....10-64

10.19.1 Application...................................................10-64

10.19.2 Facilities and Procedures......................................10-64

10.19.3 Appointed Persons Conducting Runway Visibility Assessments.....10-65

10.19.4 Procedures for Conducting a Runway Visibility Assessment........10-66

Chapter 11: Standards for Other Aerodrome Facilities.......................11-1

Section 11.1: General...................................................11-1

11.1.1 Introduction...................................................11-1

11.1.2 Traffic Control Towers..........................................11-1

11.1.3 Standards For Siting and Clearance Areas for Airways Facilities on Airports              11-1

11.1.4 General Siting Requirements....................................11-2

11.1.4A Siting of Equipment and Installations on Operational Areas..........11-4

11.1.5 Navigation Aid Facilities........................................11-5

11.1.6 VOR Facilities.................................................11-6

11.1.7 DME Facilities.................................................11-6

11.1.8 Instrument Landing System.....................................11-7

11.1.9 Protection of ILS Installations....................................11-7

11.1.10 Critical and Sensitive Areas.....................................11-8

11.1.11 Obstructions around Marker Beacons............................11-9

11.1.12 Locator Beacons..............................................11-9

11.1.13 Non-Directional Beacons (NDB).................................11-9

11.1.14 Radar Sensor Sites...........................................11-10

11.1.15 Communication Facilities......................................11-11

11.1.16 Ground Earthing Points........................................11-12

11.1.17 Testing of Ground Earthing Points..............................11-13

11.1.18 Inspection of Ground Earthing Points............................11-13

11.1.19 Remedial Action..............................................11-13

11.1.20 Compass Swinging Site.......................................11-13

11.1.21 Automatic Weather Information Stations.........................11-14

11.1.22 Light Aircraft Tie-Down Facilities................................11-14

Chapter 12: Operating Standards for Registered Aerodromes................12-1

Section 12.1: General...................................................12-1

12.1.1 Introduction...................................................12-1

12.1.2 Aerodrome Reporting Officer....................................12-2

12.1.3 Aerodrome Serviceability Inspections.............................12-3

12.1.4 Frequency of Serviceability Inspection............................12-3

12.1.5 Record of Inspections and Remedial Actions......................12-3

12.1.6 Reporting Changes............................................12-4

12.1.7 Aerodrome Works.............................................12-4

12.1.8 Safety Inspection Report........................................12-4

12.1.9 Reporting of Obstacles.........................................12-5

Section 12.2: Sample Aerodrome Report Form...........................12-6

Chapter 14: Radio Communication Facilities Provided by an Aerodrome Operator14-1

Section 14.1: General...................................................14-1

14.1.1 Introduction...................................................14-1

14.1.2 Definitions and Abbreviations....................................14-1

Section 14.2: Certified Air/Ground Radio Services........................14-2

14.2.1 Application to be a CA/GRO.....................................14-2

14.2.2 Qualifications.................................................14-2

14.2.3 CA/GRS Operating Standards and Procedures....................14-2

14.2.4 Broadcasting of Aerodrome Information on AAIS...................14-4

Section 14.3: Frequency Confirmation System...........................14-5

14.3.1 Requirement for Frequency Confirmation System..................14-5

14.3.2 Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit (AFRU).....................14-5

14.3.3 Use of the AFRU..............................................14-5

14.3.4 Operating Performance Requirements of AFRU.....................14-5

14.3.5 AFRU Technical Specification...................................14-6

14.3.6 AFRU with PAL Features.......................................14-8

14.3.7 Technical Specifications for Optional Pilot-Activated Lighting Control.14-8

14.3.8 AFRU+PAL Commissioning Flight Test...........................14-9

Section 14.4: Unicom Services.........................................14-11

14.4.1 General.....................................................14-11

REVISION HISTORY........................................................rh-1

NOTES TO MANUAL OF STANDARDS PART 139.......................NOTES-1

Chapter 1:   Introduction

Section 1.1:   General

1.1.1                   Background and scope

1.1.1.1              Under section 3 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988, an aerodrome is an area authorised by the regulations for use as an aerodrome. Paragraph 92 (1) (b) of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 has the effect of authorising a place for use as an aerodrome if it is certified or registered under Part 139 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (CASR 1998). This document is the Manual of Standards (MOS) — Part 139 Aerodromes (the MOS) made under regulation 139.015 of CASR 1998. Together with Part 139 of CASR 1998, it sets out certain standards for certified aerodromes, registered aerodromes, and other aircraft landing areas where aircraft arrive, depart or move that are not certified or registered (ALAs). Aerodrome safety is a vital link in aviation safety and the applicable provisions of the MOS must be complied with to ensure aviation safety.

1.1.1.2              The effect of regulation 139.030 of CASR 1998 is that a place with a terminal instrument flight procedure (other than for specialised helicopter operations) must be a certified aerodrome or a registered aerodrome.

1.1.1.3              The effect of regulation 139.040 of CASR 1998 is that a place with a runway suitable and available for use by air transport operations aircraft having a maximum passenger seating capacity of more than 30 seats, or a maximum carrying capacity of more than 3 400 kg, must be a certified aerodrome.

1.1.1.4              Except where otherwise stated, the standards set out in this MOS are for certified aerodromes.

1.1.1.5              The standards for registered aerodromes are:

(a)         for those matters mentioned in paragraph 139.295 (a) of CASR 1998 — the standards set out in this MOS for certified aerodromes; and

(b)         any other standards stated by this MOS to be applicable to registered aerodromes.

1.1.1.6              Subject to regulation 139.040 of CASR 1998, nothing in this MOS prevents an ALA being certified as a certified aerodrome, or registered as a registered aerodrome, if the applicable requirements of Part 139 of CASR 1998 and this MOS are complied with.

1.1.1.7              To avoid doubt, except in relation to the effects of Subpart 139.D (reporting officers and safety inspections), this MOS does not affect ALAs.

1.1.1.8              The effect of Subpart 139.D of CASR 1998 is that when an aircraft with a maximum passenger seating capacity of more than 9 but not more than 30 seats uses an ALA at least once a week for regular public transport operations, the operator of the ALA must conduct safety inspections, and have at least 1 reporting officer who:

(a)         is trained in accordance with the provisions of the MOS for reporting officers; and

(b)         monitors the serviceability of the ALA in accordance with the provisions of the MOS for such monitoring.

1.1.1.9              The effect of Subpart 139.E of CASR 1998 is that all operators of certified and registered aerodromes must ensure the following:

(a)         that airspace monitoring around the aerodrome is in accordance with the MOS for such monitoring;

(b)         that obstacle limitation surfaces are established in accordance with the provisions of the MOS for obstacle limitation surfaces.

1.1.1.10         The effect of Subpart 139.F of CASR 1998 is that all operators of certified aerodromes and registered aerodromes must ensure that frequency confirmation systems and air/ground radio services comply with the provisions of the MOS for frequency confirmation systems and air/ground radio services.

1.1.1.11         Appendices and tables form part of this MOS. Where this MOS incorporates by reference standards from other documents, the incorporated standards become part of this MOS.

1.1.1.12         Other information and guidance concerning aerodromes and ALAs may be contained in Advisory Circulars.

1.1.1.13         Standards in this MOS to prevent animals and people from inadvertently entering a movement area are for aviation safety purposes only.

1.1.1.14         This MOS does not deal with aviation security (that is, protection from acts of unlawful interference).

1.1.1.15         Notes in the MOS may provide information, explanations or references. A Note is not part of the standard.

1.1.2              Document Set

1.1.2.1              The document hierarchy consists of:

(a)         the Civil Aviation Act 1988 (the Act);

(b)         relevant Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASRs);

(c)          the Manual of Standards (MOS); and

(d)         Advisory Circulars (ACs).

1.1.2.2              The Act establishes the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) with functions relating to civil aviation, in particular the safety of civil aviation and for related purposes.

1.1.2.3              CASRs establish the regulatory framework (Regulations) within which all service providers must operate.

1.1.2.4              The MOS comprises specifications (Standards) prescribed by CASA, of uniform application, determined to be necessary for the safety of air navigation. In those parts of the MOS where it is necessary to establish the context of standards to assist in their comprehension, the sense of parent regulations has been reiterated.

1.1.2.5              Readers should understand that in the circumstance of any perceived disparity of meaning between MOS and CASRs, primacy of intent rests with the regulations.

1.1.2.6              Service providers must document internal actions (Rules) in their own operational manuals, to ensure the maintenance of and compliance with standards.

1.1.2.7              ACs are intended to provide recommendations and guidance to illustrate a means, but not necessarily the only means of complying with the Regulations.  ACs may explain certain regulatory requirements by providing interpretive and explanatory materials.  It is expected that service providers will document internal actions in their own operational manuals, to put into effect those, or similarly adequate, practices.

1.1.3                   Differences Between ICAO Standards and those in MOS

1.1.3.1              Notwithstanding the above, where there is a difference between a standard prescribed in the ICAO standards and one in the MOS, the MOS standard shall prevail.

1.1.4                   Differences published in AIP

1.1.4.1              Differences from ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures are published in AIP Gen 1.7.

1.1.5                   MOS Documentation Change Management

1.1.5.1              Responsibility for the technical content in the MOS resides with the relevant technical area within the Flight Standards Branch, Standards Division of CASA.

1.1.5.2              This MOS is issued and amended under the authority of the Director of Aviation Safety.

1.1.5.3              Suggested changes to this MOS must be directed to the Manager, Air Traffic Management System Standards Section, Standards Division of CASA.

1.1.5.4              Requests for any change to the content of the MOS may be intimated from:

(a)         technical areas within CASA;

(b)         aviation industry service providers or operators;

(c)          individuals and authorisation holders.

1.1.5.5              The need to change standards in the MOS may be generated by a number of causes.  These may be to:

(a)         ensure safety;

(b)         ensure standardisation;

(c)          respond to changed CASA standards;

(d)         respond to ICAO prescription;

(e)         accommodate new initiatives or technologies.

1.1.6                   Related Documents

1.1.6.1              These standards should be read in conjunction with:

(a)         ICAO Annex 4: Aeronautical Charts

(b)         ICAO Annex 14: Aerodromes (Vol 1)

(c)          ICAO Doc 9157/AN901: Aerodrome Design Manuals (all parts)

Section 1.2:   Definitions

1.2.1                     Unless the contrary intention appears, the following definitions apply for this MOS:

1.2.2                     Despite the meaning of runway in the table in subsection 1.2.1, where a provision of this MOS refers, expressly or by implication, to the upgrade of an aerodrome facility that is a runway, the reference is taken to include any 1 or more of the following:

(a)         the runway proper;

(b)         the runway strip;

(c)          the RESA;

(d)         the clearway and the stopway (if provided).

1.2.3                     Despite the meaning of taxiway in the table in subsection 1.2.1, where a provision of this MOS refers, expressly or by implication, to the upgrade of an aerodrome facility that is a taxiway, the reference is taken to include any 1 or more of the following:

(a)         the taxiway proper;

(b)         the taxiway strip.

Chapter 2:   Application of Standards to Aerodromes

Section 2.1:   General

2.1.1                   Legislative Background and Applicability

2.1.1.2              CASR Part 139 empowers the Authority to specify standards and procedures relating to aerodromes used in air transport operations. The standards and procedures are set out in this document titled ‘Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes’ are applicable equally to operators of aerodromes which are either certified or registered. Operating procedures for certified and registered aerodromes differ and are set out in separate Chapters.

2.1.2                   Standard Changes and Existing Aerodrome Facilities

2.1.2.2              An existing facility at an aerodrome, other than a certified aerodrome, that does not meet the standards set out in this MOS may continue to meet the Standards that applied to the facility when it was first introduced or last upgraded (as the case may be) until:

(a)         the facility is replaced or again upgraded (as the case may be); or

(b)         CASA directs in writing that, in the interests of aviation safety, the facility must comply with the standards specified in this MOS.

2.1.2.2A For paragraph 2.1.2.2, Standards means the standards set out in the version of the MOS, RPA, AEI, APEI, API, or other aerodrome facility standard that applied to the facility when it was first introduced or last upgraded (as the case may be).

2.1.2.3              The operator of a certified aerodrome is not required to modify an existing aerodrome facility (a non-compliant facility) so that it complies with this MOS until the facility is replaced or upgraded. However, until it is replaced or upgraded, details of the non-compliant facility must be recorded in the Aerodrome Manual, including:

(a)         identification of the facility; and

(b)         the date or period when the facility was first introduced or last upgraded (as the case may be); and

(c)          a description of, or documented evidence of, the standard with which the facility complies, including a supporting reference to the version and date of the MOS, RPA, AEI, APEI, API or other aerodrome facility standard embodying the standard with which the facility complies; and

(d)         details of the plans and timescale for replacing or upgrading the facility so that it complies with this MOS.

2.1.2.3A The operator of a registered aerodrome is not required to modify an existing aerodrome facility (a non-compliant facility) so that it complies with this MOS until the facility is replaced or upgraded. However, until it is replaced or upgraded, details of the non-compliant facility must be recorded in accordance with paragraph 12.1.1.2A.

2.1.2.4              A new facility that is brought into operation, and an existing facility that is replaced or upgraded, must comply with the standards in this MOS.

2.1.3                   Exemptions to Standards

2.1.3.1              An exemption granted in relation to an existing facility continues to apply until its expiry date, unless sooner revoked by CASA in the interests of aviation safety.

2.1.3.2              An application for an exemption from any standard in this MOS must:

(a)         be made and dealt with as if Subpart 11.F of CASR 1998 applied to the application; and

(b)         include a clear indication of whether, and when, full compliance with the MOS would occur.

2.1.3.3              If a provision of this MOS imposes a standard subject to a qualifying phrase, such as “if practicable”, “where physically practicable”, or “where determined necessary”, the standard applies despite the qualifying phrase unless CASA has granted an exemption from the standard.

2.1.3.4              Exemptions to standards, granted to an aerodrome, must be recorded in the Aerodrome Manual.  The Manual must contain details of the exemption, reason for the granting, any resultant limitations imposed, and similar relevant information.

2.1.4                   Conflict with Other Standards

2.1.4.1              Compliance with the standards and procedures specified in this MOS does not absolve aerodrome operators from obligations in respect of standards prescribed by other government or statutory authorities. Where another statutory standard conflicts with this MOS, the matter must be referred to CASA for resolution.

2.1.5                   Using ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code to Specify Standards

2.1.5.1              Australia has adopted the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) methodology of using a code system, known as the Aerodrome Reference Code, to specify the standards for individual aerodrome facilities which are suitable for use by aeroplanes within a range of performances and sizes. The Code is composed of two elements: element 1 is a number related to the aeroplane reference field length; and element 2 is a letter related to the aeroplane wingspan and outer main gear wheel span. A particular specification is related to the more appropriate of the two elements of the Code or to an appropriate combination of the two Code elements. The Code letter or number within an element selected for design purposes is related to the characteristics of the aeroplane types for which the facility is intended.

2.1.5.2              The Code number for element 1 shall be determined by the aerodrome operator from column 1 of Table 2.1-1. The Code number corresponding to the highest value of the aeroplane reference field lengths for which the runway is intended is to be selected.

2.1.5.3              The Code letter for element 2 shall be determined by the aerodrome operator from column 3 of Table 2.1-1. Subject to paragraph 2.1.5.3A, the Code letter corresponds to the greatest wingspan or the greatest outer main gear wheel span, whichever gives the more demanding Code letter, of the aeroplanes for which the facility is intended to be selected.

2.1.5.3A The Code letter is D where:

(a)         all the aeroplanes for which the facility is intended to be selected have a wingspan that is less than 52 m; and

(b)         an aeroplane for which the facility is intended to be selected has an outer main gear wheel span that is at least 9 m but less than 14 m.

2.1.5.4              Information of the Aerodrome Reference Code number for each runway at the aerodrome shall be provided for publication in Runway Distances Supplement section of the En-route Supplement Australia. For certified aerodromes, information of the Aerodrome Reference Code letter for each runway and taxiway shall be set out in the Aerodrome Manual.

2.1.5.5              Unless otherwise agreed by CASA, aerodrome operators must maintain the runways and taxiways in accordance with the applicable standards set out in this MOS for the notified aerodrome reference code for that runway or taxiway.

Table 2.1‑1: Aerodrome Reference Code

2.1.6                   Providing for Future Larger Aeroplanes

2.1.6.1              Nothing in this MOS is intended to inhibit the planning or provision of aerodrome facilities for larger aeroplanes that may be accommodated by the aerodrome at a later date. However, where movement area facilities are built for future larger aeroplanes, the aerodrome operator must liaise with the relevant CASA office to determine interim notification of Reference Code and maintenance arrangements.

2.1.6.2              It is the prerogative of aerodrome operators to select the appropriate aeroplane and aeroplane characteristics for master planning of their aerodromes. This MOS has included ICAO Code F specifications for aerodrome facilities intended for aeroplanes larger than B 747 wide body jets.

2.1.9A Aerodrome with Terminal Instrument Flight Procedures

2.1.9A.1 Where an aerodrome with a terminal instrument flight procedure (TIFP) ceases (for whatever reason) to be:

(a)         a certified aerodrome (and does not immediately become registered); or

(b)         a registered aerodrome (and does not immediately become certified);

CASA will take every reasonable step necessary to notify the certified or authorised designer of the TIFP of the cessation.

2.1.10                Runways Used for Special Authorisation Category I instrument Approach Operations

2.1.10.1         A runway is not suitable to be used for a Special Authorisation (SA) Category I instrument approach operation unless all of the requirements in paragraphs 2.1.10.2 to 2.1.10.10 are met.

2.1.10.2         The aerodrome at which the runway is located must be a controlled aerodrome.

2.1.10.3         Subject to paragraph 2.1.10.11, the runway must meet the standards in this MOS for a precision approach runway.

2.1.10.4         The runway must have electronic RVR equipment in the touchdown zone of the runway.

2.1.10.5         The aerodrome operator must confirm with the ATS provider that the control tower has suitable RVR display equipment.

2.1.10.6         The runway must have a declared landing distance available of at least 1,524 m.

2.1.10.7         The runway must have, or be qualified for, a precision approach Category I ILS procedure.

2.1.10.8         An OFZ must be established for the runway.

2.1.10.9         In consultation with the ATS provider and the relevant aeronautical telecommunications service and radio navigation service provider, the relevant ILS equipment critical and sensitive areas must be determined, documented and associated protection requirements defined in the aerodrome’s low visibility procedures.

2.1.10.10     The aerodrome operator must confirm with the relevant aeronautical telecommunications service and radio navigation service provider that the runway is equipped with a suitable precision approach aid.

2.1.10.11     Despite Chapter 9, a runway used for an SA Category I instrument approach operation is not required to have an approach lighting system extending over a distance of 900 m from the runway threshold.

2.1.11                Runways Used for Special Authorisation Category II Instrument Approach Operations

2.1.11.1         A runway is not suitable to be used for an SA Category II instrument approach operation unless all of the requirements in paragraphs 2.1.11.2 to 2.1.11.8 are met.

2.1.11.2         The aerodrome at which the runway is located must be a controlled aerodrome.

2.1.11.3         Subject to paragraph 2.1.11.9, the runway must meet all of the standards in this MOS for a precision approach runway Category II.

2.1.11.4         The runway must have electronic RVR equipment in the touchdown zone and at least 1 other zone of the runway.

2.1.11.5         The aerodrome operator must confirm with the ATS provider that the control tower has suitable RVR display equipment.

2.1.11.6         The runway must have a declared landing distance available of at least 1,830 m.

2.1.11.7         In consultation with the ATS provider and the relevant aeronautical telecommunications service and radio navigation service provider, the relevant ILS equipment critical and sensitive areas must be determined, documented and associated protection requirements defined in the aerodrome’s low visibility procedures.

2.1.11.8         The aerodrome operator must confirm with the relevant aeronautical telecommunications service and radio navigation service provider that the runway is equipped with a suitable precision approach aid.

2.1.11.9         Despite Chapter 9, a runway used for an SA Category II instrument approach operation is not required to have a precision approach Category II and Category III lighting system extending over a distance of 900 m from the runway threshold, runway centreline lighting or touchdown zone lighting.

Chapter 3:   Applying for an Aerodrome Certificate

Section 3.1:   General

3.1.1                   Introduction

3.1.1.1              Pursuant to CASR Part 139, aerodromes intended to accommodate aeroplanes with more than 30 passenger seats conducting air transport operations must be certified. Operators of other aerodromes may also apply for an aerodrome certificate.

3.1.1.2              The applicant shall be the owner of the aerodrome site, or have obtained permission from the owner to use the site as an aerodrome.

3.1.1.3              CASA’s aerodrome certification process only addresses the aviation safety aspect of the aerodrome. It is the responsibility of the applicant to ensure that use of the site as an aerodrome is in compliance with other federal, state and local statutory requirements. The aerodrome certificate does not absolve the applicant from observing such requirements.

3.1.1.4              Before submitting an application, the applicant must prepare an Aerodrome Manual, in accordance with the requirements set out in CASR Part 139. The standards to meet the requirements are set out in various chapters in this Manual of Standards (MOS). The initial application must be made on CASA Form 1186 (specimen at Section 3.2). The completed form shall be returned to the nearest CASA office, together with a copy of the Aerodrome Manual.

3.1.2                   Aerodrome Certificate Processing Fee

3.1.2.1              Upon receipt of the application, the relevant CASA Aerodrome Inspector will assess the likely effort involved in processing the application and provide the applicant with a quotation for the aerodrome certification processing fee.

3.1.2.2              The certificate application will only be processed upon payment of the certification processing fee.

3.1.3                   Processing an Aerodrome Certificate Application

3.1.3.1              Applications shall be submitted in sufficient time to allow for detailed consideration and inspection of the aerodrome before the desired date of issue of the certificate.

3.1.3.2              Engineering and survey reports of the physical characteristics of the movement area, pavement strength and surface, obstacle limitation surfaces, etc., shall be provided by the applicant as required by CASA.

3.1.3.3              As part of the certification process, CASA Aerodrome Inspector may carry out inspection or testing of any aspect of the aerodrome or require substantiation of any information provided by the applicant. However, it should be clearly understood that the CASA sample checking process does not absolve the applicant from the responsibility to provide accurate information.

3.1.3.4              Special assessments may be necessary if there are aerodrome facilities that are not in full compliance with the applicable standards. This may involve more time and resources and may result in restrictions being imposed on aircraft operations.

3.1.4                   Granting of an Aerodrome Certificate

3.1.4.1              Before an aerodrome certificate is granted, CASA needs to be satisfied that:

(a)         the aerodrome physical characteristics and facilities are in compliance with relevant standards or are adequate for aeroplane safety;

(b)         the aerodrome operating procedures proposed by the applicant and set out in the Aerodrome Manual are appropriate and adequate for the expected level of aircraft activities at the aerodrome;

(c)          there are sufficient experienced trained or qualified personnel to conduct the safety functions of the aerodrome;

(d)         the aerodrome operator is aware of the aerodrome safety functions and can be expected to properly operate the aerodrome.

3.1.4.2              Aerodrome certificates are granted on the condition that the aerodrome will, at all times, be in compliance with applicable regulations and standards. CASR Part 139 also empowers CASA to attach additional conditions to a licence to take account of particular circumstances of the aerodrome.

3.1.4.3              Once granted, except for a temporary certificate which has a finite term, an aerodrome certificate will remain in force until it is suspended or cancelled.

3.1.5                   Maintenance and Control of Aerodrome Manual

3.1.5.1              CASA will retain one copy of the Aerodrome Manual. The aerodrome operator must keep his or her copy of the Aerodrome Manual at the aerodrome or at the operator’s principal place of business and make it available for CASA audit purposes.

3.1.5.2              Additional copies of the Aerodrome Manual may be made available so that aerodrome staff and other organisations at the aerodrome may have access to a copy of the Manual.

3.1.5.3              When additional copies or sections of the Manual are required, the aerodrome manual controller is responsible for updates and distribution to those persons.

3.1.6                   Initiating NOTAM to Promulgate a Certified Aerodrome

3.1.6.1              The CASA Aerodrome Inspector responsible for the certification process will prepare and forward to the NOTAM Office a permanent NOTAM setting out all the aerodrome information which will be included in AIP ERSA and the Runway Distances Supplement, including the effective date when the aerodrome is certified.

Section 3.2:   Application for an Aerodrome Certificate

3.2.1                   Sample Aerodrome Certificate Application

Chapter 4:   Applying to Register an Aerodrome

Section 4.1:   General

4.1.1                   Introduction

4.1.1.1              Pursuant to CASR Part 139, operators of uncertified aerodromes may apply to have their aerodromes registered by CASA. A registered aerodrome will have aerodrome information published in ERSA, and changes to aerodrome information or conditions affecting aircraft operations can be notified through the NOTAM system.

4.1.1.2              The applicant for registration must be the owner of the aerodrome site, or have obtained permission from the owner to use the site as an aerodrome.

4.1.1.3              CASA’s aerodrome registration process only addresses the aviation safety aspect of the aerodrome. It is the responsibility of the applicant to ensure that use of the site as an aerodrome is in compliance with other federal, state and local authority requirements. The aerodrome registration does not absolve the applicant from observing such requirements.

4.1.2                   Aerodrome Registration Application and Processing Fee

4.1.2.1              Application for registration must be made on CASA Form 1187 (specimen shown in 4.2.1), obtainable from the nearest CASA office. The completed form, together with aerodrome information for publication in ERSA and confirmation from an approved person as prescribed in CASR Part 139, that the aerodrome meets applicable safety standards, shall be returned to the nearest CASA office.

4.1.2.2              Upon receipt of the application, the CASA Aerodrome Inspector will assess the likely effort involved in processing the registration application and provide the applicant with a quotation for the aerodrome registration processing fee.

4.1.2.3              The registration processing fee may include the CASA Aerodrome Inspector making an inspection of the aerodrome. The inspection is normally only required if the information supplied is, in the opinion of the Aerodrome Inspector, inadequate or requires further clarification.

4.1.2.4              The application will only be processed upon payment of the registration processing fee.

4.1.2.5              Applications shall be submitted in sufficient time to allow for detailed consideration and inspection of the aerodrome, before the desired registration date.

4.1.3                   Approving a Registration Application

4.1.3.1              Registration is approved on the condition that:

(a)         the aerodrome meets appropriate standards;

(b)         the aerodrome operator has the capacity to properly maintain the aerodrome; and

(c)          the reporting officer has been trained to the standards detailed in Chapter 10.

4.1.3.2              When the application is approved, the responsible CASA Aerodrome Inspector will prepare and forward to the NOTAM Office a permanent NOTAM setting out all the aerodrome information which will be included in ERSA and the Runway Distances Supplement. The CASA Aerodrome Inspector will also confirm, to the applicant, in writing, that the aerodrome is or will be registered, together with a copy of the NOTAM message.

4.1.4                   Maintenance of Registration

4.1.4.1              Registered aerodromes will be included in the CASA aerodrome surveillance program. A scheduled visit by a CASA Aerodrome Inspector can be expected periodically. Appropriate notice of the scheduled visit will be given. Unscheduled visits may occur at any time, such as when prompted by reported safety concerns.

4.1.4.2              Registration will remain in force until it is suspended or cancelled.

4.1.4.3              Registration may be suspended if CASA is not satisfied with:

(a)         the accuracy of aerodrome information provided;

(b)         the on-going maintenance of the aerodrome; or

(c)          the ability of the reporting officer to conduct on-going aerodrome serviceability inspection and reporting functions.

4.1.4.4              Registration may be cancelled:

(a)         on request of the aerodrome operator; or

(b)         by CASA after the aerodrome registration was suspended and the identified safety concerns are not corrected to the satisfaction of CASA, within an acceptable period.

4.1.5                   Aerodrome Safety Inspection Report

4.1.5.1              Operators of registered aerodromes are required to submit to CASA an Aerodrome Safety Inspection Report prepared by an approved person as specified in the regulations. This must be done either annually, or at a longer interval as agreed by the relevant CASA Aerodrome Inspector.

Section 4.2:   Application to Register an Aerodrome

4.2.1                   Application to Register an Aerodrome

Chapter 5:   Aerodrome Information for AIP

Section 5.1:   General

5.1.1                   Introduction

5.1.1.1              CASR Part 139 requires the applicant of an aerodrome certificate to provide information relating to the aerodrome for publication in Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This information must be included in the applicant’s proposed Aerodrome Manual. Aerodrome information may be published in AIP - Enroute Supplement Australia (ERSA), AIP - Runway Distances Supplement (RDS) and AIP - Departure and Approach Procedures charts (DAP).

5.1.1.2              This Chapter sets out the aerodrome information which needs to be provided and the standards to which such aerodrome information must be gathered and presented.

5.1.1.3              The standards in this Chapter on gathering and presentation of aerodrome information are also applicable to aerodrome information provided to CASA for aerodrome registration.

5.1.1.4              The importance of providing accurate aerodrome information for the safety of aircraft operations cannot be overemphasised. Accordingly, care and diligence must be exercised in obtaining the aerodrome information to be published. This will involve the use of appropriately qualified persons to measure, determine or calculate aerodrome operational information.

5.1.1.5              After the information is published, maintaining its accuracy is also of fundamental importance. Standards for maintaining accuracy of published aerodrome information in AIP, including NOTAMS, are set out in Chapter 10.

5.1.2                   Aerodrome Information to be Provided for a Certified Aerodrome

5.1.2.1              Aerodrome diagram. An aerodrome diagram must be provided to illustrate:

(a)         layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s);

(b)         nature of the runway surfaces;

(c)          designations and length of runways;

(d)         designations of the taxiways, where applicable;

(e)         location of illuminated and non-illuminated wind direction indicators;

(f)            location of the aerodrome reference point;

(g)         the direction and distance to the nearest town;

(h)         location of terminal buildings; and

(i)            location of helipads.

5.1.2.2              Aerodrome administration. This must include:

(a)         name, address, telephone and facsimile numbers of the aerodrome operator; including after hours contacts;

(b)         aerodrome usage, public or private;

(c)          aerodrome charges, where notification is desired.

5.1.2.3              Aerodrome location. This information must include;

(a)         name of aerodrome;

(b)         State or Territory of Australia;

(c)          World Aeronautical Chart number, if known;

(d)         latitude and longitude, based on the aerodrome reference point;

(e)         magnetic variation;

(f)            time conversion-universal time coordinated (UTC) plus local time difference;

(g)         AVFAX and ‘Y’ location code indicator, if known;

(h)         aerodrome elevation;

(i)            currency of Type A charts, if provided.

5.1.2.4              Movement area. Must include for each runway designation;

(a)         aerodrome reference code number;

(b)         runway bearings-in degrees magnetic;

(c)          runway length and surface type;

(d)         runway pavement strength rating;

(e)         runway and runway strip width;

(f)            runway slope;

(g)         runway declared distances, and STODA.

(h)         elevation of the mid point of runway threshold, for instrument runways.

5.1.2.5              Approach and Runway Lighting. For each runway, the following details of approach and runway lighting systems must be provided:

(a)         type, length and intensity of approach lighting system;

(b)         runway threshold lights, colour and wing bars;

(c)          type of visual approach slope indicator system;

(d)         length of runway touchdown zone lights;

(e)         length, spacing, colour and intensity of runway centreline lights;

(f)            length, spacing, colour and intensity of runway edge lights;

(g)         colour of runway end lights and wing bars;

(h)         length and colour of stopway lights.

5.1.2.5A Other Lighting and Secondary Power Supply. The following details of aerodrome lighting and secondary power supply systems must be provided:

(a)         location, characteristics and hours of operation of aerodrome beacon (if any);

(b)         lighting systems for taxiways;

(c)          any other lighting systems;

(d)         secondary power supply including switch-over time.

5.1.2.6              Navigation aids. Details of any navigation aid, which is provided by Airservices Australia or the aerodrome operator.

5.1.2.7              Rescue and fire-fighting services. The category of aerodrome-based rescue and fire-fighting services provided by Airservices Australia or the aerodrome operator.

5.1.2.8              Ground services. This information must include:

(a)         fuel suppliers and their contact details, including after hours;

(b)         automatic weather information broadcast if provided by aerodrome operator;

(c)          ground to air communication systems such as Unicom, aerodrome frequency response unit (AFRU) or approved air ground operator service provided by the aerodrome operator, and

(d)         any other services available to pilots.

5.1.2.9              Special procedures. Include any special procedures unique to the aerodrome, which pilots need to be advised; in cases where the flying procedure is generated by the aerodrome operator.

5.1.2.10         Notices. Include important cautionary or administrative information relating to the use of the aerodrome.

5.1.2.11         Low Visibility Procedures. If low visibility procedures are established at a controlled aerodrome, the information to be provided must include the following:

(a)         the runways and associated equipment that are used under low visibility procedures;

(b)         minimum take off and landing visibility for which the aerodrome facilities are capable of providing appropriate support;

(c)          defined meteorological conditions under which low visibility procedures are initiated, used and terminated;

(d)         a description of ground marking and lighting for use under low visibility procedures.

5.1.3                   Standards for Determining Aerodrome Information

5.1.3.1              Nature of runway surface. The runway surface type must be notified as either:

(a)         bitumen seal;

(b)         asphalt;

(c)          concrete;

(d)         gravel;

(e)         grass; or

(f)            natural surface.

Where only the central portion of runway is sealed, this must be advised accordingly.

5.1.3.2              Runway bearing and designation. The bearing of runways must be determined in degrees magnetic. Runways are normally numbered in relation to their magnetic direction, rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees.

5.1.3.3              Runway length. The aerodrome operator must provide the physical length of runways in whole numbers of metres and feet , with feet bracketed.

5.1.3.4              Taxiway designation. A single letter must be used without numbers to designate each main taxiway. Alpha-numeric designators may be used for short feeder taxiways. See also Chapter 8.

5.1.3.5              Aerodrome reference point (ARP). The geographic coordinates of the aerodrome reference point must be notified in degrees, minutes and tenths of a minute; based on the World Geodetic System-1984 (WGS-84). The ARP should be located at or near the centroid of the aerodrome.

5.1.3.6              Aerodrome elevation. Must be at the highest point of the landing area, above mean sea level. Aerodrome elevation must be reported in feet, based on the Australian Height Datum, to an accuracy of one foot.

5.1.3.7              Runway reference code number. For each runway provide the reference code number as defined in Chapter 2.

5.1.3.8              Pavement strength.

(a)         Aircraft less than 5,700 kg maximum take-off mass.

The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of 5700 kg mass or less, must be made available by reporting the following information:

(i)            maximum allowable aircraft mass; and

(ii)          maximum allowable tyre pressure.

(b)         Aircraft greater than 5,700 kg maximum take-off mass.

Report the bearing strength of pavements intended for aircraft greater than 5,700 kg mass, in accordance with the Aircraft Classification Number/Pavement Classification Number (ACN/PCN) system; reporting all of the following information:

(i)            the pavement classification number (PCN);

(ii)          pavement type for ACN-PCN determination;

(iii)        subgrade strength category;

(iv)        maximum allowable tyre pressure category; and

(v)          evaluation method.

(c)          Information on pavement type for ACN-PCN determination, subgrade strength category, maximum tyre pressure category and evaluation method must be reported using the following codes:

(i)             

(ii)           

(iii)         

(iv)         

(v)          Examples of pavement strength reporting

Example 1: If the bearing strength of a rigid pavement, built on a medium strength subgrade, has been assessed by technical evaluation to be PCN 80 and there is no tyre pressure limitation, then the reported information would be:

 PCN 80/R/B/W/T

Example 2: If the bearing strength of a flexible pavement, built on a high strength subgrade, has been assessed by using aircraft experience to be PCN 50 and the maximum tyre pressure allowable is 1.00 MPa, then the reported information would be:

 PCN 50/F/A/Y/U

Example 3: If the bearing strength of a flexible pavement, built on a medium strength subgrade, has been assessed by technical evaluation to be PCN 40 and the tyre pressure is to be limited to 0.80 MPa, then the reported information would be:

 PCN 40/F/B/0.80 MPa/T

Example 4: If a pavement is subject to B747-400 all up mass limitation of 390,000 kg, then the reported information would include the following note:

5.1.3.10         Runway strip width. For non instrument runways, provide the full width of graded strip. For an instrument runway, provide the full width of runway strip which must include the graded portion and the flyover portion; in whole numbers of metres.

5.1.3.11         Runway slope. Determine the slope of runways, by taking the difference between the maximum and minimum elevation along the centreline and dividing the result by the runway length. Slope must be expressed as a percentage, to the nearest one tenth of a percent, indicating the direction of descent.  Where there are significant multiple slope changes along the runway, slopes over individual segments must be provided over the length of the runway.

5.1.3.12         Declared distances.

(a)         Declared distances are the available operational distances notified to a pilot for take-off, landing or safely aborting a take-off. These distances are used to determine whether the runway is adequate for the proposed landing or take-off or to determine the maximum payload permissible for a landing or take-off.

(b)         The following distances in metres with feet equivalent shown in brackets, must be determined for each runway direction.

(i)            take off run available (TORA);

(ii)          take off distance available (TODA);

(iii)        accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA);

(iv)        landing distance available (LDA);

(c)          Calculation of declared distances. The declared distances must be calculated in accordance with the following:

(i)            Take-off run available (TORA) is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off. This is normally the full length of the runway; neither the SWY nor CWY are involved.

TORA = Length of RW

(ii)          Take-off distance available (TODA) is defined as the distance available to an aeroplane for completion of its ground run, lift-off and initial climb to 35 ft. This will normally be the full length of the runway plus the length of any CWY. Where there is no designated CWY, the part of the runway strip between the end of the runway and the runway strip end is included as part of the TODA. Each TODA must be accompanied by an obstacle clear take-off gradient expressed as a percentage.

TODA =TORA + CWY

(iii)        Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) is defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any SWY. Any CWY is not involved.

ASDA = TORA + SWY

(iv)        Landing distance available (LDA) is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing aeroplane. The LDA commences at the runway threshold. Neither SWY nor CWY are involved.

LDA = Length of RW (if threshold is not displaced.)

5.1.3.13         Determine and notify the gradient from the end of TODA to the top of the critical obstacle within the take-off climb area, expressed as a percent. Where there is no obstacle, a value of 1.2% must be notified.

5.1.3.14         Fences or levee banks. If a fence or levee bank is located so close to a runway strip end such that a take-off gradient is so large as to be meaningless; the take-off gradient can be based on the next obstacle within the take-off area. In this case, a note must be provided advising that the fence or levee bank has not been taken into account in the calculation of TODA and STODA gradients. The note must also advise the location and height of the fence or levee bank.

5.1.3.15         Survey of take-off area.

(a)         The selection of the critical obstacle must be based on the survey of the full take-off area in accordance with the applicable take-off OLS standards specified in Chapter 7. If the survey is not in full compliance, or the runway may, on occasions, be used by a larger aircraft, for example a Code 2 runway being used by a Code 3 aircraft, then an appropriate note must be provided. For example, “TKOF area surveyed to 8500 m instead of 15000 m” or “TKOF area surveyed to Code 2 standards instead of Code 3”.

(b)         Where the location of the critical obstacle is some distance from the take-off inner edge, and results in a take-off gradient that requires a curved departure, an additional lower take-off gradient may be declared based on a shorter length of TKOF area surveyed. Where this situation applies, aerodrome operators must consult with the appropriate CASA office.

5.1.3.16         Supplementary take-off distances available (STODA). For TODA having an obstacle clear gradient of more than 1.6%, STODA must be provided, except if the STODA is less than 800 m. STODA must be provided for obstacle clear take-off gradients of 1.6%, 1.9%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 3.3% and 5%, up to the gradient associated with TODA. In calculating STODA, care must be taken to ensure that a shielded object does not become critical for the lesser take-off distances, and that the slope of the runway is taken into account.  Examples showing how to calculate this will be provided in a subsequent Advisory Circular on the subject matter.

5.1.3.17         Intersection departure take-off distances available.  At an aerodrome where air traffic procedures include regular taxiway intersection departures, the take-off distances available from each relevant taxiway intersection must be determined and declared.  The method of determining the take-of distances available at an intersection is similar to that used at a runway end.  This is to ensure that the same performance parameters (for example, line-up allowance) may be consistently applied for the line-up manoeuvre, whether entering the runway at the runway end or from some other intersection.  Declared distances for an intersection must be measured from a perpendicular line commencing at the taxiway edge that is farther from the direction of take-off.  Where take-offs may be conducted in either direction, the starting point of the declared distances for each direction will be the perpendicular line commencing from the respective edges of the taxiway farther from the direction of take-off.  This is illustrated in Section 5.2.  The format for notifying intersection departure information is as follows:

  —   RWY 16 – TKOF from TWY E; RWY remaining 2345 (7694) reduce all DIST by 1312 (4305).

5.1.3.18         Threshold elevation. For instrument runways, provide the elevation of the mid point of each runway threshold. The threshold elevation must be measured in feet, to an accuracy of one foot, based on the Australian Height Datum.

5.1.3.19         Aerodrome Obstruction Charts - Type A. Where a Type A Chart is prepared, currency information of the Chart in the form of date of preparation or edition/issue number must be provided.

5.1.3.20         One direction runways. Where a runway direction cannot be used for take-off or landing, or both, the appropriate declared distance(s) must be shown as ‘nil’, along with an appropriate note, for example; ‘TKOF 14 and LAND 32 not AVBL due surrounding terrain.’

5.1.3.21         Lighting systems. Provide information of aerodrome lighting systems by using the following abbreviations:

5.1.3.22         Navigation aids. Where the aerodrome operator provides a navigation aid, the location coordinates and operating frequency must be provided.  The location co-ordinates must be notified in degrees, minutes and tenths of a minute, based on the World Geodetic System – 1984 (WGS-84).

5.1.3.23         Aerodrome obstacles.  Local data may include obstacles in the circuit area.

5.1.3.24         Additional Information. Significant local data may include the following:

(a)         animal or bird hazard;

(b)         aircraft parking restriction;

(c)          aircraft to avoid overflying certain areas such as mine blasting areas;

(d)         other aviation activities such as ultralight or glider operations in the vicinity.

5.1.4                   Obstacle Data

5.1.4.1              Standards for obstacle identification, restriction and limitation are detailed in Chapter 7. Chapter 7 also provides details of and responsibilities for Aerodrome Obstacle Charts applicable to the aerodrome.

Section 5.2:   Illustration of Declared Distances

5.2.1                   Introduction

5.2.1.1              Declared distances are the available operational distances notified to a pilot for take-off, landing or safely aborting a take-off.  These distances are used to determine whether the runway is adequate for the proposed landing or take-off or to determine the maximum payload permissible for a landing or take-off.

5.2.1.2              Declared distances are a combination of the runway (i.e. full strength pavement), any stopway (SW) and clearway (CW) provided.

5.2.2                   Calculation of Declared Distances

5.2.2.1              The declared distances to be calculated for each runway direction are:

(a)         Take-off run available (TORA) defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.  It will normally be the full length of the runway.  Neither stopway nor clearway are involved.

(b)         Take-off distance available (TODA) defined as the distance available to an aeroplane for completion of its ground run, lift-off and initial climb to 35 ft.  It will normally be the full length of the runway plus the length of any clearway.  Where there is no designated clearway, the part of the runway strip between the end of the runway and the runway strip end is included as part of the TODA.  This Australian practice has been registered with ICAO.  Any stopway is not involved.

(c)          Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any stopway.  Any clearway is not involved.

(d)         Landing distance available (LDA) defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing aeroplane.  The LDA commences at the runway threshold.  Neither stopway nor clearway are involved.

5.2.2.2              The above definitions of the declared distances are illustrated in the diagrams below:

5.2.3                   Obstacle-free Take-off Gradient

5.2.3.1              TODA is only usable where the minimum obstacle-free gradient from the end of the clearway is equal to or less than the climb performance of the aeroplane.

5.2.3.2              When calculating TODA it is necessary to also calculate the minimum obstacle-free take-off gradient.  This is the gradient associated with the critical obstacle.

5.2.4                   Critical Obstacle

5.2.4.1              The critical obstacle is the obstacle within the take-off climb area which subtends the greatest vertical angle with the horizontal, at the highest point on the clearway, when measured from the inner edge of the take-off climb surface.

5.2.4.2              In assessing the critical obstacle, close in objects such as fences, transient objects on roads and railways, and navigational installations should also be considered.  Standards relating to obstacle restrictions and limitations are included in Chapter 7.

5.2.5                   Declared Distances for Intersection Departures

5.2.5.1              The following diagrams illustrate the method of calculating the take-off distance available or take-off run available where departures are allowed from taxiway intersections.

Section 5.3:   Illustration of Supplementary Take-Off Distances Available and Shielding

5.3.1                   Introduction

5.3.1.1              For TODA having an obstacle-free gradient of more than 1.6%, supplementary take-off distances available (STODA) are to be provided for the following gradients, where applicable: 1.6%, 1.9%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 3.3% and 5%.  STODA of less than 800 m are not shown.

5.3.1.2              The specifications for take-off climb surfaces are given in Chapter 6.  Aerodrome operators should note in particular the standard for the elevation of the inner edge of the take-off climb surface.

5.3.1.3              In calculating supplementary take-off distances care should be taken to ensure that a shielded object does not become critical for the lesser take-off distances.  This is most likely with a close-in critical obstacle.

One way to overcome an object protruding through the approach surface is to displace the threshold and this reduces the LDA.  Instances where the threshold needs to be displaced more than 300 m from the end of the runway should be referred to the CASA area office for consideration.

Chapter 6:   Physical Characteristics

Section 6.1:   General

6.1.1                   Introduction

6.1.1.1              The standards for the physical characteristics are the statutory requirements which apply to the planning, design and construction for the movement area facilities at certified and registered aerodromes, and at non-certified and non-registered aerodromes used by aircraft conducting air transport operations.

6.1.1.2              The standards set out in this Chapter govern characteristics such as the dimensions and shape of runways, taxiways, aprons and related facilities provided for the safe movement of aircraft.

6.1.1.3              Aerodrome siting, including runway useability and number and orientation of runways, aerodrome master planning and matters relating to economics, efficiency and the environment at an aerodrome are not within the scope of these standards.

6.1.1.4              The aerodrome standards for glider facilities set out in Section 6.7 are applicable to glider facilities provided at a certified aerodrome or registered aerodrome.

Section 6.2:   Runways

6.2.1                   Location of Runway Threshold

6.2.1.1              The threshold of a runway must be located:

(a)         if the runway’s code number is 1 — not less than 30 metres after; or

(b)         in any other case — not less than 60 metres after;

the point at which the approach surface for aircraft using the runway meets the extended runway centre line.

6.2.2                   Length of Runway

6.2.2.1              The length of a runway must be adequate to meet the operational requirements of the aeroplanes for which the runway is intended.

6.2.3                   Runway Width

6.2.3.1              Subject to Paragraph 6.2.3.2, the width of a runway must not be less than that determined using Table 6.2‑1.

Table 6.2‑1: Minimum runway width

6.2.3.1B Subject to meeting the additional requirements for runway shoulders mentioned in paragraph 6.2.14.3, code letter E runways may be used for A380 operations.

6.2.3.1C Paragraph 6.2.3.1B does not allow code letter E runways to be used for A380 operations:

(a)         if their construction begins after the commencement of paragraph 6.2.3.1B; or

(b)         if they are subjected to a major redevelopment, such as a runway extension, that begins after the commencement of that paragraph.

6.2.3.2              If a precision approach runway’s code number is 1 or 2, the runway’s width must not be less than 30 m.

6.2.4                   Runway Turning Area

6.2.4.1              If a turning area for aircraft is provided at any point on a runway, the width of the turning area must be such that the clearance between the outer main gear wheels of the aircraft using the runway and the edge of the turning area, at that point, is not less than the distance determined using Table 6.2‑2.

Table 6.2‑2: Minimum clearance between outer main gear wheels and edge of turning area on runway

6.2.5                   Parallel Runways

6.2.5.1              Where parallel runways are to be provided, the aerodrome operator should consult with CASA and Airservices Australia on airspace and air traffic control procedures associated with the operation of the multiple runways. Where parallel, non-instrument runways are provided for simultaneous use, the minimum separation distance between the runway centrelines must not be less than:

(a)         where General Aviation Aerodrome Procedures (GAAP) are in place — 213m.  If this distance is not provided, dependent parallel procedures may need to be introduced;

(b)         where the higher code number of the two runways is 3 or 4 — 210 m;

(c)          where the higher code number of the two runways is 2 — 150 m;

(d)         where the code number of the two runways is 1 — 120 m.

6.2.5.2              Where parallel instrument runways are intended for simultaneous use, the minimum distance between the runway centrelines must not be less than:

(a)         for independent parallel approaches — 1,035 m;

(b)         for dependent parallel approaches — 915 m;

(c)          for independent parallel departures — 760 m; and

(d)         for segregated parallel operations — 760 m.

6.2.6                   Runway Longitudinal Slope

6.2.6.1              The overall runway slope, defined by dividing the difference between the maximum and minimum elevation along the runway centreline by the runway length, must not be more than:

(a)         if the runway’s code number is 3 or 4 — 1%; or

(b)         if the runway’s code number is 1 or 2 — 2%.

6.2.6.2              Subject to Paragraphs 6.2.6.3 and 6.2.6.4, the longitudinal slope along any part of a runway must not be more than:

(a)         if the runway’s code number is 4 — 1.25%; or

(b)         if the runway’s code number is 3 — 1.5%; or

(c)          if the runway’s code number is 1 or 2 — 2%.

6.2.6.3              If the runway’s code number is 4, the longitudinal slope along the first and last quarters of the runway must not be more than 0.8%.

6.2.6.4              If the runway’s code number is 3 and it is a precision approach category II or category III runway, the longitudinal slope along the first and last quarters of the runway must not be more than 0.8%.

6.2.6.5              If slope changes cannot be avoided, the change in longitudinal slope between any two adjoining parts of a runway must not be more than:

(a)         if the runway’s code number is 3 or 4 — 1.5%; or

(b)         if the runway’s code number is 1 or 2 — 2%.

6.2.6.6              The transition from one longitudinal slope to another must be accomplished by a vertical curve, with a rate of change not more than:

(a)         if the runway’s code number is 4 — 0.1% for every 30 m (minimum radius of curvature of 30,000 m); or

(b)         if the runway’s code number is 3 — 0.2% for every 30 m (minimum radius of curvature of 15,000 m); or

(c)          if the runway’s code number is 1 or 2 — 0.4% for every 30 m (minimum radius of curvature of 7,500 m).

6.2.6.7              The distance between the points of intersection of two successive longitudinal slope changes must not be less than the greater of the following:

(a)         45 m; or

(b)         the distance in metres worked out using the formula: