Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2003
The AUSTRALIAN COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY makes this Standard under section 162 of the Radiocommunications Act 1992.
Dated     27 February	2003																																																										
A.J SHAW                                                                                                                Chair
R HORTON                                                                                                           Deputy Chair

Australian Communications Authority

Contents
	1	Name of Standard	2
	2	Commencement	2
	3	Revocation	2
	4	Object of Standard	2
	5	Definitions	2
	6	Application of Standard on and after 1 March 2003: general	4
	7	Transitional arrangements on and after 1 March 2003	5
	8	Application of Standard to devices under transitional arrangements	6
	9	Performance standards	6
	10	Measurement methods for performance standards: aware user device or non-aware user device in close proximity to the human ear	7
	11	Measurement methods for performance standards : aware user device or non–aware user device 20cm or less from the human body	7
	12	Measurement methods for performance standards: aware user devices and non-aware user devices more than 20cm from the human body	8
Schedule 1	Measurement method for devices near the head	9
Bibliography	24
Schedule 2	Measurement method for devices 20cm or less from the human body	26
Part 1	Information for documenting SAR compliance	26
Part 2	Tissue Dielectric Parameters	28
Part 3	SAR measurement procedures	31
Part 4	References	47

  
  
1	Name of Standard
		This Standard is the Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2003.
2	Commencement
		This Standard commences on 1 March 2003.
3	Revocation
		The Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2001 is revoked.
4	Object of Standard
		This Standard regulates the performance of particular radiocommunications transmitters, to protect the health and safety of persons exposed to electromagnetic radiation from the transmitters.
5	Definitions
	(1)	In this Standard:
Act means the Radiocommunications Act 1992.
ARPANSA Standard means the Radiation Protection Standard for Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields – 3 kHz to 300 GHz published by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency and assigned the number ISBN 0-0642-79400-6.
Note   The ARPANSA Standard may be obtained from the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency website http://www.arpansa.gov.au .
AS 2772.2 means the Australian Standard Radiofrequency radiation Part 2: Principles and methods of measurement – 300 kHz to 100 GHz (AS 2772.2) published by Standards Australia.
aware user device means a hand‑held or body‑worn radiocommunications transmitter that operates on a push‑to‑talk basis and is intended for use as:
	(a)	an ambulatory station; or 
	(b)	a land mobile system station; or
	(c)	a maritime ship station; or
	(d)	a citizens band radio station; or
	(e)	an amateur station.
basic restrictions means the restrictions in Tables 2 and 6, including the notes to Table 2 and 6, of section 2.3 of the ARPANSA standard.
device means a mobile station that section 6 or 8 of this Standard apply to.
EN 50361 means the Basic standard for the measurement of Specific Absorption Rate related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields from mobile phones – 300MHz to 3GHz (BS EN 50361:2001) published by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and assigned the number ISBN 0 580 38460 8.
human body means the head, neck and trunk but not the limbs.
integral antenna means an antenna:
	(a)	permanently attached to equipment; or
	(b)	intended for direct attachment to a fixed connector on equipment, without the use of an external cable.
mobile station means a radiocommunications transmitter that is established for use:
	(a)	in motion, on land, water or in the air; or
	(b)	in a stationary position at unspecified points on land, water or in the air.
Examples of a mobile station
1   A wireless modem operating in a laptop computer.
2   A hand–held cellular or PCS telephone with a radiating antenna in the handpiece.
non‑aware user device means a device other than an aware user device.
normal position of use, of a device, means:
	(a)	the position specified in the measurement method applicable to the device under section 10, 11 or 12; or
	(b)	if paragraph (a) does not apply, the common use spatial orientation of the device with respect to the user; or
	(c)	if paragraphs (a) and (b) do not apply, the spatial orientation of the device with respect to the user defined by the manufacturer.
old standard means the Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2001 as in force immediately before 1 March 2003.
reference levels means the reference levels in Table 7 and 8, including the notes to Table 7 and 8, of section 2.4 of the ARPANSA standard.
RF field means a physical field that specifies the electric and magnetic states of a medium or free space, quantified by the vectors representing the electric field and the magnetic field.
SAR means Specific Absorption Rate.
	(2)	A reference in this Standard to:
	(a)	a document or publication by Standards Australia; or
	(b)	a document or publication by the British Standards Institution;
includes a reference to the publication or other document as in force from time to time.
	(3)	A term that is:
	(a)	used (but not defined) in this Standard; and
	(b)	defined in the Glossary of the ARPANSA standard;
has the meaning given by the Glossary.
6	Application of Standard on and after 1 March 2003: general
	(1)	This Standard applies to a mobile station that:
	(a)	on or after 1 March 2003, is:
	(i)	manufactured or imported; or
	(ii)	first offered for supply; or
	(iii)	altered or modified in a material respect; and
	(b)	is capable of operating in the frequency band 100kHz to 300GHz (inclusive); and
	(c)	has an integral antenna; and
	(d)	is not intended to be used as an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) or distress beacon.
	(2)	However, this Standard does not apply to a mobile station that is:
	(a)	used solely as equipment, or as part of a weapons system, used by the Defence Force; or
	(b)	used solely as equipment, or as part of a weapons system, used by the defence force of another country that is conducting operations with the Defence Force; or
	(c)	used solely for law enforcement activities by any of the following bodies:
	(i)	the Australian Federal Police;
	(ii)	the National Crime Authority;
	(iii)	the New South Wales Crime Commission;
	(iv)	the Independent Commission Against Corruption of New South Wales;
	(v)	the Criminal Justice Commission of Queensland; or
	(d)	used solely for law enforcement activities by a body that:
	(i)	is not mentioned in paragraph (c); and
	(ii)	is responsible for criminal law enforcement, and established by or under a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory; or
	(e)	used solely for law enforcement activities by a body that:
	(i)	is not mentioned in paragraph (c); and
	(ii)	provides support for law enforcement in Australia; and
	(iii)	is responsible or accountable to the Australian Police Ministers’ Council for the performance of that function; or
	(f)	an aware user device or non-aware user device that is not mentioned in subsection 10 (1), 11 (1) or 12 (1).
Note 1   Exemptions from the operation of the Act are also provided for in:
(a)	the Act (subsections 24 (1) and (2) and section 25); and
(b)	the Radiocommunications Regulations 1993 (regulation 6).
The exemptions relate to activities of the Defence Force, the Australian Security Intelligence Service and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation.
Note 2   The application of this Standard to a device under this section is not relevant to the definition of non-standard device in section 9 of the Act because the status of the device (as standard or non-standard) was established when the device was last manufactured, imported, altered or modified.
7	Transitional arrangements on and after 1 March 2003
	(1)	On and after 1 March 2003, the old standard continues to apply to a mobile station if:
	(a)	the device is not equipment to which this Standard applies under section 6; and
	(b)	the old standard applied to the device immediately before 1 March 2003.
Note 1   The continued application of this Standard to a device under this section is not relevant to the definition of non-standard device in section 9 of the Act because the status of the device (as standard or non-standard) was established when the device was last manufactured, imported, altered or modified.
Note 2   In this Standard the term mobile station has been used to replace the term mobile and portable transmitting equipment used in the old standard. The term mobile station has substantially the same meaning as the term used in the old standard.
Note 3   For paragraph 7 (1) (a) a device that was manufactured, imported, altered or modified before 1 March 2003 is equipment to which this Standard does not apply under section 6.
	(2)	The old standard applies to the radiocommunications device until the earlier of:
	(a)	the end of 29 February 2004; and
	(b)	the day (if any) on which the device is altered or modified in a material respect.
8	Application of Standard to devices under transitional arrangements
	(1)	This Standard applies to a mobile station mentioned in section 7 that:
	(a)	is capable of operating in the frequency band 100kHz to 300GHz (inclusive); and
	(b)	has an integral antenna; and
	(c)	is not intended to be used as an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) or distress beacon;
from the earlier of 1 March 2004 or the day (if any) on which the device is altered or modified in a material respect.
	(2)	However, this Standard does not apply to a mobile station that is mentioned in subsection 6 (2).
Note 1   Exemptions from the operation of the Act are also provided for in:
(a)	the Act (subsections 24 (1) and (2) and section 25); and
(b)	the Radiocommunications Regulations 1993 (regulation 6).
The exemptions relate to activities of the Defence Force, the Australian Security Intelligence Service and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation.
Note 2   The application of this Standard to a device under this section is not relevant to the definition of non-standard device in section 9 of the Act because the status of the device (as standard or non-standard) was established when the device was last manufactured, imported, altered or modified.
9	Performance standards
	(1)	For paragraph 162 (1) (a) of the Radiocommunications Act 1992, the standard for performance for an aware user device to which subsection 6 (1) or 8 (1) of this Standard applies is that the device must not expose the user to electromagnetic radiation at a level greater than the basic restrictions for occupational exposure when the device is used in its normal position of use.
	(2)	For paragraph 162 (1) (a) of the Radiocommunications Act 1992, the standard for performance for a non–aware user device to which subsection 6 (1) or 8 (1) of this Standard applies is that the non–aware user device must not expose the user to electromagnetic radiation at a level greater than the basic restrictions for general public exposure when the device is used in its normal position of use.
10	Measurement methods for performance standards: aware user device or non-aware user device in close proximity to the human ear
	(1)	This section applies to an aware user device or non-aware user device to which this Standard applies that:
	(a)	is designed to be used, or held with the radiating part of the aware user device or non-aware user device in close proximity to the human ear; and
	(b)	transmits on a frequency in the frequency band 300MHz to 3GHz (inclusive).
	(2)	Before 1 March 2005, the measurements to determine if the aware user device or non-aware user device meet the standard for performance of subsection 9 (1) or 9 (2) are the measurements in:
	(a)	Schedule 1; or
	(b)	EN 50361; or
	(c)	Schedule 2.
	(3)	On and after 1 March 2005, the measurements to determine if the aware user device or non-aware user device meet the standard for performance of subsection 9 (1) or 9 (2) are the measurements in EN 50361 or Schedule 2.
11	Measurement methods for performance standards : aware user device or non–aware user device 20cm or less from the human body
	(1)	This section applies to an aware user device or a non–aware user device to which this Standard applies that:
	(a)	is designed to be used, or held with the radiating part of the aware user device or non-aware user device in close proximity to the human body but not more than 20cm from the human body; and
	(b)	transmits on a frequency in the frequency band 150MHz to 5.8GHz (inclusive); and
	(c)	is not mentioned in subsection 10 (1).
	(2)	The measurements to determine if the aware user device or non-aware user device meet the standard for performance of subsection 9 (1) or 9 (2) are the measurements in Schedule 2.
	(3)	A test report must comply with the requirements in Schedule 2.
12	Measurement methods for performance standards: aware user devices and non-aware user devices more than 20cm from the human body
	(1)	This section applies to an aware user device or a non-aware user device to which this Standard applies that:
	(a)	is designed to be used, or held, more than 20cm from the human body; and
	(b)	transmits in the frequency band 300kHz to 100GHz (inclusive).
	(2)	The RF field produced by an aware user device or a non-aware user device, at the position of the user with the device operated at the normal position of use, must be measured in accordance with the requirements in AS 2772.2.
	(3)	An aware user device is taken to meet the standard for performance of subsection 9 (1) if the RF field measured under subsection (2) is less than the relevant reference levels for occupational exposure.
	(4)	A non-aware user device is taken to meet the standard for performance of subsection 9 (2) if the RF field measured is less than the relevant reference levels for general public exposure.

Schedule 1	Measurement method for devices near the head
(paragraph 10 (2) (a))

	

	
Specific Absorption Rate Test Method Using Phantom Model Of Human Head (1) : 2001

Preface
This schedule was prepared by an Australian Communications Authority Task Group.  It describes a test method to measure Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of radio frequency (RF) energy within the human body.
When this schedule was developed work on an international test method to measure SAR was under way in the standards bodies IEC and IEEE.  This interim SAR test method is based on that international work.
The ARPANSA standard [1] specifies basic restrictions for human exposure to time varying electromagnetic fields for a mobile station with an integral antenna, such as mobile and cordless phones, where the normal position of use is in close proximity to the human head.
The ARPANSA standard [1] specifies SAR limits for a mobile station and stipulates conditions for which testing shall be conducted to verify compliance with those SAR limits.  This requirement is given legislative effect under the Radiocommunications Act 1992. 
1	Scope & Application
1.1	Scope
		This test method describes the measurement requirements for testing compliance with basic SAR restrictions for a mobile station with an integral antenna where the normal position of use is close to the human head and the devices operate in defined frequency ranges.
1.2	Application Limits
1.2.1		This test method is limited in its application to a mobile station that:
	(a)	has an integral antenna; and
	(b)	is capable of operating in the frequency band 800 MHz to 2500 MHz (inclusive).
1.2.2		This test method is also suitable for testing devices that, if used in conjunction with a mobile station, modify the radio frequency performance of the equipment.
2	References
[1]	ARPANSA standard	“Radiation Protection Standard for Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields – 3 kHz to 300 GHz” published by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency and assigned the number ISBN 0-0642-79400-6.	
[2]	ARIB STD — T56 (Version 1 1998)	Specific absorption rate (SAR) estimation for cellular phone (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses of Japan).	
[3]	Kuster, N., Kästle, R. and Schmid, T. (1997) 	“Dosimetric evaluation of handheld mobile communications equipment with known precision,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol.E80-B, no. 5, pp. 645-652, May 1997.	
[4]	Hartsgrove, G. Kraszewski, A. and Surowiec, A. (1987)	“Simulated Biological Materials for Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption Studies”, Bioelectromagnetics, 8, pp. 29-36, 1987.	
[5]	Gabriel, C. (1996)	“Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies”, Air Force Technical Report AL/OE-TR-0037-1996.	
3	Terms & Definitions
3.1	Physical Quantities
		The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.
Quantity	Symbol	Unit	Dimensions	
Current density	J	ampere per square metre	A/m2	
Electric field strength	E	volt per metre	V/m	
Electric flux density	D	coulomb per square metre	C/m2	
Electric Conductivity		siemens per metre	S/m	
Frequency	f	hertz	Hz	
Mass density		kilogram per cubic metre	kg/m3	
Permeability		henry per metre	H/m	
Permittivity		farad per metre	F/m	
Specific absorption rate	SAR	watt per kilogram	W/kg	
3.2	Constants
Physical constant		Magnitude	
Permittivity of free space	0	8.854 x 10-12 F/m	
Mass density of simulated brain tissue		1030 kg/m3	
3.3	Definitions
3.3.1		Basic restriction.  The basic restriction is the maximum level that should not be exceeded under normal operating conditions.  The basic restriction includes the necessary safety margins.
3.3.2		Conductivity ().  The ratio of the conduction-current density in a medium to the electric field strength.  Conductivity is expressed in units of siemens per metre (S/m).
3.3.3		Dielectric constant, see Relative Permittivity.
3.3.4		Electric field strength (E).  The RMS magnitude of the electric field vector, (E) defined as equal to the force (F) on a unit electric charge (q) at the field point expressed in volts per metre (V/m), ie.

3.3.5		Electric flux density (D).  A vector quantity related to the charge displaced within the medium by an electric field. Electric flux density is expressed in units of coulombs per square metre (C/m2).
3.3.6		Permittivity ().  The property of a dielectric material (eg., biological tissue) defined by the electrical flux density D divided by the electrical field E.

The permittivity, which is a complex scalar quantity, is expressed in units of farads per metre (F/m).
3.3.7		Relative Permittivity (r).  The ratio of the permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of free space or vacuum.  It is a dimensionless number.
3.3.8		Specific absorption rate (SAR).  The time rate at which RF energy is imparted to an element of mass of a biological body expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg).
4	Test Method
4.1	Standard Test Conditions
4.1.1		A device that is being tested for compliance with performance requirements must be tested under the following conditions:
	(a)	an ambient temperature in the range of 15°C to 25°C inclusive;
	(b)	the tissue simulating liquid temperature in the range 15°C to 25°C inclusive; and
	(c)	the nominal supply voltage of the equipment.
4.1.2		The prevailing conditions for the test must be recorded.
4.2	Principles of Measurement
4.2.1	Test System Description
4.2.1.1	The test system measurements shall be made in a homogeneous phantom model(s).
4.2.1.2	The test system shall automatically conduct electric (E)‑Field measurements with a suitably calibrated E‑Field probe.
4.2.1.3	The volume occupied by the sensing element in the E‑Field probe shall not exceed 0.125 cm3.
4.2.1.4	The test equipment shall automatically conduct a coarse scan to locate the region of highest SAR and then conduct a fine scan to determine the spatial peak data.
4.2.1.5	The test equipment shall provide a positioning accuracy better than  0.5 mm.
4.2.1.6	The test equipment shall provide a single point SAR repeatability of at least 0.1 W/kg.
4.2.1.7	The E-Field probe sensitivity shall be better than 0.01 W/kg.
4.2.1.8	For amplitude or pulse modulated radio signals (e.g. GSM) the test system shall evaluate time averaged SAR values as specified in the ARPANSA standard [1].
4.2.1.9	The test system shall determine the maximum mass averaged SAR value for ten-grams of simulated brain tissue in the shape of a cube as specified in the ARPANSA standard [1].
4.2.1.10	The test system shall complete a SAR test in less than 30 minutes.  External power connection to the device under test shall not be allowed.
4.2.1.11	The test measurement system shall be insensitive to small device position variations parallel to the surface of the phantom shell.
4.2.1.12	Metallic objects shall not be used to support the device under test.
4.2.1.13	The test measurement system shall be designed to avoid significant influence on SAR measurements by environmental factors, environmental conditions to remain constant during the test.
4.2.2	Test Position and Conditions
4.2.2.1	The SAR test shall be performed with the device in the normal operating mode such that it produces a maximum time averaged SAR.
4.2.2.2	The SAR test shall be performed with the device under test in the normal operating position specified by the manufacturer; otherwise
•	position the device under test with the centre of the earpiece pressed against the phantom head at the position of the ear canal;
•	align the long axis of the body of the device with an imaginary plane consisting of the three lines joining the ears and the centre of the mouth; and
•	while maintaining these alignments, move the device until any point on the mouth piece side, for example mouth piece or keypad, is in contact with the cheek of the phantom.
4.2.2.3	The SAR test shall be performed with the device under test on the left hand and right hand sides of the phantom model(s).
4.2.2.4	For devices with a retractable antenna the SAR test shall be performed for each of the following conditions:
•	the antenna in a fully extended position; and 
•	the antenna in a fully retracted position.
4.2.2.5	The SAR test shall be performed with the device under test transmitting at maximum power output.  SAR shall be measured before and after the acquisition of the SAR data, at a suitable test point, to verify transmitter power output has not degraded due to battery discharge.
4.2.2.6	Where the transmit characteristics or output power of the device under normal transmit conditions cannot be used to measure the SAR, for example, where pulsing is of short duration and infrequent, the transmit characteristics or output power of the device shall be modified to operate in a continuous mode at lower power.  The resultant measured SAR shall be scaled appropriately, taking into consideration duty cycle and output power to determine the actual SAR.
4.2.2.7	The SAR test shall be performed with the device under test transmitting at three different frequencies in the allocated frequency band:
•	high end;
•	centre; and 
•	low end.
4.2.2.8	For multi-mode phones the SAR test shall be performed with the device under test transmitting in each of the frequency bands allocated at each of the frequencies specified in clause 4.2.2.7 with the appropriate antenna.  In addition, if the device has retractable antenna(s) the SAR test shall be performed under the other conditions specified in clause 4.2.2.4.
4.2.3	Phantom Properties
4.2.3.1	The body phantom shall at least include the head and neck.
4.2.3.2	The phantom head should adequately represent the structure of the human head.  The design of the phantom head, including the dielectric properties, shall be selected such that the localised SAR values measured in the phantom do not underestimate the SAR values in a human head. For phantoms other than those listed in Figure 1 and Table 1, peer reviewed scientific data shall be included in the test report to demonstrate the phantom’s suitability.
Figure 1:  Indicative Geometric Parameters for Phantom Head

The mouth is at a point midway between the nose and the chin.
Table 1:  Indicative Specifications for Geometric Parameters

	Model 1
(millimetres)	Model 2
(millimetres)	
A	190	190	
B	260	240	
C	229	230	
D	190	210	

Note   Model 1 was developed by Motorola. Model 2 was developed by Kuster, N. and Schmid & Partner Engineering.
4.2.3.3	For a homogeneous phantom the thickness of the phantom shell shall be less than 3 mm and 6 mm at the ear position. See reference [3]
4.2.3.4	For a homogenous phantom the shell shall be made of fibreglass or similar lossless material and filled with a liquid that simulates human brain tissue (average of white and grey matter). 
4.2.3.5	For a homogenous phantom head the dielectric properties, for relevant frequency bands, for the tissue simulating liquid are listed in Table 2.
Note   As with living tissues the base materials for the tissue simulating liquid are water, sugar and salt.  Salt is used to increase conductivity and sugar to lower the dielectric constant.  Alternatively polyethylene powder (PEP) may be used to control the permittivity.  The cellulose compound is used to control the viscosity of the material.  Most recipes include a bactericide to prevent breakdown of the material and extend its useable life.  Liquid or low viscosity phantom tissue materials are preferred for SAR measurements to reduce the risk of damage to fragile E-Field probes. For further guidance, see references [3] and [4].
Table 2: Dielectric Properties for Synthetic Brain Tissue: 4-Cole-Cole Analysis (see reference [5])

Frequency band
MHz	r
Relative permittivity	(S/m) 
Conductivity	
800	46.3 ( 5 %)	0.73 ( 10 %)	
900	45.8 ( 5 %)	0.77 ( 10 %)	
1600	43.9 ( 5 %)	1.06 ( 10 %)	
1800	43.5 ( 5 %)	1.15 ( 10 %)	
2000	43.2 ( 5 %)	1.26 ( 10 %)	
2500	42.5 ( 5 %)	1.54 ( 10 %)	
4.2.3.6	The dielectric properties of the tissue simulating liquid shall be maintained within tolerance for SAR measurements.  The testing laboratory shall undertake routine measurements and retain records to ensure the dielectric properties remain within tolerance. The dielectric properties of the tissue simulating liquid change with age.  Care must be taken to ensure that the material properties are maintained
4.3	Assessment of Uncertainties
4.3.1		The measurement uncertainty of the SAR values shall be less than 30% and be evaluated as the Root Sum Square of all the error components.
4.3.2		The measurement uncertainty shall be calculated with a 95% confidence level and will include but is not limited to the following:
	(a)	probe calibration and response;
	(b)	probe positioning accuracy;
	(c)	measurement procedure;
	(d)	dielectric material properties;
	(e)	device positioning;
	(f)	mass averaging method.
4.4	Compliance Criteria
4.4.1		Compliance is verified when, for the device under test, the time and spatially averaged SAR value shall not exceed the specified SAR limits in the ARPANSA standard [1] for each of the test positions and conditions listed in clause 4.2.2.
4.4.2		No allowance needs to be made for measurement uncertainty in clause 4.4.1 as the proposed method using a homogenous phantom is known to provide a conservative estimate of SAR levels and further allowance is not made for the reduction in SAR due to a hand model being absent in the test procedure.
4.5	Report Form
4.5.1		The test report shall provide the maximum local SAR values for all test positions and conditions listed in clause 4.2.2 and, in addition, the information detailed in the report form in Appendix A.
4.5.2		The detailed procedural information specified in items A.3 and A.4 in Appendix A may be included in the test report by suitable reference.  The referenced documentation shall be included in the laboratory's quality accreditation system.
Appendix A	Report Form
A.1		General information: 
Name of the test laboratory.
Date of the test.
Type and identification of the device.
A.2		Description of the device: 
Picture of the device.
Description of the antenna.
Test signal, test frequencies, and output power.
Battery status.
Modulation scheme used.
A.3		Description of the test equipment:
E-field probe type and performance.
Calibration and validation procedures and data.
Probe positioning system.
Size, shape, shell thickness and tissue material properties.
A.4		Description of the test procedure: 
Description of the test positions (left and right hand side). 
Probe scan procedures and regions.
SAR interpolation and extrapolation methods.
Ten-gram mass averaging methods.
List of all test cases (antenna in/out, test frequencies, user modes, etc.).
A.5		Measurement uncertainty: 
Description of individual measurement uncertainties.
Estimation of the total measurement uncertainty.
A.6		Results: 
SAR distribution plot and value of maximum localised SAR for each test case giving the highest SAR.
Statement of conformity to the exposure standard.
Appendix B			Rationale
The material in this Appendix is for information only.
The ARPANSA standard sets limits for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) applicable for the human body [B1 - B3] and for some devices testing is required to ensure compliance.
The SAR is the time derivative of the incremental energy (W) absorbed by (dissipated in) an incremental mass (m) contained in a volume element (V) of given mass density () [B4].
	
SAR is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).
Note   SAR can be calculated by:

	
where
Ei		rms value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m
		conductivity of body tissue in S/m
 		density of body tissue in kg/m3 
ci		heat capacity of body tissue in J/kg.K
		time derivative of temperature in body tissue in K/s
J 		magnitude of the induced current density in the body tissue in A/m2
		The normal position of use of a mobile phone and similar devices is adjacent to the face, therefore, it is considered that estimating the SAR in the head and particularly the brain should form the basis of compliance methodology.  If the handset is worn on other parts of the body as a hands-free configuration the SAR values will be within 5% of those to the head [B5].  Measurements on living tissue (such as experimental animals) or on cadaver tissue are impractical and may not adequately represent the general population.  Also direct measurement of temperature rise is not possible except with modified high power handsets [B6].  Measurements based on mathematical modelling of the head are insufficiently advanced to provide a basis for a compliance protocol [B7].  They do, however, serve to provide a check on the method proposed.  Having given consideration to these issues the methodology based on the E-Field probe in a single compartment (homogeneous) model of a human head has been selected.
		Within the frequency range covered by this standard there is no evidence for large SAR differentials on a sub‑millimetre scale within tissues of a particular type.  Therefore, tissue models based on the dielectric properties of that tissue type in bulk are considered adequate [B8, B9].  In investigations in which SAR patterns in single compartment (homogeneous) models are compared against multi-layered models, the latter are found to indicate lower SARs for a given incident power density [B7 - B10].  If a device is shown to be compliant using a homogeneous model, it will certainly be so for a more realistic tissue model.
		The curvatures of the head and neck do not form a major determinant for the field pattern inside the head, however, the geometry of the shell representing the skin surface, particularly close to the ear, needs to be adequately specified to ensure it adequately represents the general population including children as young as 5 years [B7‑ B10].
Bibliography

[B1]	NRPB (1993): National Radiological Protection Board: “Board Statement on Restrictions on Human Exposure to Static and Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation,” Documents of the NRPB, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11, vol. 4, no. 5, pp 24-27, 1993.

[B2]	ICNIRP (1996): International Commission on Non‑Ionizing Radiation Protection, “Health issues related to the use of hand-held radiotelephones and base transmitters,” Health Physics, vol. 70, no. 4, pp 587-593, April 1996.

[B3]	Anderson, V. and Joyner, K. H. (1995): “Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radio frequency transmissions from analog hand-held mobile phones,” Bioelectromagnetics, 16, pp. 60-69, 1995.

[B4]	NCRP (1981), National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 67 “Radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Properties quantities and units, biophysical interaction, and measurements.”

[B5]	Kuster, N. and Balzano, Q. (1992): “Energy absorption mechanism by biological bodies in the near field of dipole antennas above 300 MHz,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 17-23, February 1992. 

[B6]	Nojima, T., Nishiki, S. and Kobayashi, T. (1994): “An experimental SAR estimation of human head exposure to UHF near fields using dry-phantom models and a thermograph,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E77-B, no. 6, pp. 708-713, June 1994.

[B7]	Kuster, N., Kästle, R. and Schmid, T. (1997): “Dosimetric evaluation of handheld mobile communications equipment with known precision,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol.E80-B, no. 5, pp. 645-652, May 1997. 

[B8]	Hombach, V., Meier, K., Burkhardt, M., Kühn, E. and Kuster, N. (1996): “The dependence of EM energy absorption upon human head modelling at 900 MHz,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1865-1873, October 1996.

[B9]	Meier, K., Hombach, V., Kästle, R., Tay, R.Y., and Kuster, N. (1997): “The Dependence of electromagnetic energy absorption upon human-head modelling at 1800 MHz,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 2058-2062, November 1997.

[B10]	Schönborn, F., Burkhardt, M. and Kuster, N. (1998): “Differences in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources,” Health Physics, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 160-168, 1998. 
Schedule 2	Measurement method for devices 20cm or less from the human body
(subsection 11 (2))
Part 1	Information for documenting SAR compliance
1.1	General
1.1.1		The information described in this Part must be included in test reports. The information is necessary to evaluate test results and to determine RF exposure compliance.
1.2	Information on test device and exposure categories
1.2.1		The following information on test device operating configurations and test conditions for SAR measurements must be included in a test report:
	(a)	a description of the device, including model number where applicable;
	(b)	a brief description of the test device operating configurations; including:
	(i)	operating modes and operating frequency range(s);
	(ii)	maximum conducted power for each operating mode and frequency range;
	(iii)	operating conducted power tolerances;
	(iv)	antenna type and operating positions;
	(v)	applicable body–worn configurations;
	(vi)	battery options that could affect the SAR results;
	(vii)	procedures used to establish the test signals;
	(viii)	applicable source-based time-averaging duty factor and the duty factor used in the tests;
	(ix)	maximum output power measured before and after each SAR test or SAR drift measurements (see 3.13.1).
1.3	Specific Information for SAR Measurements
1.3.1		The report must set out the measurement system and site description including:
	(a)	a brief description of the SAR measurement system;
	(b)	a brief description of the test set up.
1.3.2		The report must set out the electric field probe calibration including:
	(a)	a description of the probe, its dimensions and sensor offset etc;
	(b)	a description of the probe measurement uncertainty;
	(c)	the most recent calibration date.
1.3.3		The report must set out the SAR measurement system verification including:
	(a)	a brief description of the RF radiating source used to verify the SAR system performance within the operating frequency range of the test device (see Part 3);
	(b)	a list of the tissue dielectric parameters, ambient and tissue temperatures, output power, peak and ten-gram averaged SAR for the measured and expected target test configurations;
	(c)	a list of the error components contributing to the total measurement uncertainty.
1.3.4		The report must set out the phantom description including:
	(a)	a description of the head and body phantoms used in the tests, including shell thickness and other tolerances.
1.3.5		The report must set out the tissue dielectric property including:
	(a)	the composition of the ingredients for the tissue material used in the SAR tests;
	(b)	the tissue dielectric parameters measured at the middle of each operating frequency range of the test device;
	(c)	the temperature range and operating conditions of the tissue material during each SAR measurement.
1.3.6		The report must set out the positioning of the device including:
	(a)	a description of the dielectric holder or similar mechanisms used to position the test device in the specific test configurations; 
	(b)	a description of the positioning procedures used to evaluate the highest exposure expected under normal operating configurations;
	(c)	sketches and illustrations showing the device positions, with respect to the phantom; including separation distances and angles, as appropriate;
	(d)	a description of the antenna operating positions, extended, retracted or stowed etc. and the configurations tested in the SAR evaluation.
1.3.7		The report must set out the peak SAR locations including:
	(a)	a description of the coarse resolution, surface or area scan procedures used to search for all possible peak SAR locations within the phantom;
	(b)	a description of the interpolation procedures applied to the measured points to identify the peak SAR locations at a finer spatial resolution;
	(c)	a description, illustration and SAR distribution plots showing the peak SAR locations with respect to the phantom and the test device;
	(d)	identify the peak SAR locations used to evaluate the highest ten-gram averaged SAR.
1.3.8		The report must set out the ten-gram averaged SAR including:
	(a)	a description of the fine resolution, volume or zoom scan procedures used to determine the highest ten-gram averaged SAR in the shape of a cube;
	(b)	a description of the extrapolation procedures used to estimate the SAR value of points close to the phantom surface that are not measurable;
	(c)	a description of the interpolation procedures applied to the measured and extrapolated points to obtain SAR values at a finer spatial resolution within the zoom scan volume;
	(d)	a description of the integration procedures applied to the interpolated SAR values within the zoom scan volume to determine the highest ten-gram SAR in the shape of a cube.
1.3.9		The report must set out the total measurement uncertainty including:
	(a)	a tabulated list of the error components and uncertainty values contributing to the total measurement uncertainty (see Part 3);
	(b)	reporting the combined standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty (for 95% confidence interval) of each measurement.
1.3.10	The report must set out the test results for determining SAR compliance including:
	(a)	if the channels tested for each configuration (left, right, cheek, tilt/ear, extended, retracted etc.) have similar SAR distributions, a plot of the highest SAR for each test configuration should be sufficient; otherwise additional plots should be included to document the differences;
	(b)	all of the measured SAR values should be documented in a tabulated format with respect to the test configurations.
Part 2	Tissue Dielectric Parameters
2.1	General
2.1.1		The head and body tissue parameters given in this Part should be used to test transmitters operating in the cellular, PCS, U-NII, spread spectrum and other frequencies bands (See Reference [1], [3] and [4]).  When a transmission band overlaps with one of the target frequencies specified in this Part, the tissue dielectric parameters of the tissue medium at the middle of a device transmission band should be within 5% of the parameters specified at that target frequency.  At other frequencies, the dielectric parameters should be linearly interpolated between the closest pair of target frequencies specified in this Part to determine the applicable dielectric parameters corresponding to the middle of a device transmission band.  It has been reported that a 5% tolerance in tissue parameters may not be easily achieved at certain frequencies.  Under such circumstances, 10% tolerance may be used until more precise tissue recipes are available.
2.2	Tissue Dielectric Parameters for Head and Body Phantoms
2.2.1		The head tissue dielectric parameters recommended by the IEEE SCC‑34/SC-2 in P1528 [6] have been incorporated in the following table.  These head parameters are derived from planar layer models simulating the highest expected SAR for the dielectric properties and tissue thickness variations in a human head (See Reference [2]).  Other head and body tissue parameters that have not been specified in P1528 are derived from the tissue dielectric parameters computed from the 4-Cole-Cole equations described in Reference [3] and extrapolated according to the head parameters specified in P1528 [6].

Target Frequency	Head	Body	
(MHz)	r	 (S/m)	r	 (S/m)	
150	52.3	0.76	61.9	0.80	
300	45.3	0.87	58.2	0.92	
450	43.5	0.87	56.7	0.94	
835	41.5	0.90	55.2	0.97	
900	41.5	0.97	55.0	1.05	
915	41.5	0.98	55.0	1.06	
1450	40.5	1.20	54.0	1.30	
1610	40.3	1.29	53.8	1.40	
1800 – 2000	40.0	1.40	53.3	1.52	
2450	39.2	1.80	52.7	1.95	
3000	38.5	2.40	52.0	2.73	
5800	35.3	5.27	48.2	6.00	

(r = relative permittivity,  = conductivity and  = 1000 kg/m3)

2.3	Typical Composition of Ingredients for Liquid Tissue Phantoms
2.3.1		The following tissue formulations are provided for reference only as some of the parameters have not been thoroughly verified.  The composition of ingredients may be modified accordingly to achieve the desired target tissue parameters required for routine SAR evaluation.

Ingredients
(% by weight)	Frequency (MHz)	
	450	835	915	1900	2450	
Tissue Type	Head	Body	Head	Body	Head	Body	Head	Body	Head	Body	
Water	38.56	51.16	41.45	52.4	41.05	56.0	54.9	40.4	62.7	73.2	
Salt (NaCl)	3.95	1.49	1.45	1.4	1.35	0.76	0.18	0.5	0.5	0.04	
Sugar	56.32	46.78	56.0	45.0	56.5	41.76	0.0	58.0	0.0	0.0	
HEC	0.98	0.52	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.21	0.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	
Bactericide	0.19	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.27	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	
Triton X-100	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	36.8	0.0	
DGBE	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	44.92	0.0	0.0	26.7	
Dielectric Constant	43.42	58.0	42.54	56.1	42.0	56.8	39.9	54.0	39.8	52.5	
Conductivity (S/m)	0.85	0.83	0.91	0.95	1.0	1.07	1.42	1.45	1.88	1.78	

Salt: 99+% Pure Sodium Chloride	Sugar: 98+% Pure Sucrose
Water: De-ionized, 16 M+ resistivity	HEC: Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
DGBE: 99+% Di(ethylene glycol) butyl ether, [2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol]	
Triton X-100 (ultra pure): Polyethylene glycol mono [4-(1,1, 3, 3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]ether
	Tissue Recipe as reported by Hartsgrove et. al. in “Simulated Biological Materials for Electromagnetic Radiation absorption Studies,” Bioelectromagnetics 8:29-36 (1987)

Ingredients (% by weight)	Head/Brain	Body/Muscle	
Water	40.4	52.5	
Salt (NaCl)	2.5	1.4	
Sugar	56.0	45.0	
HEC	1.0	1.0	
Bactericide	0.1	0.1	
Dielectric constant @ 900 MHz	41.2	54.7	
Conductivity @ 900 MHz (S/m)	1.22	1.38	

Part 3	SAR measurement procedures
3.1	General
3.1.1		The SAR measurement procedures described in this Part are primarily intended for testing wireless handsets and similar transmitters that operate next to a person’s head.  The test configurations for evaluating body-worn SAR compliance are also described.
3.1.2		SAR is evaluated using simulated tissue medium contained in a realistic human shaped phantom shell that allows a small diameter, miniature electric field probe to measure the electric field within the tissue regions exposed to the transmitter configured in normal operating positions.  Since the RF energy absorption characteristics of human tissues are frequency dependent, the dielectric properties of simulated tissue media used for SAR evaluations must match the target tissue properties specified at the operating frequency range of the device (See Part 2).
3.2	Phantom Considerations
3.2.1		Handsets that are held on the side of a person's head next to the ear have been tested using two general types of realistic-shaped head phantoms: with and without a simulated external ear attached to the head model.  A simulated ear with a thickness of approximately 2-3 mm, consisting of low-loss dielectric material has been used to model a person's ear compressed by the earpiece of a wireless handset on some head models.  Others have used a 2-4 mm thick, circular shaped, low-loss dielectric spacer to simulate the ear separation distance.
3.2.2		The IEEE SCC-34/SC-2 has established criteria for developing a standardized head model to test handsets for SAR compliance.  This head model has been derived from selected head dimensions of male, U.S. Army personnel (See Reference [8]).  The committee has specified the phantom shell to be constructed of low-loss dielectric material with dielectric constant less than 5.0 and loss tangent not exceeding 0.05.  The thickness of the phantom shell should be 2.0 mm with less than  0.2 mm variations in shape and thickness for regions where SAR is to be measured and  0.5 mm for other regions.  A 4.0 mm thick low-loss dielectric spacer is used to simulate the ear separation distance on this head model.
3.2.3		A reference plane has been defined by three points consisting of a point on each ear spacer and the tip of the mouth to minimize test device positioning errors.  The points on each ear spacer are known as the ear reference points; each is located at 1.5 cm above the ear canal location in the reference plane.  During SAR measurements, the centreline on the front of a handset is aligned to this predefined reference plane and the earpiece is positioned at the level of the ear reference point.  The ear spacer is tapered abruptly to zero thickness below the ear reference point, along a line perpendicular to the reference plane.  By using a standardized head model with specific ear simulation requirements, device positioning errors are reduced and lower SAR measurement uncertainty is expected (See Reference [6]).
3.2.4		The construction of a liquid phantom must allow unrestricted electric field probe access to search for all possible peak SAR locations produced by a portable transmitter under test.  The tissue material within the phantom shell measured from the ear reference point should be at least 15 cm deep.  In most situations, split head models are used to test transmitters on the left and right side of the head.  A separate flat phantom should be used to test exposures in body-worn configurations and other body regions that are relatively flat, such as the chest and abdomen.
3.3	Recommended Characteristics of Head and Body Phantoms
3.3.1		The following information provides additional guidance on head and body models that are considered acceptable for routine evaluation of most wireless handsets and similar portable transmitters.  The SCC-34/SC-2 head conforms to the relevant portions of these criteria:
	(a)	the shape, dimensions and complexity of a human shaped head phantom should be appropriate for evaluating the near-field exposure conditions expected by the users of a transmitter device under normal operating conditions;
	(b)	the head phantom should include a portion of the neck, preferably extending to the base of the neck.  Shoulders are not necessary;
	(c)	body-worn operating configurations should be tested using a flat phantom.  The length and width of the phantom should be at least twice the corresponding dimensions of the test device, including its antenna.  The body dielectric parameters specified in Part 2 should be used to demonstrate body-worn SAR compliance;
	(d)	the head and body phantom shell should be made of low-loss dielectric material with dielectric constant and loss tangent less than 5.0 and 0.05 respectively.  The shell thickness for all regions coupled to the test device and its antenna should be within 2.0  0.2 mm.  The phantom should be filled with the required head or body equivalent tissue medium to a depth of 15.0  0.5 cm.
3.4	Recommended device test positions for typical Wireless Handset 
3.4.1		Specific test positions have been prescribed by the SCC-34/SC-2 for testing handsets using the standardized head model recommended by this committee.  For routine SAR evaluation, these test positions, as described below, should be used for testing handsets and similar portable transmitters that operate on the side of a person’s head, next to the ear.  Flat phantom models should be used to test handsets and push-to-talk (PTT) devices that can be held in front of the user’s face or transmit in body-worn operating configurations using belt-clips, holsters or similar accessories.  The test device should be placed in a holder or positioner made of low-loss dielectric material with dielectric constant and loss tangent less than 5.0 and 0.05 respectively.  If the device holder is suspected to perturb the fields from the test device, which may affect device performance or introduce unacceptable SAR measurement errors, such as handsets with internal antennas, the error must be assessed and accounted for in the total measurement uncertainty.  Device holder perturbation may be verified by testing the device on a flat phantom in each frequency band and antenna position with and without using the holder.
3.5	Devices operating next to a person’s ear 
3.5.1		This category includes most wireless handsets with fixed, retractable or internal antennas located toward the top half of the device, with or without a foldout, sliding or similar keypad cover.  The handset should have its earpiece located within the upper ¼ of the device, either along the centreline or off-centred, as perceived by its users.  This type of handset should be positioned in a normal operating position with the “test device reference point” located along the “vertical centreline” on the front of the device aligned to the “ear reference point” (See Reference [6]).  The “test device reference point” should be located at the same level as the centre of the earpiece region.  The “vertical centreline” should bisect the front surface of the handset at its top and bottom edges.  A “ear reference point” is located on the outer surface of the head phantom on each ear spacer.  It is located 1.5 cm above the centre of the ear canal entrance in the “phantom reference plane” defined by the three lines joining the centre of each “ear reference point” (left and right) and the tip of the mouth (See Reference [6]). The terms “test device reference point”, “vertical centerline”, “ear reference point”, “phantom reference plane” and “initial ear position” are specific references used to align a test device to the head phantom.
3.5.2		A handset should be initially positioned with the earpiece region pressed against the ear spacer of a head phantom.  For the SCC-34/SC-2 head phantom, the device should be positioned parallel to the “N-F” line defined along the base of the ear spacer that contains the “ear reference point”.  The “test device reference point” is aligned to the “ear reference point” on the head phantom and the “vertical centreline” is aligned to the “phantom reference plane”.  This is called the “initial ear position”.  While maintaining these three alignments, the body of the handset is gradually adjusted to each of the following positions for evaluating SAR:
	(a)	“Cheek/Touch Position” – the device is brought toward the mouth of the head phantom by pivoting against the “ear reference point” or along the “N-F” line for the SCC-34/SC-2 head phantom.  This test position is established:
	(i)	when any point on the display, keypad or mouthpiece portions of the handset is in contact with the phantom; or
	(ii)	when any portion of a foldout, sliding or similar keypad cover opened to its intended self-adjusting normal use position is in contact with the cheek or mouth of the phantom.
	(b)	“Ear/Tilt Position” – with the handset aligned in the “Cheek/Touch Position”:
	(i)	if the earpiece of the handset is not in full contact with the phantom’s ear spacer (in the “Cheek/Touch position”) and the peak SAR location for the “Cheek/Touch” position is located at the ear spacer region or corresponds to the earpiece region of the handset, the device should be returned to the “initial ear position” by rotating it away from the mouth until the earpiece is in full contact with the ear spacer; or 
	(ii)	the handset should be moved (translated) away from the cheek perpendicular to the line passes through both “ear reference points” (note: one of these ear reference points may not physically exist on a split head model) for approximate 2-3 cm.  While it is in this position, the handset is tilted away from the mouth with respect to the “test device reference point” by 15°.  After the tilt, it is then moved (translated) back toward the head perpendicular to the line passes through both “ear reference points” until the device touches the phantom or the ear spacer.  If the antenna touches the head first, the positioning process should be repeated with a tilt angle less than 15° so that the device and its antenna would touch the phantom simultaneously.  This test position may require a device holder or positioner to achieve the translation and tilting with acceptable positioning repeatability.
3.5.3		If a device is also designed to transmit with its keypad cover closed for operating in the head position, such positions should also be considered in the SAR evaluation.  The device should be tested on the left and right side of the head phantom in the “Cheek/Touch” and “Ear/Tilt” positions.  When applicable, each configuration should be tested with the antenna in its fully extended and fully retracted positions.  These test configurations should be tested at the high, middle and low frequency channels of each operating mode; for example, AMPS, CDMA, and TDMA.  If the SAR measured at the middle channel for each test configuration (left, right, Cheek/Touch, Tile/Ear, extended and retracted) is at least 3.0 dB lower than the SAR limit, testing at the high and low channels is optional for such test configuration(s).  If the transmission band of the test device is less than 10 MHz, testing at the high and low frequency channels is optional.  A complete set of tests for a handset operating with a retractable antenna has 24 configurations for each operating mode, as shown in the following table:
Recommended handset and head phantom test positions for FCC compliance evaluation

Phantom Configurations	
Device Test Positions	
Antenna Position	SAR (W/kg)
Device Test channel, Frequency & Output	
			Channel:  ___
___ MHz
___ mW	Channel:  ___
___ MHz
___ mW	Channel:  ___
___ MHz
___ mW	

Left Side of
Head	Cheek / Touch	extended				
		retracted				
	Ear / Tilt	extended				
		retracted				

Right Side of Head	Cheek / Touch	extended				
		retracted				
	Ear / Tilt	extended				
		retracted				
3.6	Recommended test positions for body-worn and other configurations
3.6.1		Body-worn operating configurations should be tested with the belt-clips and holsters attached to the device and positioned against a flat phantom in normal use configurations.  Devices with a headset output should be tested with a headset connected to the device.  The body dielectric parameters specified in Part 2 should be used.  Both the physical spacing to the body of the user as dictated by the accessory and the materials used in an accessory affect the SAR produced by the transmitting device.  For purpose of determining test requirements, accessories may be divided into two categories: those that do not contain metallic components and those that do.
3.6.2		When multiple accessories that do not contain metallic components are supplied with the device, the device may be tested with only the accessory that dictates the closest spacing to the body.  When multiple accessories that contain metallic components are supplied with the device, the device must be tested with each accessory that contains a unique metallic component.  If multiple accessories share an identical metallic component (e.g., the same metallic belt-clip used with different holsters with no other metallic components), only the accessory that dictates the closest spacing to the body must be tested.
3.6.3		Body-worn accessories may not always be supplied or available as options for some devices that are intended to be authorized for body-worn use.  A separation distance of 1.5 cm between the back of the device and a flat phantom is recommended for testing body-worn SAR compliance under such circumstances.  Other separation distances may be used, but they should not exceed 2.5 cm. In these cases, the device may use body-worn accessories that provide a separation distance greater than that tested for the device provided however that the accessory contains no metallic components..
3.6.4		Transmitters that are designed to operate in front of a person’s face, in push-to-talk configurations, should be tested for SAR compliance with the front of the device positioned at 2.5 cm from a flat phantom.  Frontal face-phantoms are typically not recommended because of the potential of higher E-field probe boundary-effects errors in the non-smooth regions of these face phantoms, such as the nose, lips and eyes etc.  For devices that are carried next to the body, such as shoulder, waist or chest-worn transmitters, SAR compliance should be tested with the accessories, including headsets and microphones, attached to the device and positioned against a flat phantom in normal use configurations.
3.7	Documentation
3.7.1		Device test positions should be documented graphically and identify the separation distances and tilt angles  used during the SAR evaluation.  This will allow, if necessary, the test to be repeated accurately with the device positioned as specified in the test report.  A close-up photo(s) of the actual test device positioned against the phantom during the SAR measurement should also be included in the test report to document the test setup.
3.8	Tissue Dielectric Property Requirements
3.8.1		The tissue media should be checked at the beginning of a series of SAR measurements to determine if the dielectric parameters are within the tolerances of the specified target values. The dielectric parameters should be verified daily and more often as required by the ambient conditions.  For example, when the liquid temperature deviates by more than 2°C from that recorded for the measured dielectric parameters and under conditions of extremely low humidity or high evaporation rates.  The tissue parameters should be measured with the coaxial probe, slotted line or TEM line techniques described in the SCC-34/SC-2 SAR measurement document (See Reference [6]).
3.8.2		The tissue dielectric parameters specified in Part 2 should be used as the target values for testing (See References [2], [3] and [6]).  These parameters are generally accepted as equivalent to the corresponding tissue properties at 37°C, for use in single-tissue homogeneous phantom models.  Examples of the typical composition of ingredients used to achieve these parameters under normal ambient conditions are also included in Part 2.  The use of other compositions and formulations to arrive at the same tissue parameters may also be acceptable.  SAR measurements should be performed under normal ambient conditions, suitable for the test equipment, typically within 20-26° C and 30-70% humidity.  The temperature of the tissue medium during the SAR measurement should be within  2.0°C of the temperature at which the dielectric parameters are measured.  The relative permittivity and conductivity of the tissue material should be within 5% of the values given in Part 2, 10% when precise tissue recipes are not available at certain frequencies.  Transmitters operating at other frequencies should be tested using tissue parameters based on the linearly interpolated values shown in Part 2, corresponding to the mid-band frequency of each operating mode.  The instrumentation error associated with the measured tissue parameters should be accounted for in the overall SAR measurement uncertainty.
3.9	Electric Field Probe Characteristics and Calibration
3.9.1		The E-field probes used for SAR measurements should have a dynamic range of 0.01-100 W/kg to cover the range of signal levels and modulation characteristics used by most mobile stations.  The field probes used in SAR measurements are typically calibrated to measure single frequency fields.  The probe output follows the square-law response of its detectors at low field strength levels.  As the field strength level increases, special circuitry or compensation software are used to achieve a linear response.  When measuring pulsed signals with low duty factors or high peak-to-average ratios, the probe must be calibrated with correction factors to accurately measure SAR with respect to the average power.  If the signal level exceeds the square-law response of the diode detectors in an E-field probe, the output can become sensitive to the signal modulation and the error is usually dependent on the form of modulation.  A probe must be properly calibrated to measure the SAR corresponding to the average energy absorption produced by a modulated signal.  A probe linearity of  0.25 dB should be ensured at the device test frequencies during routine SAR evaluation. 
3.9.2		The variation in sensitivity among the sensors in a field probe must be correctly compensated for during probe calibration.  It is highly desirable for a probe to have a uniform response to all incident fields, independent of field polarization and direction of propagation.  However, the isotropic response of a probe is often non-ideal due to construction tolerances, asymmetry in sensor location, differences in detector sensitivity among the channels, differences in line impedance and feedback from the feed lines.  It is extremely important that these undesirable characteristics are carefully evaluated during probe calibrations by rotating the probe along its axis and orienting the probe and its sensors to different field polarizations and directions of propagation.  The axial and hemispherical isotropy errors of a probe should be within  0.25 and  0.5 dB, respectively, at the device test frequencies during routine SAR measurement.
3.9.3		A field probe must be calibrated in tissue media with the target dielectric parameters specified in Part 2, corresponding to the operating frequency ranges of the test device.  The responses of a field probe are dependent on signal frequency, modulation characteristics, power level, field polarization, field gradients and the direction of field propagation.  Other factors such as RF noise, static and ELF fields, temperature, humidity and the proximity of media boundaries from the probe tip can also affect the calibration of a field probe.  At less than 800 MHz, probes are calibrated using thermal techniques.  At above 800 MHz, an appropriate waveguide filled with the required tissue medium may be used to calibrate the output voltages of a probe against analytically calculated field values (See References [5], [6] and [7]).
3.10	System Verification
3.10.1		Routine record keeping procedures should be established for tracking the calibration and performance of SAR measurement systems.  When SAR measurements are performed, the entire measurement system should be checked daily within the device transmitting frequency ranges to verify system accuracy.  A flat phantom irradiated by a half-wavelength dipole is typically used to verify the measurement accuracy of a system.  The measurement system should also be evaluated periodically with and without the built-in compensation and correction factors to verify the measurement sensitivity and to identify system components that could be out of tolerance.  When a radiating source is not available at the operating frequency range of the test device to verify system accuracy, a source operating within 100 MHz of the mid-band channel of each operating mode may be used.  The measured ten-gram SAR should be within 10% of the expected target values specified for the specific phantom and RF source used in the system verification measurement.
3.10.2	The following describes the recommended test configuration for verifying SAR measurement systems using a flat phantom and a dipole radiating source to determine if the system meets its performance (Note: systems may be verified at 300 MHz until standard dipoles at below 300 MHz are available):
	(a)	A balanced half-wave (/2) dipole should be used as the radiating source.  The dipole should be matched to the source impedance of the signal generator.  The specific flat phantom should be filled with the required tissue medium at its intended operating frequency.  The current distribution along the two arms of the half-wave dipole should be matched to within 5% of each other.  The thickness of the dipole must not exceed the separation distance between the outer surfaces of the dipole and the phantom shell by 20%.  The construction of the dipole should provide extremely stable operating characteristics at its intended operating frequency to produce repeatable SAR distributions in the specific flat phantom.  The recommended dipole specifications described in the latest SCC-34/SC-2 draft on SAR measurement procedures should be used (See Reference [6]).
	(b)	Before the dipole can be used to verify the performance of SAR measurement systems, its radiating characteristics must be fully characterized at the intended operating frequency.
	(c)	The phantom shell (or box) should be constructed of low-loss dielectric material with dielectric constant less than 5 and loss tangent less than 0.05.  The material thickness on the side that couples to the dipole (the bottom) must not be thicker than 6.5 mm for use at below 1.0 GHz and 5.0 mm at other frequencies.  The variations in shell thickness along regions coupled to the dipole must be less than  0.2 mm.  The material for the other sides must not be thicker than 10 mm.
	(d)	The phantom should be at least ¾ wavelength long, in the direction parallel to the dipole and ½ wavelength wide, in the direction perpendicular to the dipole.  Smaller phantom dimensions may be acceptable if it can be demonstrated that the measured ten-gram SAR is within  1% of that produced by a phantom with the required phantom dimensions.  The phantom should hold 15  0.5 cm of the required tissue medium.
	(e)	The SAR system should be verified using this flat phantom setup, preferably, at the mid-band frequency of a test device, but not more than 100 MHz from this frequency. 
	(f)	The dielectric parameters of the tissue medium used to verify the SAR system should be within 5% of those used to obtain the reference data (target SAR values) and should also satisfy the requirements specified in Part 2.
	(g)	A uniform separation distance of 15.0 mm  0.2 mm should be maintained between the dipole axis and the inside surface of the phantom shell (tissue medium surface) at the dipole feed-point location.  At above 1.0 GHz, a separation distance of 10.0 mm  0.2 mm should be used.  A precision low-loss dielectric spacer and holding apparatus should be used to maintain dipole positioning repeatability.
	(h)	Each end of the dipole should not deviate by more than 2 from the dipole axis with respect to the dipole feed-point.  The sagging of the phantom, due to the weight of the tissue medium, at its closest location to the dipole feed-point should be within 1 from the straight line joining the two points on the phantom that are closest to the ends of the dipole, with respect to each of these points on the phantom.
	(i)	The measured ten-gram SAR at the surface of the phantom above the dipole feed-point should be within 10% of the target reference value.  The SAR distribution must be identical to the reference data.
	(j)	Since the dielectric properties of the phantom shell and its thickness along regions coupled to the dipole may affect the dipole impedance and the measured SAR values, the target SAR values may only be applicable for the specific combination of dipole and flat phantom configuration.  The following table contains a summary of the acceptable range of dipole and phantom separation distances for the dipole dimensions described in P1528.

Dipole Thickness, Flat Phantom Sagging and Separation Distance Requirements
Frequency
(MHz)	Dipole Length	Half of
Dipole
Length	2 °
Dipole
Deviation	1 °
Phantom
Sagging	Maximum
Shell
Thickness	Dipole
to Tissue
Separation	Max.
Dipole
Dia.	Min.
Air
Gap	0.5%  of
 0.6 
(Sagging)	
300	420.0	210.0	7.3	3.67	6.5	15.0	6.4	5.3	3.00	
450	288.0	144.0	5.0	2.51	6.5	15.0	6.4	5.3	2.00	
835	161.0	80.5	2.8	1.41	6.5	15.0	6.4	5.3	1.08	
900	149.0	74.5	2.6	1.30	6.5	15.0	6.4	5.3	1.00	
1450	89.1	44.6	1.6	0.78	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.62	
1800	72.0	36.0	1.3	0.63	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.50	
1900	68.0	34.0	1.2	0.59	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.47	
2000	64.5	32.3	1.1	0.56	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.45	
2450	51.8	25.9	0.9	0.45	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.37	
3000	41.5	20.8	0.7	0.36	5.0	10.0	3.8	3.1	0.30	
(all dimensions in mm)
3.11	Test Site Ambient Conditions
3.11.1	The RF interference characteristics and ambient conditions at a test facility should be fully characterized to determine their influences on the SAR measurement.  RF noise may enter the measurement equipment either by conduction through cables or through radiated fields.  These unwanted signals may be rectified by metal-to-metal junctions and semiconductor devices resulting in DC offsets or low frequency signals that cannot be separated from the desired signal detected by the electric field probe.  Other conditions such as ground loops and cable conditions that can change the loading conditions of the instrumentation, resulting in noise or oscillation, should also be evaluated regularly.  These conditions should be checked daily before SAR measurements are performed.  The impact of RF interference on SAR measurements may be verified by performing a SAR measurement with the test device powered off.  During compliance measurements, the RF environment should be closely monitored to ensure measurement accuracy.  The ambient conditions at a test site, such as the temperature and humidity, may affect the operating stability of the measurement equipment and tissue dielectric parameters.  These conditions should also be closely monitored during each SAR measurement to ensure measurement accuracy.
3.12	Test Device Operating Conditions
3.12.1	Most handsets and portable transmitters are battery operated.  The devices should operate with a fully charged battery for each SAR test.  The performance and operating tolerances of a test device should be fully characterized to ensure that it is identical to the production units for meeting compliance.  The output power of the test sample should not be set using test software or test mode sequences to artificially higher or lower output levels than those pre-programmed for production units.  Transmitters should be tested at the maximum output level for normal operation within the intended wireless networks, to avoid undesirable performance issues that could lead to SAR changes.  The measured SAR values may be scaled to cover certain output tolerances expected among production units during normal use provided the scaled values are within 5% of the measured values.  Unless an external DC power adapter or other signal leads are required for the normal operation of a device, such as connecting a headset to the device for body-worn use, they should not be used in the SAR tests.
3.13	Output Power
3.13.1	In order to determine if device output has been stable during a SAR measurement, conducted power should be measured before and after each SAR test to verify if the output changes are within the tolerance specified for the device.  Conducted output power can be measured at a service output port available on most handsets or with an antenna adapter.  Alternatively, the SAR should be checked at a reference location, such as above the ear reference point of the head phantom, immediately before and after each SAR measurement to verify device output and SAR drifts.
3.14	Battery Options
3.14.1	Most wireless handsets and portable transmitters may operate with several battery options, such as internally built-in batteries, standard battery packs, a slim pack to save space or a long lasting pack for extended use without frequent recharging.  These batteries often have different cell configurations and physical dimensions.  In some situations, the battery design may cause some device performance and SAR variations.  If the radiated output power of a handset varies with its battery options, the corresponding SAR may also change.  An increase in radiated output power could mean higher energy absorption in tissues.  However, a reduction in radiated power due to mismatch or increased RF current on the device housing could also lead to higher SAR.  For devices that operate linearly, the measured SAR is expected to be proportional to output power.  When changes in radiated output are used to estimate whether there is sufficient SAR margin to ensure compliance for all the battery options, the output changes should be linearly proportional to the measured SAR.
3.15	Device operating capabilities
3.15.1	For certain devices that are designed to operate with a substantially low operating duty factor where constant peak output power is neither supported by the hardware nor its battery, SAR compliance should be evaluated at the highest operating duty factor expected during normal use.  If a device or its battery is not designed to maintain a constant average output power, SAR should be evaluated with respect to the highest exposure expected based on battery capacity.  The measured SAR should typically correspond to the average output power measured before and after the SAR measurement.  Testing a device beyond its intended maximum capability and/or capacity may sometimes lead to unpredictable performance conditions that could produce unacceptable test results.  These types of test configurations should not be used.
3.16	Device Operating Modes
3.16.1	If a portable transmitter has built-in test modes that can be used to evaluate the highest exposure during normal use, SAR should be tested with these test modes.  An unmodulated carrier is usually used in AMPS mode test sequences.  For TDMA mode, the test mode signal is usually modulated by the time-division duty factor.  Testing TDMA devices with an unmodulated CW signal and adjusting the SAR with a duty factor is not recommended.  The test mode signal for CDMA, direct-sequence transmitters should correspond to the full vocoder rate and maximum occupied bandwidth of the device.  Frequency hopping spread spectrum devices should be tested at fixed frequencies corresponding to the high, middle and low frequency channels to avoid field probe sampling time incompatibility issues.  For devices that operate with a transmission band less than 10 MHz, testing at the middle channel is generally sufficient; otherwise, SAR should be tested at the high, middle and low channels.
3.16.2	The following procedures must be used if the difference between the highest output of a low output mode and the lowest output of the highest output mode is more than 2 dB, otherwise, such low output modes must be tested according to the normal Schedule 2 requirements.  The highest and lowest output of an operating mode must be determined with respect to the output for high, middle and low frequency channel of each mode:
	(a)	test each of the lower output modes in the configuration that resulted in the highest ten-gram SAR in the mode with the highest output; and
	(b)	test the lower output modes in the following configurations when the ten-gram SAR for the highest output mode of such configurations are greater than 1.0 W/kg:
	(i)	the antenna position and channel that produced the highest ten-gram SAR in the Left Head Touch Position;
	(ii)	the antenna position and channel that produced the highest ten-gram SAR in the Left Head Tilt Position;
	(iii)	the antenna position and channel that produced the highest ten-gram SAR in the Right Head Touch Position;
	(iv)	the antenna position and channel that produced the highest ten-gram SAR in the Right Head Tilt Position.
	(c)	if the ten-gram SAR measured for any configuration in each of the lower output mode is greater than or equal to 85% of that measured for the highest output mode, the normal Schedule 2 requirements should be used to complete the entire set of required tests for such lower output mode(s).
3.17	Source-Based Time Averaging
3.17.1	Duty factors related to device usage, software programming or asynchronous operations that are not inherent to or defined by the transmission protocols of the wireless network providing services to the transmitter generally do not satisfy source-based time averaging requirements.  However, for certain devices that are hardware limited by design and are restricted to operate with a maximum RF duty factor, source-based time averaging  may be considered.  When source-based time averaging is required to demonstrate compliance, the device must be tested for SAR compliance with the source-based time-averaging factor included in the test signal.  Devices operating with built-in duty factors should not be tested with CW equivalent signals to avoid over-stressed operating conditions, which could lead to unpredictable device performance and produce unacceptable test results.  
3.18	Recommended SAR Measurement Procedures
3.18.1	The SAR measurement protocol and test procedures should be documented.  The calibration traceability of field probes and other supporting equipment should be attached to the SAR reports when such information is requested.  In each SAR report, the rationale for evaluating a device with the specific test configurations to demonstrate compliance should be clearly documented.  The device operating conditions, such as output power stability (drifts), performance variations (tolerances) or other physical, mechanical and electrical variations, which could introduce unacceptable changes in SAR results must be carefully characterized and considered in the SAR evaluation to determine compliance.  The test sample used in a SAR evaluation must be substantially identical to production units to ensure the test results are acceptable for demonstrating compliance.  
3.18.2	For measurements using homogeneous phantoms, the peak SAR locations are usually located at or near the surface of the phantom.  The measurement system must search for these peaks and determine the highest SAR averaged over any ten gram of tissue medium in the shape of a cube through additional measurements at one or more of these peak locations.  Since the field probe is calibrated at the geometric centre of its sensor elements, where the measurement point is defined.  The highest SAR typically occurring near the surface of a homogeneous phantom cannot be measured by an electric field probe with its sensors located 2-4 mm behind the probe tip.  These SAR values must be computed by extrapolating the closest measured points to the surface of the phantom for determining the highest ten-gram averaged SAR.
3.18.3	The spatial resolution of a field probe is related to a small volume surrounding the sensors within the probe.  The size of this measurement volume is probe dependent.  The measured field values are reduced at maximum field location and enhanced at minimum field locations according to this averaging volume.  To minimize this type of measurement error, probes with a tip diameter larger than 8.0 mm should not be used (See Reference [6]).  In steep gradient or non-uniform fields, higher isotropy error may be expected because the sensors are displaced at the probe tip and from the probe axis.  At boundaries of dielectric interfaces, the tip of a probe must be immersed at least 2-3 probe diameters beyond the sensors to measure SAR correctly within the tissue medium.  This boundary effect happens at both the air-to-tissue and tissue-to-phantom-surface interface.  To minimize such measurement errors, it is also necessary to avoid making measurements with the probe tip in direct contact with the phantom surface.  For most probes, a separation of at least half a probe diameter should be maintained between the probe tip and the phantom surface to avoid requiring complex compensation procedures to further reduce probe boundary-effects errors.
3.19	Procedures to search for peak SAR locations
3.19.1	Different extrapolation, interpolation and integration algorithms have been used in existing measurement systems to determine the highest ten-gram SAR to show compliance.  The following procedures should be used to ensure the test results are acceptable.
3.19.2	To search for the peak SAR locations produced by a test device in a head or body phantom, the electric field probe should be scanned along the inside surface of the phantom filled with the required tissue medium.  A coarse resolution scan, also know as area scan, is used to determine the approximate peak locations near the surface of the phantom, typically in an area larger than that projected by the transmitter and its antenna.  The measurement should be performed at a fixed distance of 8.0 mm or less from the inside surface of the phantom, with less than  1.0 mm variation.  Laterally, the measurement points should provide a spatial resolution that is sufficient for the interpolation algorithms used by the SAR measurement system to identify the peak SAR locations to within half the linear dimension of the 10-gram cube (10.8 mm).  This typically requires an area scan resolution of 1-2 cm.  The SAR distribution may be plotted to verify the peak SAR locations with respect to the near-field exposure characteristics of the transmitter.  All peaks within 2.0 dB (63.1%) of the highest peak identified by the interpolated data should be evaluated with a fine resolution volume scan to determine the highest ten-gram averaged SAR (See Reference [6]).  A SAR plot of the surface scan region with a sketch or picture of the test device superimposed on the contours should be used to identify the peak SAR locations.
3.19.3	If a peak SAR location is near the edge of a scan region, within 10.8 mm for ten-gram SAR (half the linear dimensions of the cube), the area scan should be repeated with an expanded scanning region.  When SAR is measured along the side wall of a phantom or on curved surfaces where the probe axis is not perpendicular to the phantom surface, probe isotropy and probe boundary-effects errors must be carefully considered for making accurate measurements.  For some measurement systems, the E-field probe may have been calibrated or compensated to measure SAR with the probe axis oriented within  30° from that normal to the phantom surface.  If this is not the case, either the phantom or the field probe should be re-oriented to reduce the measurement error.
3.20	Procedures for determining ten-gram averaged SAR
3.20.1	The fine resolution volume scan region, also known as the zoom scan region, should be centred at the peak SAR locations determined by the extrapolated data from the area scan measurements.  The number of measurement points required in a zoom scan to provide an accurate ten-gram averaged SAR is dependent on the field gradients at the peak SAR location.  In smooth gradients, the ten-gram averaged SAR can be correctly predicted with only a few measurement points.  When steep field gradients exist, many measurement points evenly distributed within the ten-gram volume of the tissue medium may be required to correctly predict the volume averaged SAR.  The zoom scan region should extend in each direction for at least 1.5 times the linear dimensions of a ten-gram cube of tissue from each peak.  The zoom scan spatial resolution should allow the interpolation algorithms used by the SAR measurement system to compute SAR values on a 2 mm grid with less than 5% error, which typically requires a zoom scan resolution of 5-8 mm.
3.20.2	The peak field values near the surface of a homogeneous phantom are usually not measurable because the sensors in a field probe are located at 2-4 mm behind the tip of the probe and the measurement point is defined at the geometric centre of the sensors where the calibration is defined.  These SAR values must be computed by extrapolating the closest measured points to the surface of the phantom to determine the highest ten-gram averaged SAR.  The extrapolation algorithm must compensate for the field attenuation based on a series of measurement points along a straight line, extending from the phantom surface through the peak SAR location, in the zoom scan region.  The first two measurement points should be inside the ten-gram averaging volume.  Both points should be less than 1.0 cm from the phantom and liquid surface.  The last measurement point should be outside the ten-gram averaging volume, typically within the zoom scan region.  The SAR value for the last measurement point should be less than 25% of the value measured for first point closest to the phantom surface.  The separation distance between adjacent measurement points should be less than 5.0 mm.  The extrapolation coefficients should be determined with an appropriate curve-fitting algorithm, such as a 4th order polynomial least-square fit.  The same set of coefficients should be used to extrapolate the SAR values that cannot be measured within the zoom scan region (See Reference [6]).  The extrapolated SAR values should have the same spatial resolution as the zoom scan measurements.
3.20.3	The interpolated and extrapolated SAR values from the zoom scan measurement are integrated in the shape of a ten-gram cube, for example, with a trapezoidal algorithm, to determine the highest volume averaged SAR in the zoom scan region.  SAR compliance is determined according to the highest ten-gram SAR measured for all the zoom scans performed for each area scan.  The error associated with the extrapolation, interpolation and integration algorithms used in the area and zoom scans should be analysed and included in the total measurement uncertainty.
3.21	Measurement Uncertainties
3.21.1	Measurement uncertainties are calculated using the tolerances of the instrumentation used in the measurement, the measurement setup variability, and the technique used to perform the SAR evaluation.  The overall uncertainty is calculated in part by identifying uncertainties in the instrumentation chain used in performing each of the procedures in the evaluation.  Methods for evaluating and expressing measurement uncertainties can be found in the NIST Technical Note 1297 (TN1297), entitled ”Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results” (See Reference [9]).  Another source of reference is the NIS 81 document, entitled “The Treatment of Uncertainty in EMC Measurements,” published by the National Physical Laboratory of the United Kingdom (See Reference [10]).
3.22	Types of Measurement Uncertainties
3.22.1	In general, the components of uncertainty may be categorized according to the method used to evaluate them.  The evaluation of uncertainty by the statistical analysis of series of observations is termed a “Type A” evaluation of uncertainty.  The evaluation of uncertainty by means other than the statistical analysis of series of observations is termed a “Type B” evaluation of uncertainty.  Each component of uncertainty, however evaluated, is represented by an estimated standard deviation termed “standard uncertainty”, which equals the positive square root of the estimated variance.  Details of Type A and Type B uncertainties are explained in NIST - TN1297 (See Reference [9]).
3.22.2	The “combined standard uncertainty” of the measurement result represents the estimated standard deviation of the result.  It is obtained by combining the individual standard uncertainties of both “Type A” and “Type B” evaluations using the usual root-sum-squares method of combining standard deviations by taking the positive square root of the estimated variances.
3.22.3	“Expanded uncertainty” is a measure of uncertainty that defines an interval about the measurement result within which the measured value is confidently believed to lie.  It is obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty by a “coverage factor”.  Typically, the coverage factor ranges from two to three.  For a normal distribution, if the combined standard uncertainty is a reliable estimate of the standard deviation, a coverage factor of two defines an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95%.  A coverage factor of three defines an interval having a level of confidence greater than 99%.
3.22.4	A detail report of uncertainty should consist of a complete list of the components specifying for each the method used to obtain its numerical value.  The uncertainty in the result of a measurement generally consists of multiple components which may be grouped into either “Type A” or “Type B” uncertainties.  There is not always a simple correspondence between the classification of categories “Type A” or “Type B” evaluation of uncertainty and the previously used classification of random and systematic uncertainties in earlier standards.  The term “systematic uncertainty” can be misleading and should be avoided. 
3.23	Determining Total System Measurement Uncertainty 
3.23.1	SAR measurement uncertainties are the results of errors due to system instrumentation, field probe response and calibration, and the dielectric parameters of the tissue medium.  Uncertainties due to measurement procedures include test device placement, probe positioning procedures, the extrapolation, interpolation and integration algorithms used to determine the ten-gram averaged SAR.  The error components associated with the total SAR measurement uncertainty for evaluating portable transmitters can be grouped into four main categories - assessment, source, device positioning and phantom uncertainties.  Assessment uncertainty is related to the instrumentation and procedures used to assess the spatial peak SAR value in a given SAR distribution for a given setup.  Source uncertainty is related to the test and operating parameters of the test device used in an evaluation that produced the SAR distribution.  Device positioning uncertainty is related to the changes in SAR due to variations in device test position.  Phantom uncertainty describes the variation of a phantom model with respect to the desired model and tissue dielectric parameters defined in the measurement protocol, such as those recommended by SCC-34/SC-2.
3.23.2	The total SAR measurement uncertainty stated in a SAR report quantifies the quality and accuracy of the measurements with respect to the uncertainty of the instrumentation and measurement techniques used for the evaluation.  A summary of the uncertainty analysis, including the uncertainty components considered for the SAR measurement should be described in the test report to support compliance.  A statement of compliance indicating the maximum measured ten-gram averaged SAR with the corresponding expanded measurement uncertainty for each operating mode and operating configuration tested for the device should be included in the SAR report.  Expanded uncertainty should be determined for a confidence interval of 95% or higher, which corresponds to a “coverage factor” of two or more. The measurement uncertainty of the SAR values must be less than 30%.
3.23.3	The measurement uncertainty components that should be considered in a typical SAR evaluation, similar to those recommended by the SCC-34/SC-2, are described below (See Appendix A and B).  The SAR equipment manufacturer may have evaluated some of these uncertainty components according to specific measurement conditions, however, additional analyses may be required for the uncertainty components that are dependent on the operating conditions and test configurations of an individual test device.
Part 4	References

[1]	Chou, C., G. Chen, A. Guy and K. Luk, “Formulas for Preparing Phantom Muscle Tissue at Various Radiofrequencies”, Bioelectromagnetics, 5, pp. 435-441, 1984.
[2]	Drossos, A., V. Santomaa and N. Kuster, “The dependence of electromagnetic energy absorption upon human head tissue composition in the frequency range of 300-3000 MHz”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1988-1995, Nov 2000.
[3]	Gabriel, C., “Compilations of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies”, Brooks Air Force Technical Report AL/OE-TR-1996-0037, 1996.
[4]	Hartsgrove, G., A. Kraszewski and A. Surowiec, “Simulated Biological Materials for Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption Studies”, Bioelectromagnetics, 8, pp. 29-36, 1987.
[5]	Hill, D., “A Waveguide Technique for the Calibration of Miniature Implantable Electric Field Probes for Use in Microwave Bioeffect Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, pp. 92-99, Jan 1982.
[6]	IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 34 on Product Performance Standards Relative to the Safe Use of Electromagnetic Energy, “Draft Recommended Practice for Determining the Spatial-Peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Body Due to Wireless Communications Devices: Experimental Techniques”, P1528, 2001 (referred to as P1528 and IEEE SCC-34/SC-2 in Schedule 2).
[7]	Meier, K., R. Kastle and T. Schmid, “Dosimetric Evaluation of Handheld Mobile Communications Equipment with Known Precision”, IEICE Transactions, E80-A(5), pp.1-8, May 1997.
[8]	“Military Handbook, Anthropometry of US Military Personnel”, DOD-HDBK 743A, February 1991.
[9]	NIST Technical Note 1297 (TN1297), “Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results”, available at http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/guidelines/TN1297/tn1297s.pdf. or by contacting NIST Calibration Program, Building 820, Room 232, Gaithersburg, MD 20899‑0001 or by telephone at (301)-975-2002.
[10]	NIS 81 document, “The Treatment of Uncertainty in EMC Measurements,” published by the National Physical Laboratory of the United Kingdom, available by order from United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS), 21047 High Street Feltham, Middlesex TW13 4UN, Tel: +44(0)20 8917 8556, Fax: +44(0)20 8197 8500/8499.

Appendix A	Documenting the measurement uncertainty of SAR evaluations
A.	Assessment Error (measurement system)
I.	Probe Calibration Error
1.	Axial Isotropy Error
2.	Hemispherical Isotropy Error
3.	Spatial Resolution Tolerance
4.	Boundary-effects Error
5.	Linearity Error
6.	Sensitivity Error
7.	Response Time Error
8.	Integration Time Error
II.	Readout Electronics Error
III.	Errors from RF Ambient Conditions
IV.	Probe Positioner Calibration Error (absolute)
V.	Probe Positioning Error with respect to the Phantom Shell
VI.	Errors from the Extrapolation, Interpolation and Integration Algorithms 
B.	RF Source Error (test device) 
I.	Test Sample Output Power Drift Error
II.	SAR Variation due to Performance Tolerance of the Test Sample
III.	SAR Variation due to Tolerance of Production Units
C.	Test Device Positioning Error
I.	Test Sample Positioning Error
II.	Device Holder or Positioner Tolerance
D.	Phantom and Setup Errors (See Reference [6])
I.	Phantom Production Tolerance (shape and thickness)
II.	Target Liquid Conductivity Tolerance
III.	Measured Liquid Conductivity Error
IV.	Target Liquid Permittivity Tolerance
V.	Measured Liquid Permittivity Error
Appendix B	Documenting the measurement uncertainty for SAR system verification
A.	Assessment Error (measurement system)
I.	Probe Calibration Error
1.	Axial Isotropy Error
2.	Hemispherical Isotropy Error
3.	Spatial Resolution Tolerance
4.	Boundary-effects Error
5.	Linearity Error
6.	Sensitivity Error
7.	Response Time Error
8.	Integration Time Error
II.	Readout Electronics Error
III.	Errors from RF Ambient Conditions
IV.	Probe Positioner Calibration Error (absolute)
V.	Probe Positioning Error with respect to the Phantom Shell
VI.	Errors from the Extrapolation, Interpolation and Integration Algorithms
B.	RF Source Error (typically a half-wave dipole)
I.	Input Power Measurement Error
II.	Output Power Drift Error
C.	RF Source Positioning Error
I.	Separation Distance Error from the Source to the Tissue Medium
II.	RF Source (dipole) Holder or Positioner Tolerance
D.	Phantom and Setup Error (See Reference [6])
I.	Phantom Construction Tolerance (shape, dimensions and thickness)
II.	Target Liquid Conductivity Tolerance
III.	Measured Liquid Conductivity Error
IV.	Target Liquid Permittivity Tolerance
V.	Measured Liquid Permittivity Error