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Criminal Code Act 1995

Authoritative Version
  • - C2012C00776
  • In force - Superseded Version
  • View Series
Act No. 12 of 1995 as amended, taking into account amendments up to Statute Law Revision Act 2012
An Act relating to the criminal law
Administered by: Attorney-General's
Registered 02 Nov 2012
Start Date 22 Sep 2012
End Date 28 Nov 2012
Table of contents.

Criminal Code Act 1995

Act No. 12 of 1995 as amended

This compilation was prepared on 31 October 2012
taking into account amendments up to Act No. 136 of 2012

The text of any of those amendments not in force
on that date is appended in the Notes section

The operation of amendments that have been incorporated may be
affected by application provisions that are set out in the Notes section

Prepared by the Office of Parliamentary Counsel, Canberra

  

  

  


Contents

1............ Short title [see Note 1]........................................................................ 1

2............ Commencement [see Note 1].............................................................. 1

3............ The Criminal Code.............................................................................. 1

3A......... External Territories.............................................................................. 1

3B......... Offshore installations.......................................................................... 1

4............ Definitions.......................................................................................... 1

5............ Regulations......................................................................................... 2

Schedule—The Criminal Code                                                                                      3

Chapter 1—Codification                                                                                                   3

Division 1                                                                                                                             3

1.1......... Codification......................................................................................... 3

Chapter 2—General principles of criminal responsibility                            4

Part 2.1—Purpose and application                                                                             4

Division 2                                                                                                                            4

2.1......... Purpose............................................................................................... 4

2.2......... Application.......................................................................................... 4

2.3......... Application of provisions relating to intoxication................................ 4

Part 2.2—The elements of an offence                                                                        5

Division 3—General                                                                                                      5

3.1......... Elements.............................................................................................. 5

3.2......... Establishing guilt in respect of offences.............................................. 5

Division 4—Physical elements                                                                                  6

4.1......... Physical elements................................................................................ 6

4.2......... Voluntariness...................................................................................... 6

4.3......... Omissions........................................................................................... 7

Division 5—Fault elements                                                                                        8

5.1......... Fault elements..................................................................................... 8

5.2......... Intention.............................................................................................. 8

5.3......... Knowledge.......................................................................................... 8

5.4......... Recklessness....................................................................................... 8

5.5......... Negligence.......................................................................................... 9

5.6......... Offences that do not specify fault elements......................................... 9

Division 6—Cases where fault elements are not required                      10

6.1......... Strict liability..................................................................................... 10

6.2......... Absolute liability............................................................................... 10

Part 2.3—Circumstances in which there is no criminal responsibility 11

Division 7—Circumstances involving lack of capacity                             11

7.1......... Children under 10............................................................................. 11

7.2......... Children over 10 but under 14.......................................................... 11

7.3......... Mental impairment............................................................................ 11

Division 8—Intoxication                                                                                           13

8.1......... Definition—self‑induced intoxication............................................... 13

8.2......... Intoxication (offences involving basic intent).................................... 13

8.3......... Intoxication (negligence as fault element).......................................... 14

8.4......... Intoxication (relevance to defences).................................................. 14

8.5......... Involuntary intoxication.................................................................... 15

Division 9—Circumstances involving mistake or ignorance                 16

9.1......... Mistake or ignorance of fact (fault elements other than negligence).. 16

9.2......... Mistake of fact (strict liability).......................................................... 16

9.3......... Mistake or ignorance of statute law................................................... 17

9.4......... Mistake or ignorance of subordinate legislation................................ 17

9.5......... Claim of right.................................................................................... 18

Division 10—Circumstances involving external factors                          19

10.1....... Intervening conduct or event............................................................. 19

10.2....... Duress............................................................................................... 19

10.3....... Sudden or extraordinary emergency.................................................. 19

10.4....... Self‑defence...................................................................................... 20

10.5....... Lawful authority................................................................................ 21

Part 2.4—Extensions of criminal responsibility                                                 22

Division 11                                                                                                                        22

11.1....... Attempt............................................................................................. 22

11.2....... Complicity and common purpose...................................................... 23

11.2A.... Joint commission.............................................................................. 24

11.3....... Commission by proxy....................................................................... 26

11.4....... Incitement.......................................................................................... 26

11.5....... Conspiracy........................................................................................ 27

11.6....... References in Acts to offences.......................................................... 29

Part 2.5—Corporate criminal responsibility                                                       30

Division 12                                                                                                                        30

12.1....... General principles............................................................................. 30

12.2....... Physical elements.............................................................................. 30

12.3....... Fault elements other than negligence................................................. 30

12.4....... Negligence........................................................................................ 32

12.5....... Mistake of fact (strict liability).......................................................... 32

12.6....... Intervening conduct or event............................................................. 33

Part 2.6—Proof of criminal responsibility                                                            34

Division 13                                                                                                                        34

13.1....... Legal burden of proof—prosecution................................................. 34

13.2....... Standard of proof—prosecution........................................................ 34

13.3....... Evidential burden of proof—defence................................................ 34

13.4....... Legal burden of proof—defence....................................................... 35

13.5....... Standard of proof—defence.............................................................. 35

13.6....... Use of averments.............................................................................. 35

Part 2.7—Geographical jurisdiction                                                                         36

Division 14—Standard geographical jurisdiction                                       36

14.1....... Standard geographical jurisdiction.................................................... 36

Division 15—Extended geographical jurisdiction                                       39

15.1....... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category A.............................. 39

15.2....... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category B............................... 41

15.3....... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category C............................... 44

15.4....... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category D.............................. 46

Division 16—Miscellaneous                                                                                     47

16.1....... Attorney‑General’s consent required for prosecution if alleged conduct occurs wholly in a foreign country in certain circumstances.................................................................................... 47

16.2....... When conduct taken to occur partly in Australia............................... 47

16.3....... Meaning of Australia........................................................................ 48

16.4....... Result of conduct.............................................................................. 48

Chapter 4—The integrity and security of the international community and foreign governments        49

Division 70—Bribery of foreign public officials                                           49

70.1....... Definitions........................................................................................ 49

70.2....... Bribing a foreign public official........................................................ 52

70.3....... Defence—conduct lawful in foreign public official’s country........... 55

70.4....... Defence—facilitation payments......................................................... 57

70.5....... Territorial and nationality requirements............................................. 59

70.6....... Saving of other laws......................................................................... 60

Division 71—Offences against United Nations and associated personnel            61

71.1....... Purpose............................................................................................. 61

71.2....... Murder of a UN or associated person............................................... 61

71.3....... Manslaughter of a UN or associated person..................................... 61

71.4....... Intentionally causing serious harm to a UN or associated person..... 62

71.5....... Recklessly causing serious harm to a UN or associated person........ 62

71.6....... Intentionally causing harm to a UN or associated person.................. 63

71.7....... Recklessly causing harm to a UN or associated person.................... 63

71.8....... Unlawful sexual penetration.............................................................. 64

71.9....... Kidnapping a UN or associated person............................................. 65

71.10..... Unlawful detention of UN or associated person............................... 66

71.11..... Intentionally causing damage to UN or associated person’s property etc.                66

71.12..... Threatening to commit other offences............................................... 67

71.13..... Aggravated offences......................................................................... 68

71.14..... Defence—activities involving serious harm...................................... 68

71.15..... Defence—medical or hygienic procedures........................................ 69

71.16..... Jurisdictional requirement................................................................. 69

71.17..... Exclusion of this Division if State/Territory laws provide for corresponding offences            70

71.18..... Double jeopardy................................................................................ 70

71.19..... Saving of other laws......................................................................... 70

71.20..... Bringing proceedings under this Division......................................... 70

71.21..... Ministerial certificates relating to proceedings................................... 70

71.22..... Jurisdiction of State courts preserved................................................ 71

71.23..... Definitions........................................................................................ 71

Division 72—Explosives and lethal devices                                                    74

Subdivision A—International terrorist activities using explosive or lethal devices     74

72.1....... Purpose............................................................................................. 74

72.2....... ADF members not liable for prosecution.......................................... 74

72.3....... Offences............................................................................................ 74

72.4....... Jurisdictional requirement................................................................. 75

72.5....... Saving of other laws......................................................................... 76

72.6....... Double jeopardy and foreign offences.............................................. 76

72.7....... Bringing proceedings under this Subdivision................................... 77

72.8....... Ministerial certificates relating to proceedings................................... 77

72.9....... Jurisdiction of State courts preserved................................................ 78

72.10..... Definitions........................................................................................ 78

Subdivision B—Plastic explosives                                                                       78

72.11..... Purpose............................................................................................. 78

72.12..... Trafficking in unmarked plastic explosives etc.................................. 78

72.13..... Importing or exporting unmarked plastic explosives etc................... 79

72.14..... Manufacturing unmarked plastic explosives etc................................ 79

72.15..... Possessing unmarked plastic explosives etc...................................... 80

72.16..... Defences........................................................................................... 80

72.17..... Packaging requirements for plastic explosives.................................. 81

72.18..... Authorisation for research etc........................................................... 82

72.19..... Authorisation for defence and police purposes—15 year limit.......... 83

72.20..... Authorisation for existing stocks—3 year limit................................. 84

72.21..... Authorisation of manufacturers—6 month transitional period.......... 85

72.22..... Authorisation for overseas defence purposes—7 day limit............... 86

72.23..... Authorisation for overseas Australian Federal Police purposes—7 day limit           87

72.24..... Forfeited plastic explosives............................................................... 87

72.25..... Surrendered plastic explosives.......................................................... 88

72.26..... Destruction of plastic explosives obtained overseas for defence purposes               88

72.27..... Destruction of plastic explosives obtained overseas for Australian Federal Police purposes   89

72.28..... Delegation by Minister...................................................................... 89

72.29..... Delegation by Minister for Defence.................................................. 89

72.30..... Review by Administrative Appeals Tribunal of authorisation decisions  90

72.31..... Geographical jurisdiction.................................................................. 90

72.32..... Saving of other laws......................................................................... 90

72.33..... Marking requirements....................................................................... 90

72.34..... Detection agents and minimum manufacture concentrations............. 91

72.35..... Presumption as to concentration of detection agent........................... 92

72.36..... Definitions........................................................................................ 92

Division 73—People smuggling and related offences                                96

Subdivision A—People smuggling offences                                                      96

73.1....... Offence of people smuggling............................................................ 96

73.2....... Aggravated offence of people smuggling (exploitation, or danger of death or serious harm etc.)            96

73.3....... Aggravated offence of people smuggling (at least 5 people)............. 98

73.3A.... Supporting the offence of people smuggling..................................... 98

73.4....... Jurisdictional requirement................................................................. 99

73.5....... Attorney‑General’s consent required................................................ 99

Subdivision B—Document offences related to people smuggling and unlawful entry into foreign countries        99

73.6....... Meaning of travel or identity document............................................ 99

73.7....... Meaning of false travel or identity document.................................. 100

73.8....... Making, providing or possessing a false travel or identity document 101

73.9....... Providing or possessing a travel or identity document issued or altered dishonestly or as a result of threats           101

73.10..... Providing or possessing a travel or identity document to be used by a person who is not the rightful user             102

73.11..... Taking possession of or destroying another person’s travel or identity document   103

73.12..... Jurisdictional requirement............................................................... 103

Chapter 5—The security of the Commonwealth                                            104

Part 5.1—Treason and urging violence                                                                104

Division 80—Treason and urging violence                                                   104

Subdivision A—Preliminary                                                                               104

80.1A.... Definition of organisation.............................................................. 104

Subdivision B—Treason                                                                                       104

80.1....... Treason........................................................................................... 104

80.1AA. Treason—materially assisting enemies etc...................................... 105

Subdivision C—Urging violence                                                                        107

80.2....... Urging violence against the Constitution etc................................... 107

80.2A.... Urging violence against groups....................................................... 108

80.2B.... Urging violence against members of groups................................... 109

Subdivision D—Common provisions                                                                111

80.3....... Defence for acts done in good faith................................................. 111

80.4....... Extended geographical jurisdiction for offences.............................. 113

80.6....... Division not intended to exclude State or Territory law.................. 113

Part 5.2—Offences relating to espionage and similar activities             114

Division 90—Preliminary                                                                                       114

90.1....... Definitions...................................................................................... 114

Division 91—Offences relating to espionage and similar activities 116

91.1....... Espionage and similar activities....................................................... 116

91.2....... Defence—information lawfully available........................................ 118

Division 93—Prosecutions and hearings                                                        119

93.1....... Institution of prosecution................................................................ 119

93.2....... Hearing in camera etc...................................................................... 119

Division 94—Forfeiture                                                                                           121

94.1....... Forfeiture of articles etc................................................................... 121

Part 5.3—Terrorism                                                                                                         122

Division 100—Preliminary                                                                                    122

100.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 122

100.2..... Referring States............................................................................... 126

100.3..... Constitutional basis for the operation of this Part............................ 127

100.4..... Application of provisions................................................................ 128

100.5..... Application of Acts Interpretation Act 1901.................................... 131

100.6..... Concurrent operation intended........................................................ 131

100.7..... Regulations may modify operation of this Part to deal with interaction between this Part and State and Territory laws........................................................................................................ 132

100.8..... Approval for changes to or affecting this Part................................. 132

Division 101—Terrorism                                                                                        133

101.1..... Terrorist acts................................................................................... 133

101.2..... Providing or receiving training connected with terrorist acts........... 133

101.4..... Possessing things connected with terrorist acts............................... 134

101.5..... Collecting or making documents likely to facilitate terrorist acts..... 135

101.6..... Other acts done in preparation for, or planning, terrorist acts.......... 136

Division 102—Terrorist organisations                                                           138

Subdivision A—Definitions                                                                                  138

102.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 138

102.1A.. Reviews by Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security 141

Subdivision B—Offences                                                                                      143

102.2..... Directing the activities of a terrorist organisation............................ 143

102.3..... Membership of a terrorist organisation........................................... 143

102.4..... Recruiting for a terrorist organisation.............................................. 143

102.5..... Training a terrorist organisation or receiving training from a terrorist organisation  144

102.6..... Getting funds to, from or for a terrorist organisation...................... 145

102.7..... Providing support to a terrorist organisation................................... 145

102.8..... Associating with terrorist organisations.......................................... 146

Subdivision C—General provisions relating to offences                             149

102.9..... Extended geographical jurisdiction for offences.............................. 149

102.10... Alternative verdicts......................................................................... 149

Division 103—Financing terrorism                                                                   150

103.1..... Financing terrorism......................................................................... 150

103.2..... Financing a terrorist........................................................................ 150

103.3..... Extended geographical jurisdiction for offences.............................. 151

Division 104—Control orders                                                                              152

Subdivision A—Object of this Division                                                             152

104.1..... Object of this Division.................................................................... 152

Subdivision B—Making an interim control order                                         152

104.2..... Attorney‑General’s consent to request an interim control order...... 152

104.3..... Requesting the court to make an interim control order.................... 154

104.4..... Making an interim control order...................................................... 154

104.5..... Terms of an interim control order.................................................... 155

Subdivision C—Making an urgent interim control order                           157

104.6..... Requesting an urgent interim control order by electronic means..... 157

104.7..... Making an urgent interim control order by electronic means........... 158

104.8..... Requesting an urgent interim control order in person...................... 159

104.9..... Making an urgent interim control order in person........................... 160

104.10... Obtaining the Attorney‑General’s consent within 4 hours.............. 160

104.11... Court to assume that exercise of power not authorised by urgent interim control order           161

Subdivision D—Confirming an interim control order                                 161

104.12... Service, explanation and notification of an interim control order..... 161

104.12A Election to confirm control order..................................................... 162

104.13... Lawyer may request a copy of an interim control order.................. 164

104.14... Confirming an interim control order................................................ 164

104.15... When a declaration, or a revocation, variation or confirmation of a control order, is in force   166

104.16... Terms of a confirmed control order................................................. 166

104.17... Service of a declaration, or a revocation, variation or confirmation of a control order              167

Subdivision E—Rights in respect of a control order                                     167

104.18... Application by the person for a revocation or variation of a control order                167

104.19... Application by the AFP Commissioner for a revocation or variation of a control order           168

104.20... Revocation or variation of a control order....................................... 169

104.21... Lawyer may request a copy of a control order................................ 169

104.22... Treatment of photographs and impressions of fingerprints............. 170

Subdivision F—Adding obligations, prohibitions or restrictions to a control order    170

104.23... Application by the AFP Commissioner for addition of obligations, prohibitions or restrictions              170

104.24... Varying a control order................................................................... 172

104.25... Terms of a varied control order....................................................... 173

104.26... Service and explanation of a varied control order............................ 173

Subdivision G—Contravening a control order                                              174

104.27... Offence for contravening a control order........................................ 174

Subdivision H—Miscellaneous                                                                           174

104.28... Special rules for young people........................................................ 174

104.28A Interlocutory proceedings................................................................ 174

104.29... Reporting requirements................................................................... 175

104.30... Requirement to notify Attorney‑General of declarations, revocations or variations  176

104.31... Queensland public interest monitor functions and powers not affected 176

104.32... Sunset provision............................................................................. 176

Division 105—Preventative detention orders                                              177

Subdivision A—Preliminary                                                                               177

105.1..... Object.............................................................................................. 177

105.2..... Issuing authorities for continued preventative detention orders....... 177

105.3..... Police officer detaining person under a preventative detention order 178

Subdivision B—Preventative detention orders                                               178

105.4..... Basis for applying for, and making, preventative detention orders.. 178

105.5..... No preventative detention order in relation to person under 16 years of age            179

105.5A.. Special assistance for person with inadequate knowledge of English language or disability    180

105.6..... Restrictions on multiple preventative detention orders.................... 181

105.7..... Application for initial preventative detention order.......................... 182

105.8..... Senior AFP member may make initial preventative detention order 184

105.9..... Duration of initial preventative detention order............................... 186

105.10... Extension of initial preventative detention order.............................. 187

105.10A Notice of application for continued preventative detention order..... 188

105.11... Application for continued preventative detention order................... 188

105.12... Judge, Federal Magistrate, AAT member or retired judge may make continued preventative detention order          190

105.13... Duration of continued preventative detention order......................... 191

105.14... Extension of continued preventative detention order....................... 192

105.14A Basis for applying for, and making, prohibited contact order.......... 193

105.15... Prohibited contact order (person in relation to whom preventative detention order is being sought)        194

105.16... Prohibited contact order (person in relation to whom preventative detention order is already in force)    194

105.17... Revocation of preventative detention order or prohibited contact order 195

105.18... Status of person making continued preventative detention order..... 197

Subdivision C—Carrying out preventative detention orders                     198

105.19... Power to detain person under preventative detention order............. 198

105.20... Endorsement of order with date and time person taken into custody 200

105.21... Requirement to provide name etc.................................................... 200

105.22... Power to enter premises.................................................................. 201

105.23... Power to conduct a frisk search...................................................... 202

105.24... Power to conduct an ordinary search.............................................. 202

105.25... Warrant under Division 3 of Part III of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979       202

105.26... Release of person from preventative detention................................ 203

105.27... Arrangement for detainee to be held in State or Territory prison or remand centre   205

Subdivision D—Informing person detained about preventative detention order          205

105.28... Effect of initial preventative detention order to be explained to person detained       205

105.29... Effect of continued preventative detention order to be explained to person detained                207

105.30... Person being detained to be informed of extension of preventative detention order 209

105.31... Compliance with obligations to inform........................................... 209

105.32... Copy of preventative detention order.............................................. 210

Subdivision E—Treatment of person detained                                               211

105.33... Humane treatment of person being detained.................................... 211

105.33A Detention of persons under 18........................................................ 212

105.34... Restriction on contact with other people.......................................... 212

105.35... Contacting family members etc....................................................... 213

105.36... Contacting Ombudsman etc............................................................ 214

105.37... Contacting lawyer........................................................................... 214

105.38... Monitoring contact under section 105.35 or 105.37........................ 216

105.39... Special contact rules for person under 18 or incapable of managing own affairs     217

105.40... Entitlement to contact subject to prohibited contact order................ 219

105.41... Disclosure offences......................................................................... 219

105.42... Questioning of person prohibited while person is detained............. 225

105.43... Taking fingerprints, recordings, samples of handwriting or photographs                226

105.44... Use of identification material........................................................... 228

105.45... Offences of contravening safeguards.............................................. 229

Subdivision F—Miscellaneous                                                                            229

105.46... Nature of functions of Federal Magistrate....................................... 229

105.47... Annual report.................................................................................. 230

105.48... Certain functions and powers not affected...................................... 230

105.49... Queensland public interest monitor functions and powers not affected 231

105.50... Law relating to legal professional privilege not affected.................. 231

105.51... Legal proceedings in relation to preventative detention orders........ 231

105.52... Review by State and Territory courts.............................................. 232

105.53... Sunset provision............................................................................. 234

Division 106—Transitional provisions                                                            235

106.1..... Saving—regulations originally made for the purposes of paragraph (c) of the definition of terrorist organisation 235

106.2..... Saving—regulations made for the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of terrorist organisation 235

106.3..... Application provision...................................................................... 236

Part 5.4—Harming Australians                                                                                 237

Division 115—Harming Australians                                                                237

115.1..... Murder of an Australian citizen or a resident of Australia............... 237

115.2..... Manslaughter of an Australian citizen or a resident of Australia..... 237

115.3..... Intentionally causing serious harm to an Australian citizen or a resident of Australia              238

115.4..... Recklessly causing serious harm to an Australian citizen or a resident of Australia 238

115.5..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 238

115.6..... Bringing proceedings under this Division....................................... 238

115.7..... Ministerial certificates relating to proceedings................................. 239

115.8..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 239

115.9..... Meaning of causes death or harm................................................... 239

Chapter 7—The proper administration of Government                           240

Part 7.1—Preliminary                                                                                                     240

Division 130—Preliminary                                                                                    240

130.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 240

130.2..... When property belongs to a person................................................. 241

130.3..... Dishonesty...................................................................................... 242

130.4..... Determination of dishonesty to be a matter for the trier of fact........ 242

Part 7.2—Theft and other property offences                                                   243

Division 131—Theft                                                                                                   243

131.1..... Theft................................................................................................ 243

131.2..... Special rules about the meaning of dishonesty................................ 243

131.3..... Appropriation of property............................................................... 244

131.4..... Theft of land or things forming part of land.................................... 244

131.5..... Trust property................................................................................. 244

131.6..... Obligation to deal with property in a particular way........................ 245

131.7..... Property obtained because of fundamental mistake......................... 245

131.8..... Property of a corporation sole......................................................... 246

131.9..... Property belonging to 2 or more persons........................................ 246

131.10... Intention of permanently depriving a person of property................ 246

131.11... General deficiency........................................................................... 247

Division 132—Other property offences                                                          248

132.1..... Receiving........................................................................................ 248

132.2..... Robbery.......................................................................................... 251

132.3..... Aggravated robbery........................................................................ 252

132.4..... Burglary.......................................................................................... 253

132.5..... Aggravated burglary....................................................................... 255

132.6..... Making off without payment........................................................... 256

132.7..... Going equipped for theft or a property offence............................... 256

132.8..... Dishonest taking or retention of property........................................ 258

132.9..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 259

Part 7.3—Fraudulent conduct                                                                                   260

Division 133—Preliminary                                                                                    260

133.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 260

Division 134—Obtaining property or a financial advantage by deception         261

134.1..... Obtaining property by deception..................................................... 261

134.2..... Obtaining a financial advantage by deception.................................. 264

134.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 264

Division 135—Other offences involving fraudulent conduct               265

135.1..... General dishonesty.......................................................................... 265

135.2..... Obtaining financial advantage......................................................... 266

135.4..... Conspiracy to defraud..................................................................... 267

135.5..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 269

Part 7.4—False or misleading statements                                                            270

Division 136—False or misleading statements in applications           270

136.1..... False or misleading statements in applications................................ 270

Division 137—False or misleading information or documents           273

137.1..... False or misleading information...................................................... 273

137.2..... False or misleading documents....................................................... 274

137.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 275

Part 7.5—Unwarranted demands                                                                            276

Division 138—Preliminary                                                                                    276

138.1..... Unwarranted demand with menaces................................................ 276

138.2..... Menaces.......................................................................................... 276

Division 139—Unwarranted demands                                                             278

139.1..... Unwarranted demands of a Commonwealth public official............. 278

139.2..... Unwarranted demands made by a Commonwealth public official... 278

139.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 279

Part 7.6—Bribery and related offences                                                                280

Division 140—Preliminary                                                                                    280

140.1..... Definition........................................................................................ 280

140.2..... Obtaining........................................................................................ 280

Division 141—Bribery                                                                                             281

141.1..... Bribery of a Commonwealth public official.................................... 281

Division 142—Offences relating to bribery                                                  284

142.1..... Corrupting benefits given to, or received by, a Commonwealth public official        284

142.2..... Abuse of public office..................................................................... 285

142.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 286

Part 7.7—Forgery and related offences                                                               287

Division 143—Preliminary                                                                                    287

143.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 287

143.2..... False documents.............................................................................. 288

143.3..... False Commonwealth documents.................................................... 289

143.4..... Inducing acceptance of false documents.......................................... 290

Division 144—Forgery                                                                                            291

144.1..... Forgery........................................................................................... 291

Division 145—Offences relating to forgery                                                 293

145.1..... Using forged document................................................................... 293

145.2..... Possession of forged document...................................................... 294

145.3..... Possession, making or adaptation of devices etc. for making forgeries 296

145.4..... Falsification of documents etc......................................................... 297

145.5..... Giving information derived from false or misleading documents.... 298

145.6..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 299

Part 7.8—Causing harm to, and impersonation and obstruction of, Commonwealth public officials  300

Division 146—Preliminary                                                                                    300

146.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 300

146.2..... Causing harm.................................................................................. 301

Division 147—Causing harm to Commonwealth public officials      302

147.1..... Causing harm to a Commonwealth public official etc..................... 302

147.2..... Threatening to cause harm to a Commonwealth public official etc.. 304

147.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 306

Division 148—Impersonation of Commonwealth public officials     307

148.1..... Impersonation of an official by a non‑official................................. 307

148.2..... Impersonation of an official by another official............................... 308

148.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 309

Division 149—Obstruction of Commonwealth public officials           310

149.1..... Obstruction of Commonwealth public officials............................... 310

Part 7.20—Miscellaneous                                                                                              312

Division 261—Miscellaneous                                                                                312

261.1..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 312

261.2..... Contempt of court........................................................................... 312

261.3..... Ancillary offences........................................................................... 312

Chapter 8—Offences against humanity and related offences                313

Division 268—Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes against the administration of the justice of the International Criminal Court               313

Subdivision A—Introductory                                                                              313

268.1..... Purpose of Division........................................................................ 313

268.2..... Outline of offences.......................................................................... 313

Subdivision B—Genocide                                                                                     314

268.3..... Genocide by killing......................................................................... 314

268.4..... Genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm....................... 314

268.5..... Genocide by deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction        314

268.6..... Genocide by imposing measures intended to prevent births............ 315

268.7..... Genocide by forcibly transferring children...................................... 315

Subdivision C—Crimes against humanity                                                       316

268.8..... Crime against humanity—murder................................................... 316

268.9..... Crime against humanity—extermination......................................... 316

268.10... Crime against humanity—enslavement........................................... 317

268.11... Crime against humanity—deportation or forcible transfer of population  317

268.12... Crime against humanity—imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty          318

268.13... Crime against humanity—torture.................................................... 318

268.14... Crime against humanity—rape........................................................ 319

268.15... Crime against humanity—sexual slavery........................................ 320

268.16... Crime against humanity—enforced prostitution.............................. 321

268.17... Crime against humanity—forced pregnancy................................... 322

268.18... Crime against humanity—enforced sterilisation.............................. 323

268.19... Crime against humanity—sexual violence....................................... 323

268.20... Crime against humanity—persecution............................................. 325

268.21... Crime against humanity—enforced disappearance of persons........ 325

268.22... Crime against humanity—apartheid................................................ 327

268.23... Crime against humanity—other inhumane act................................. 327

Subdivision D—War crimes that are grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and of Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions                                                                                328

268.24... War crime—wilful killing............................................................... 328

268.25... War crime—torture......................................................................... 328

268.26... War crime—inhumane treatment..................................................... 329

268.27... War crime—biological experiments................................................ 329

268.28... War crime—wilfully causing great suffering.................................. 330

268.29... War crime—destruction and appropriation of property................... 330

268.30... War crime—compelling service in hostile forces............................ 331

268.31... War crime—denying a fair trial....................................................... 331

268.32... War crime—unlawful deportation or transfer.................................. 332

268.33... War crime—unlawful confinement................................................. 332

268.34... War crime—taking hostages........................................................... 333

Subdivision E—Other serious war crimes that are committed in the course of an international armed conflict 333

268.35... War crime—attacking civilians........................................................ 333

268.36... War crime—attacking civilian objects............................................. 334

268.37... War crime—attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission           334

268.38... War crime—excessive incidental death, injury or damage............... 335

268.39... War crime—attacking undefended places........................................ 336

268.40... War crime—killing or injuring a person who is hors de combat.... 336

268.41... War crime—improper use of a flag of truce.................................... 337

268.42... War crime—improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the adverse party          337

268.43... War crime—improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the United Nations       337

268.44... War crime—improper use of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions  338

268.45... War crime—transfer of population.................................................. 339

268.46... War crime—attacking protected objects.......................................... 339

268.47... War crime—mutilation.................................................................... 340

268.48... War crime—medical or scientific experiments................................ 341

268.49... War crime—treacherously killing or injuring.................................. 341

268.50... War crime—denying quarter........................................................... 342

268.51... War crime—destroying or seizing the enemy’s property................ 343

268.52... War crime—depriving nationals of the adverse power of rights or actions              343

268.53... War crime—compelling participation in military operations............ 344

268.54... War crime—pillaging...................................................................... 344

268.55... War crime—employing poison or poisoned weapons..................... 344

268.56... War crime—employing prohibited gases, liquids, materials or devices 345

268.57... War crime—employing prohibited bullets....................................... 345

268.58... War crime—outrages upon personal dignity................................... 345

268.59... War crime—rape............................................................................. 346

268.60... War crime—sexual slavery............................................................. 347

268.61... War crime—enforced prostitution................................................... 348

268.62... War crime—forced pregnancy........................................................ 349

268.63... War crime—enforced sterilisation................................................... 350

268.64... War crime—sexual violence............................................................ 350

268.65... War crime—using protected persons as shields.............................. 351

268.66... War crime—attacking persons or objects using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions      352

268.67... War crime—starvation as a method of warfare............................... 353

268.68... War crime—using, conscripting or enlisting children..................... 353

Subdivision F—War crimes that are serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and are committed in the course of an armed conflict that is not an international armed conflict            355

268.69... Definition of religious personnel..................................................... 355

268.70... War crime—murder........................................................................ 355

268.71... War crime—mutilation.................................................................... 355

268.72... War crime—cruel treatment............................................................. 357

268.73... War crime—torture......................................................................... 357

268.74... War crime—outrages upon personal dignity................................... 358

268.75... War crime—taking hostages........................................................... 359

268.76... War crime—sentencing or execution without due process.............. 360

Subdivision G—War crimes that are other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in an armed conflict that is not an international armed conflict         362

268.77... War crime—attacking civilians........................................................ 362

268.78... War crime—attacking persons or objects using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions      362

268.79... War crime—attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission           363

268.80... War crime—attacking protected objects.......................................... 364

268.81... War crime—pillaging...................................................................... 364

268.82... War crime—rape............................................................................. 365

268.83... War crime—sexual slavery............................................................. 367

268.84... War crime—enforced prostitution................................................... 367

268.85... War crime—forced pregnancy........................................................ 368

268.86... War crime—enforced sterilisation................................................... 369

268.87... War crime—sexual violence............................................................ 370

268.88... War crime—using, conscripting or enlisting children..................... 371

268.89... War crime—displacing civilians...................................................... 373

268.90... War crime—treacherously killing or injuring.................................. 373

268.91... War crime—denying quarter........................................................... 374

268.92... War crime—mutilation.................................................................... 374

268.93... War crime—medical or scientific experiments................................ 375

268.94... War crime—destroying or seizing an adversary’s property............ 376

Subdivision H—War crimes that are grave breaches of Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions               377

268.95... War crime—medical procedure....................................................... 377

268.96... War crime—removal of blood, tissue or organs for transplantation 377

268.97... War crime—attack against works or installations containing dangerous forces resulting in excessive loss of life or injury to civilians....................................................................................... 378

268.98... War crime—attacking undefended places or demilitarized zones.... 379

268.99... War crime—unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of prisoners of war or civilians  379

268.100. War crime—apartheid..................................................................... 380

268.101. War crime—attacking protected objects.......................................... 380

Subdivision J—Crimes against the administration of the justice of the International Criminal Court   381

268.102. Perjury............................................................................................ 381

268.103. Falsifying evidence......................................................................... 381

268.104. Destroying or concealing evidence.................................................. 382

268.105. Deceiving witnesses........................................................................ 382

268.106. Corrupting witnesses or interpreters............................................... 382

268.107. Threatening witnesses or interpreters.............................................. 383

268.108. Preventing witnesses or interpreters................................................ 384

268.109. Preventing production of things in evidence................................... 384

268.110. Reprisals against witnesses............................................................. 384

268.111. Reprisals against officials of the International Criminal Court........ 385

268.112. Perverting the course of justice....................................................... 385

268.113. Receipt of a corrupting benefit by an official of the International Criminal Court     386

268.114. Subdivision not to apply to certain conduct..................................... 386

Subdivision K—Miscellaneous                                                                           387

268.115. Responsibility of commanders and other superiors......................... 387

268.116. Defence of superior orders.............................................................. 388

268.117. Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 388

268.118. Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 388

268.119. Offences related to exercise of jurisdiction of International Criminal Court             389

268.120. Saving of other laws....................................................................... 389

268.121. Bringing proceedings under this Division....................................... 389

268.122. Attorney‑General’s decisions in relation to consents to be final...... 389

268.123. Legal representation........................................................................ 390

268.124. Proof of application of Geneva Conventions or Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions           390

Division 270—Slavery, sexual servitude and deceptive recruiting  392

270.1..... Definition of slavery....................................................................... 392

270.2..... Slavery is unlawful......................................................................... 392

270.3..... Slavery offences.............................................................................. 392

270.4..... Definition of sexual servitude......................................................... 393

270.5..... Jurisdictional requirement............................................................... 393

270.6..... Sexual servitude offences................................................................ 394

270.7..... Deceptive recruiting for sexual services.......................................... 394

270.8..... Aggravated offences....................................................................... 396

270.9..... Alternative verdict if aggravated offence not proven....................... 396

270.12... Other laws not excluded.................................................................. 396

270.13... Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 397

270.14... External Territories.......................................................................... 397

Division 271—Trafficking in persons and debt bondage                       398

Subdivision A—Definitions                                                                                  398

271.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 398

Subdivision B—Offences relating to trafficking in persons                       398

271.2..... Offence of trafficking in persons.................................................... 398

271.3..... Aggravated offence of trafficking in persons.................................. 401

271.4..... Offence of trafficking in children.................................................... 402

271.5..... Offence of domestic trafficking in persons..................................... 403

271.6..... Aggravated offence of domestic trafficking in persons................... 405

271.7..... Offence of domestic trafficking in children..................................... 405

Subdivision C—Offences relating to debt bondage                                       406

271.8..... Offence of debt bondage................................................................. 406

271.9..... Offence of aggravated debt bondage............................................... 407

Subdivision D—General provisions relating to offences under this Division 407

271.10... Jurisdictional requirement for offences other than offences related to domestic trafficking in persons     407

271.11... Jurisdictional requirement for offences related to domestic trafficking in persons    407

271.12... Other laws not excluded.................................................................. 408

271.13... Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 408

Division 272—Child sex offences outside Australia                                 409

Subdivision A—Preliminary                                                                               409

272.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 409

272.2..... When conduct causes a person to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual activity           409

272.3..... Meaning of position of trust or authority........................................ 409

272.4..... Meaning of sexual intercourse........................................................ 410

272.5..... Meaning of offence against this Division and extension of criminal responsibility  411

272.6..... Who can be prosecuted for an offence committed outside Australia 412

272.7..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 412

Subdivision B—Sexual offences against children outside Australia         412

272.8..... Sexual intercourse with child outside Australia............................... 412

272.9..... Sexual activity (other than sexual intercourse) with child outside Australia             413

272.10... Aggravated offence—child with mental impairment or under care, supervision or authority of defendant               414

272.11... Persistent sexual abuse of child outside Australia........................... 415

272.12... Sexual intercourse with young person outside Australia—defendant in position of trust or authority     417

272.13... Sexual activity (other than sexual intercourse) with young person outside Australia—defendant in position of trust or authority.......................................................................................... 419

272.14... Procuring child to engage in sexual activity outside Australia......... 420

272.15... “Grooming” child to engage in sexual activity outside Australia..... 421

272.16... Defence based on belief about age.................................................. 422

272.17... Defence based on valid and genuine marriage................................. 423

Subdivision C—Offences of benefiting from, encouraging or preparing for sexual offences against children outside Australia                                                                                     424

272.18... Benefiting from offence against this Division................................. 424

272.19... Encouraging offence against this Division...................................... 424

272.20... Preparing for or planning offence against this Division.................. 425

Subdivision D—Video link evidence                                                                  426

272.21... When court may take evidence by video link.................................. 426

272.22... Technical requirements for video link............................................. 426

272.23... Application of laws about witnesses............................................... 427

272.24... Administration of oaths and affirmations........................................ 427

272.25... Expenses......................................................................................... 427

272.26... Other laws about foreign evidence not affected............................... 427

Subdivision E—Other rules about conduct of trials                                      428

272.27... Evidence relating to a person’s age................................................. 428

272.28... Alternative verdicts......................................................................... 428

272.29... Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 429

272.30... Sentencing....................................................................................... 429

272.31... Consent to commencement of proceedings where defendant under 18 429

Division 273—Offences involving child pornography material or child abuse material outside Australia                                                                                                                    431

Subdivision A—Preliminary                                                                               431

273.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 431

273.2..... Who can be prosecuted for an offence committed outside Australia 432

273.2A.. Consent to commencement of proceedings where defendant under 18 432

273.3..... Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 432

273.4..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 432

Subdivision B—Offences committed overseas involving child pornography material or child abuse material  433

273.5..... Possessing, controlling, producing, distributing or obtaining child pornography material outside Australia            433

273.6..... Possessing, controlling, producing, distributing or obtaining child abuse material outside Australia       433

273.7..... Aggravated offence—offence involving conduct on 3 or more occasions and 2 or more people             434

273.8..... Alternative verdict if aggravated offence not proven....................... 435

Subdivision C—Defences                                                                                      435

273.9..... Defences to offences against this Division...................................... 435

Subdivision D—Video link evidence                                                                  437

273.10... When court may take evidence by video link.................................. 437

273.11... Technical requirements for video link............................................. 437

273.12... Application of laws about witnesses............................................... 438

273.13... Administration of oaths and affirmations........................................ 438

273.14... Expenses......................................................................................... 438

273.15... Other laws about foreign evidence not affected............................... 438

Division 274—Torture                                                                                             439

274.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 439

274.2..... Torture............................................................................................ 439

274.3..... Prosecutions.................................................................................... 440

274.4..... No defence of exceptional circumstances or superior orders........... 441

274.5..... Jurisdiction of State/Territory courts preserved............................... 441

274.6..... Concurrent operation intended........................................................ 441

274.7..... Double jeopardy.............................................................................. 442

Chapter 9—Dangers to the community                                                                443

Part 9.1—Serious drug offences                                                                               443

Division 300—Preliminary                                                                                    443

300.1..... Purpose........................................................................................... 443

300.2..... Definitions...................................................................................... 443

300.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 446

300.4..... Concurrent operation intended........................................................ 446

300.5..... Particular identity of drugs, plants and precursors.......................... 447

Division 301—Listing additional drugs, plants and precursors         448

Subdivision A—Interim regulations                                                                  448

301.1..... Interim regulations—controlled drugs and controlled plants........... 448

301.2..... Interim regulations—controlled precursors..................................... 448

301.3..... Interim regulations—border controlled drugs and border controlled plants              449

301.4..... Interim regulations—border controlled precursors.......................... 449

301.5..... Interim regulations—commercial, marketable and trafficable quantities 450

Subdivision B—Emergency determinations                                                   451

301.6..... Emergency determinations—controlled drugs and controlled plants 451

301.7..... Emergency determinations—controlled precursors......................... 452

301.8..... Emergency determinations—border controlled drugs and border controlled plants  452

301.9..... Emergency determinations—border controlled precursors.............. 453

301.10... Emergency determinations—commercial, marketable and trafficable quantities       453

301.11... General rules—period of effect, publication etc.............................. 454

301.12... General rule—inconsistency with regulations................................. 455

Division 302—Trafficking controlled drugs                                                 456

302.1..... Meaning of traffics.......................................................................... 456

302.2..... Trafficking commercial quantities of controlled drugs.................... 456

302.3..... Trafficking marketable quantities of controlled drugs..................... 457

302.4..... Trafficking controlled drugs............................................................ 457

302.5..... Presumption where trafficable quantities are involved.................... 457

302.6..... Purchase of controlled drugs is not an ancillary offence................. 458

Division 303—Commercial cultivation of controlled plants                459

303.1..... Meanings of cultivate and cultivates a plant.................................... 459

303.2..... Meaning of product of a plant......................................................... 459

303.3..... Meaning of cultivates a plant for a commercial purpose................ 459

303.4..... Cultivating commercial quantities of controlled plants.................... 459

303.5..... Cultivating marketable quantities of controlled plants..................... 460

303.6..... Cultivating controlled plants............................................................ 460

303.7..... Presumption where trafficable quantities are involved.................... 460

Division 304—Selling controlled plants                                                          462

304.1..... Selling commercial quantities of controlled plants........................... 462

304.2..... Selling marketable quantities of controlled plants............................ 462

304.3..... Selling controlled plants.................................................................. 462

Division 305—Commercial manufacture of controlled drugs            464

305.1..... Meanings of manufacture and manufactures a substance.............. 464

305.2..... Meaning of manufactures a substance for a commercial purpose. 464

305.3..... Manufacturing commercial quantities of controlled drugs............... 464

305.4..... Manufacturing marketable quantities of controlled drugs................ 465

305.5..... Manufacturing controlled drugs...................................................... 465

305.6..... Presumption where trafficable quantities are involved.................... 466

Division 306—Pre‑trafficking controlled precursors                              467

306.1..... Meaning of pre‑traffics................................................................... 467

306.2..... Pre‑trafficking commercial quantities of controlled precursors....... 467

306.3..... Pre‑trafficking marketable quantities of controlled precursors........ 468

306.4..... Pre‑trafficking controlled precursors............................................... 468

306.5..... Presumption for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors—sale.......... 469

306.6..... Presumptions for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors—manufacture for drug manufacture  469

306.7..... Presumptions for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors—manufacture for sale        470

306.8..... Presumptions for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors—possession 471

Division 307—Import‑export offences                                                            472

Subdivision A—Importing and exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants              472

307.1..... Importing and exporting commercial quantities of border controlled drugs or border controlled plants   472

307.2..... Importing and exporting marketable quantities of border controlled drugs or border controlled plants    472

307.3..... Importing and exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants          473

307.4..... Importing and exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants—no defence relating to lack of commercial intent............................................................................................... 473

Subdivision B—Possessing unlawfully imported border controlled drugs or border controlled plants 474

307.5..... Possessing commercial quantities of unlawfully imported border controlled drugs or border controlled plants       474

307.6..... Possessing marketable quantities of unlawfully imported border controlled drugs or border controlled plants        474

307.7..... Possessing unlawfully imported border controlled drugs or border controlled plants              475

Subdivision C—Possessing border controlled drugs or border controlled plants reasonably suspected of having been unlawfully imported                                                                475

307.8..... Possessing commercial quantities of border controlled drugs or border controlled plants reasonably suspected of having been unlawfully imported................................................................ 475

307.9..... Possessing marketable quantities of border controlled drugs or border controlled plants reasonably suspected of having been unlawfully imported................................................................ 476

307.10... Possessing border controlled drugs or border controlled plants reasonably suspected of having been unlawfully imported........................................................................................................ 477

Subdivision D—Importing and exporting border controlled precursors 477

307.11... Importing and exporting commercial quantities of border controlled precursors      477

307.12... Importing and exporting marketable quantities of border controlled precursors       478

307.13... Importing and exporting border controlled precursors.................... 479

307.14... Presumptions for importing and exporting border controlled precursors 479

Division 308—Possession offences                                                                     481

308.1..... Possessing controlled drugs............................................................ 481

308.2..... Possessing controlled precursors.................................................... 482

308.3..... Possessing plant material, equipment or instructions for commercial cultivation of controlled plants      482

308.4..... Possessing substance, equipment or instructions for commercial manufacture of controlled drugs         483

Division 309—Drug offences involving children                                        484

309.1..... Children not criminally responsible for offences against this Division 484

309.2..... Supplying controlled drugs to children........................................... 484

309.3..... Supplying marketable quantities of controlled drugs to children for trafficking       484

309.4..... Supplying controlled drugs to children for trafficking.................... 485

309.5..... Presumption where trafficable quantities are involved.................... 485

309.6..... Meaning of procures an individual to traffic.................................. 485

309.7..... Procuring children for trafficking marketable quantities of controlled drugs            486

309.8..... Procuring children for trafficking controlled drugs......................... 486

309.9..... Meaning of procures an individual to pre‑traffic............................ 487

309.10... Procuring children for pre‑trafficking marketable quantities of controlled precursors              487

309.11... Procuring children for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors........... 487

309.12... Procuring children for importing or exporting marketable quantities of border controlled drugs or border controlled plants............................................................................................... 488

309.13... Procuring children for importing or exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants         488

309.14... Procuring children for importing or exporting marketable quantities of border controlled precursors      489

309.15... Procuring children for importing or exporting border controlled precursors            490

Division 310—Harm and danger to children under 14 from serious drug offences       492

310.1..... Children not criminally responsible for offences against this Division 492

310.2..... Danger from exposure to unlawful manufacturing.......................... 492

310.3..... Harm from exposure to unlawful manufacturing............................ 493

310.4..... Aggravated offences—manufacturing controlled drugs and controlled precursors  494

Division 311—Combining quantities of drugs, plants or precursors 496

Subdivision A—Combining different parcels on the same occasion         496

311.1..... Combining different parcels on the same occasion.......................... 496

Subdivision B—Combining parcels from organised commercial activities 497

311.2..... Business of trafficking controlled drugs......................................... 497

311.3..... Business of pre‑trafficking by selling controlled precursors........... 498

311.4..... Business of importing or exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants         499

311.5..... Business of importing or exporting border controlled precursors... 499

311.6..... Business of supplying controlled drugs to children........................ 500

311.7..... General rules—combining parcels from organised commercial activities 501

Subdivision C—Combining parcels from multiple offences                       501

311.8..... Multiple offences—trafficking controlled drugs............................. 501

311.9..... Multiple offences—cultivating controlled plants............................. 502

311.10... Multiple offences—selling controlled plants................................... 502

311.11... Multiple offences—manufacturing controlled drugs....................... 503

311.12... Multiple offences—pre‑trafficking controlled precursors............... 503

311.13... Multiple offences—importing or exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants             503

311.14... Multiple offences—possessing unlawfully imported border controlled drugs or border controlled plants               504

311.15... Multiple offences—possessing border controlled drugs or border controlled plants reasonably suspected of having been unlawfully imported........................................................................ 504

311.16... Multiple offences—importing or exporting border controlled precursors                505

311.17... Multiple offences—supplying controlled drugs to children for trafficking               505

311.18... Multiple offences—procuring children for trafficking controlled drugs 506

311.19... Multiple offences—procuring children for pre‑trafficking controlled precursors     506

311.20... Multiple offences—procuring children for importing or exporting border controlled drugs or border controlled plants........................................................................................................ 507

311.21... Multiple offences—procuring children for importing or exporting border controlled precursors             507

311.22... General rules—combining parcels from multiple offences.............. 508

Division 312—Working out quantities of drugs, plants or precursors  509

312.1..... Working out quantities of drugs and precursors in mixtures........... 509

312.2..... Working out quantities where different kinds of drugs, plants or precursors are involved       509

Division 313—Defences and alternative verdicts                                      512

313.1..... Defence—conduct justified or excused by or under a law of a State or Territory     512

313.2..... Defence—reasonable belief that conduct is justified or excused by or under a law  512

313.3..... Alternative verdict—offence not proved......................................... 512

313.4..... Alternative verdict—mistake as to quantity of drug, plant or precursor 513

313.5..... Alternative verdict—mistake as to identity of drug, plant or precursor 514

Division 314—Drugs, plants, precursors and quantities                       515

314.1..... Controlled drugs............................................................................. 515

314.2..... Controlled plants............................................................................. 517

314.3..... Controlled precursors...................................................................... 518

314.4..... Border controlled drugs.................................................................. 518

314.5..... Border controlled plants.................................................................. 526

314.6..... Border controlled precursors........................................................... 526

Part 9.4—Dangerous weapons                                                                                   528

Division 360—Cross‑border firearms trafficking                                     528

360.1..... Disposal and acquisition of a firearm.............................................. 528

360.2..... Cross‑border offence of disposal or acquisition of a firearm.......... 528

360.3..... Taking or sending a firearm across borders.................................... 529

360.4..... Concurrent operation intended........................................................ 530

Part 9.5—Identity crime                                                                                                 531

Division 370—Preliminary                                                                                    531

370.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 531

Division 372—Identity fraud offences                                                             532

372.1..... Dealing in identification information............................................... 532

372.2..... Possession of identification information......................................... 532

372.3..... Possession of equipment used to make identification documentation 533

372.4..... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category A............................ 534

372.5..... Alternative verdict........................................................................... 534

372.6..... Attempt........................................................................................... 534

Division 375—Victims’ certificates                                                                   535

375.1..... Certificate may be issued by magistrate in relation to victim of identity crime          535

375.2..... Content of certificate....................................................................... 535

375.3..... Relation to civil and criminal proceedings....................................... 536

375.4..... Power conferred on magistrate personally...................................... 536

Part 9.6—Contamination of goods                                                                          537

380.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 537

380.2..... Contaminating goods...................................................................... 537

380.3..... Threatening to contaminate goods................................................... 539

380.4..... Making false statements about contamination of goods.................. 541

380.5..... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category D............................ 543

Part 9.9—Criminal associations and organisations                                       544

Division 390—Criminal associations and organisations                        544

Subdivision A—Definitions                                                                                  544

390.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 544

390.2..... State offences that have a federal aspect.......................................... 546

Subdivision B—Offences                                                                                      548

390.3..... Associating in support of serious organised criminal activity......... 548

390.4..... Supporting a criminal organisation.................................................. 551

390.5..... Committing an offence for the benefit of, or at the direction of, a criminal organisation           551

390.6..... Directing activities of a criminal organisation.................................. 554

390.7..... Extended geographical jurisdiction—category C............................. 556

Chapter 10—National infrastructure                                                                    557

Part 10.2—Money laundering                                                                                    557

Division 400—Money laundering                                                                       557

400.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 557

400.2..... Definition of deals with money or other property........................... 559

400.2A.. Application of offences relating to possible instruments of crime... 559

400.3..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property worth $1,000,000 or more  560

400.4..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property worth $100,000 or more     562

400.5..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property worth $50,000 or more       563

400.6..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property worth $10,000 or more       564

400.7..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property worth $1,000 or more         566

400.8..... Dealing in proceeds of crime etc.—money or property of any value 567

400.9..... Dealing with property reasonably suspected of being proceeds of crime etc.           568

400.10... Mistake of fact as to the value of money or property...................... 570

400.11... Proof of certain matters relating to kinds of offences not required.. 571

400.12... Combining several contraventions in a single charge...................... 571

400.13... Proof of other offences is not required............................................ 571

400.14... Alternative verdicts......................................................................... 572

400.15... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 572

400.16... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 575

Part 10.5—Postal services                                                                                             576

Division 470—Preliminary                                                                                    576

470.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 576

470.2..... Dishonesty...................................................................................... 578

470.3..... Determination of dishonesty to be a matter for the trier of fact........ 578

470.4..... Meaning of expressions used in Subdivisions B and C of Division 471 578

Division 471—Postal offences                                                                              580

Subdivision A—General postal offences                                                          580

471.1..... Theft of mail‑receptacles, articles or postal messages...................... 580

471.2..... Receiving stolen mail‑receptacles, articles or postal messages........ 581

471.3..... Taking or concealing of mail‑receptacles, articles or postal messages 583

471.4..... Dishonest removal of postage stamps or postmarks....................... 583

471.5..... Dishonest use of previously used, defaced or obliterated stamps.... 583

471.6..... Damaging or destroying mail‑receptacles, articles or postal messages 584

471.7..... Tampering with mail‑receptacles..................................................... 584

471.8..... Dishonestly obtaining delivery of articles....................................... 585

471.9..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 585

471.10... Hoaxes—explosives and dangerous substances............................. 585

471.11... Using a postal or similar service to make a threat............................ 586

471.12... Using a postal or similar service to menace, harass or cause offence 587

471.13... Causing a dangerous article to be carried by a postal or similar service 587

471.14... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 588

471.15... Causing an explosive, or a dangerous or harmful substance, to be carried by post  588

Subdivision B—Offences relating to use of postal or similar service for child pornography material or child abuse material                                                                                       589

471.16... Using a postal or similar service for child pornography material.... 589

471.17... Possessing, controlling, producing, supplying or obtaining child pornography material for use through a postal or similar service............................................................................................. 589

471.18... Defences in respect of child pornography material.......................... 590

471.19... Using a postal or similar service for child abuse material................ 591

471.20... Possessing, controlling, producing, supplying or obtaining child abuse material for use through a postal or similar service............................................................................................. 591

471.21... Defences in respect of child abuse material..................................... 592

471.22... Aggravated offence—offence involving conduct on 3 or more occasions and 2 or more people             593

471.23... Alternative verdict if aggravated offence not proven....................... 594

Subdivision C—Offences relating to use of postal or similar service involving sexual activity with person under 16                                                                                                       594

471.24... Using a postal or similar service to procure persons under 16........ 594

471.25... Using a postal or similar service to “groom” persons under 16...... 595

471.26... Using a postal or similar service to send indecent material to person under 16        597

471.27... Age‑related provisions relating to offences against this Subdivision 597

471.28... Other provisions relating to offences against this Subdivision........ 599

471.29... Defences to offences against this Subdivision................................ 599

Subdivision D—Miscellaneous                                                                            600

471.30... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 600

471.31... Definition of carry by post does not apply...................................... 600

Division 472—Miscellaneous                                                                                601

472.1..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 601

472.2..... Interpretation of other laws............................................................. 601

Part 10.6—Telecommunications Services                                                            602

Division 473—Preliminary                                                                                    602

473.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 602

473.2..... Possession or control of data or material in the form of data........... 609

473.3..... Producing, supplying or obtaining data or material in the form of data 609

473.4..... Determining whether material is offensive...................................... 610

473.5..... Use of a carriage service................................................................. 610

Division 474—Telecommunications offences                                               611

Subdivision A—Dishonesty with respect to carriage services                     611

474.1..... Dishonesty...................................................................................... 611

474.2..... General dishonesty with respect to a carriage service provider....... 611

Subdivision B—Interference with telecommunications                               612

474.3..... Person acting for a carrier or carriage service provider................... 612

474.4..... Interception devices......................................................................... 612

474.5..... Wrongful delivery of communications............................................ 613

474.6..... Interference with facilities............................................................... 614

474.7..... Modification etc. of a telecommunications device identifier............ 615

474.8..... Possession or control of data or a device with intent to modify a telecommunications device identifier   616

474.9..... Producing, supplying or obtaining data or a device with intent to modify a telecommunications device identifier   617

474.10... Copying subscription‑specific secure data...................................... 618

474.11... Possession or control of data or a device with intent to copy an account identifier   620

474.12... Producing, supplying or obtaining data or a device with intent to copy an account identifier   621

Subdivision C—General offences relating to use of telecommunications 622

474.14... Using a telecommunications network with intention to commit a serious offence    622

474.15... Using a carriage service to make a threat......................................... 623

474.16... Using a carriage service for a hoax threat........................................ 624

474.17... Using a carriage service to menace, harass or cause offence........... 624

474.18... Improper use of emergency call service.......................................... 625

Subdivision D—Offences relating to use of carriage service for child pornography material or child abuse material                                                                                                       626

474.19... Using a carriage service for child pornography material................. 626

474.20... Possessing, controlling, producing, supplying or obtaining child pornography material for use through a carriage service........................................................................................................ 626

474.21... Defences in respect of child pornography material.......................... 627

474.22... Using a carriage service for child abuse material............................. 629

474.23... Possessing, controlling, producing, supplying or obtaining child abuse material for use through a carriage service........................................................................................................ 629

474.24... Defences in respect of child abuse material..................................... 630

474.24A Aggravated offence—offence involving conduct on 3 or more occasions and 2 or more people             631

474.24B Alternative verdict if aggravated offence not proven....................... 633

474.24C Consent to commencement of proceedings where defendant under 18 633

Subdivision E—Offence relating to obligations of internet service providers and internet content hosts              633

474.25... Obligations of internet service providers and internet content hosts 633

Subdivision F—Offences relating to use of carriage service involving sexual activity with person under 16      634

474.25A Using a carriage service for sexual activity with person under 16 years of age        634

474.25B Aggravated offence—child with mental impairment or under care, supervision or authority of defendant               635

474.26... Using a carriage service to procure persons under 16 years of age. 636

474.27... Using a carriage service to “groom” persons under 16 years of age 637

474.27A Using a carriage service to transmit indecent communication to person under 16 years of age                638

474.28... Provisions relating to offences against this Subdivision................. 639

474.29... Defences to offences against this Subdivision................................ 641

Subdivision G—Offences relating to use of carriage service for suicide related material         643

474.29A Using a carriage service for suicide related material........................ 643

474.29B Possessing, controlling, producing, supplying or obtaining suicide related material for use through a carriage service........................................................................................................ 645

Division 475—Miscellaneous                                                                                646

475.1A.. Defences for NRS employees and emergency call persons............. 646

475.1B.. Provisions relating to element of offence that particular conduct was engaged in using a carriage service               646

475.1..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 647

475.2..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 647

Part 10.7—Computer offences                                                                                  648

Division 476—Preliminary                                                                                    648

476.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 648

476.2..... Meaning of unauthorised access, modification or impairment....... 649

476.3..... Geographical jurisdiction................................................................ 650

476.4..... Saving of other laws....................................................................... 650

476.5..... Liability for certain acts................................................................... 650

Division 477—Serious computer offences                                                     653

477.1..... Unauthorised access, modification or impairment with intent to commit a serious offence      653

477.2..... Unauthorised modification of data to cause impairment.................. 654

477.3..... Unauthorised impairment of electronic communication................... 656

Division 478—Other computer offences                                                        657

478.1..... Unauthorised access to, or modification of, restricted data.............. 657

478.2..... Unauthorised impairment of data held on a computer disk etc........ 657

478.3..... Possession or control of data with intent to commit a computer offence  658

478.4..... Producing, supplying or obtaining data with intent to commit a computer offence   659

Part 10.8—Financial information offences                                                        660

480.1..... Definitions...................................................................................... 660

480.2..... Dishonesty...................................................................................... 661

480.3..... Constitutional application of this Part.............................................. 661

480.4..... Dishonestly obtaining or dealing in personal financial information. 661

480.5..... Possession or control of thing with intent to dishonestly obtain or deal in personal financial information               661

480.6..... Importation of thing with intent to dishonestly obtain or deal in personal financial information               662

Dictionary                                                                                                                                663

Notes                                                                                                                                           679


An Act relating to the criminal law

1  Short title [see Note 1]

                   This Act may be cited as the Criminal Code Act 1995.

2  Commencement [see Note 1]

             (1)  Subject to subsection (2), this Act commences on a day to be fixed by Proclamation.

             (2)  If this Act does not commence under subsection (1) within the period of 5 years beginning on the day on which this Act receives the Royal Assent, it commences on the first day after the end of that period.

3  The Criminal Code

             (1)  The Schedule has effect as a law of the Commonwealth.

             (2)  The Schedule may be cited as the Criminal Code.

3A  External Territories

                   The Criminal Code extends to every external Territory.

3B  Offshore installations

                   Unless the contrary intention appears, an installation (within the meaning of the Customs Act 1901) that is deemed by section 5C of the Customs Act 1901 to be part of Australia is also taken to be part of Australia for the purposes of the Criminal Code.

4  Definitions

             (1)  Expressions used in the Code (or in a particular provision of the Code) that are defined in the Dictionary at the end of the Code have the meanings given to them in the Dictionary.

             (2)  Definitions in the Code of expressions used in the Code apply to its construction except insofar as the context or subject matter otherwise indicates or requires.

5  Regulations

                   The Governor‑General may make regulations prescribing matters:

                     (a)  required or permitted by this Act to be prescribed; or

                     (b)  necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Act.


ScheduleThe Criminal Code

Section 3

Chapter 1Codification

  

Division 1 

1.1  Codification

                   The only offences against laws of the Commonwealth are those offences created by, or under the authority of, this Code or any other Act.

Note:          Under subsection 38(1) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, Act means an Act passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth.


 

Chapter 2General principles of criminal responsibility

Part 2.1Purpose and application

Division 2 

2.1  Purpose

                   The purpose of this Chapter is to codify the general principles of criminal responsibility under laws of the Commonwealth.  It contains all the general principles of criminal responsibility that apply to any offence, irrespective of how the offence is created.

2.2  Application

             (1)  This Chapter applies to all offences against this Code.

             (2)  Subject to section 2.3, this Chapter applies on and after 15 December 2001 to all other offences.

             (3)  Section 11.6 applies to all offences.

2.3  Application of provisions relating to intoxication

                   Subsections 4.2(6) and (7) and Division 8 apply to all offences. For the purpose of interpreting those provisions in connection with an offence, the other provisions of this Chapter may be considered, whether or not those other provisions apply to the offence concerned.


 

Part 2.2The elements of an offence

Division 3General

3.1  Elements

             (1)  An offence consists of physical elements and fault elements.

             (2)  However, the law that creates the offence may provide that there is no fault element for one or more physical elements.

             (3)  The law that creates the offence may provide different fault elements for different physical elements.

3.2  Establishing guilt in respect of offences

                   In order for a person to be found guilty of committing an offence the following must be proved:

                     (a)  the existence of such physical elements as are, under the law creating the offence, relevant to establishing guilt;

                     (b)  in respect of each such physical element for which a fault element is required, one of the fault elements for the physical element.

Note 1:       See Part 2.6 on proof of criminal responsibility.

Note 2:       See Part 2.7 on geographical jurisdiction.


 

Division 4Physical elements

4.1  Physical elements

             (1)  A physical element of an offence may be:

                     (a)  conduct; or

                     (b)  a result of conduct; or

                     (c)  a circumstance in which conduct, or a result of conduct, occurs.

             (2)  In this Code:

conduct means an act, an omission to perform an act or a state of affairs.

engage in conduct means:

                     (a)  do an act; or

                     (b)  omit to perform an act.

4.2  Voluntariness

             (1)  Conduct can only be a physical element if it is voluntary.

             (2)  Conduct is only voluntary if it is a product of the will of the person whose conduct it is.

             (3)  The following are examples of conduct that is not voluntary:

                     (a)  a spasm, convulsion or other unwilled bodily movement;

                     (b)  an act performed during sleep or unconsciousness;

                     (c)  an act performed during impaired consciousness depriving the person of the will to act.

             (4)  An omission to perform an act is only voluntary if the act omitted is one which the person is capable of performing.

             (5)  If the conduct constituting an offence consists only of a state of affairs, the state of affairs is only voluntary if it is one over which the person is capable of exercising control.

             (6)  Evidence of self‑induced intoxication cannot be considered in determining whether conduct is voluntary.

             (7)  Intoxication is self‑induced unless it came about:

                     (a)  involuntarily; or

                     (b)  as a result of fraud, sudden or extraordinary emergency, accident, reasonable mistake, duress or force.

4.3  Omissions

                   An omission to perform an act can only be a physical element if:

                     (a)  the law creating the offence makes it so; or

                     (b)  the law creating the offence impliedly provides that the offence is committed by an omission to perform an act that by law there is a duty to perform.


 

Division 5Fault elements

5.1  Fault elements

             (1)  A fault element for a particular physical element may be intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence.

             (2)  Subsection (1) does not prevent a law that creates a particular offence from specifying other fault elements for a physical element of that offence.

5.2  Intention

             (1)  A person has intention with respect to conduct if he or she means to engage in that conduct.

             (2)  A person has intention with respect to a circumstance if he or she believes that it exists or will exist.

             (3)  A person has intention with respect to a result if he or she means to bring it about or is aware that it will occur in the ordinary course of events.

5.3  Knowledge

                   A person has knowledge of a circumstance or a result if he or she is aware that it exists or will exist in the ordinary course of events.

5.4  Recklessness

             (1)  A person is reckless with respect to a circumstance if:

                     (a)  he or she is aware of a substantial risk that the circumstance exists or will exist; and

                     (b)  having regard to the circumstances known to him or her, it is unjustifiable to take the risk.

             (2)  A person is reckless with respect to a result if:

                     (a)  he or she is aware of a substantial risk that the result will occur; and

                     (b)  having regard to the circumstances known to him or her, it is unjustifiable to take the risk.

             (3)  The question whether taking a risk is unjustifiable is one of fact.

             (4)  If recklessness is  a fault element for a physical element of an offence, proof of intention, knowledge or recklessness will satisfy that fault element.

5.5  Negligence

                   A person is negligent with respect to a physical element of an offence if his or her conduct involves:

                     (a)  such a great falling short of the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the circumstances; and

                     (b)  such a high risk that the physical element exists or will exist;

that the conduct merits criminal punishment for the offence.

5.6  Offences that do not specify fault elements

             (1)  If the law creating the offence does not specify a fault element for a physical element that consists only of conduct, intention is the fault element for that physical element.

             (2)  If the law creating the offence does not specify a fault element for a physical element that consists of a circumstance or a result, recklessness is the fault element for that physical element.

Note:          Under subsection 5.4(4), recklessness can be established by proving intention, knowledge or recklessness.


 

Division 6Cases where fault elements are not required

6.1  Strict liability

             (1)  If a law that creates an offence provides that the offence is an offence of strict liability:

                     (a)  there are no fault elements for any of the physical elements of the offence; and

                     (b)  the defence of mistake of fact under section 9.2 is available.

             (2)  If a law that creates an offence provides that strict liability applies to a particular physical element of the offence:

                     (a)  there are no fault elements for that physical element; and

                     (b)  the defence of mistake of fact under section 9.2 is available in relation to that physical element.

             (3)  The existence of strict liability does not make any other defence unavailable.

6.2  Absolute liability

             (1)  If a law that creates an offence provides that the offence is an offence of absolute liability:

                     (a)  there are no fault elements for any of the physical elements of the offence; and

                     (b)  the defence of mistake of fact under section 9.2 is unavailable.

             (2)  If a law that creates an offence provides that absolute liability applies to a particular physical element of the offence:

                     (a)  there are no fault elements for that physical element; and

                     (b)  the defence of mistake of fact under section 9.2 is unavailable in relation to that physical element.

             (3)  The existence of absolute liability does not make any other defence unavailable.


 

Part 2.3Circumstances in which there is no criminal responsibility

Note:       This Part sets out defences that are generally available. Defences that apply to a more limited class of offences are dealt with elsewhere in this Code and in other laws.

Division 7Circumstances involving lack of capacity

7.1  Children under 10

                   A child under 10 years old is not criminally responsible for an offence.

7.2  Children over 10 but under 14

             (1)  A child aged 10 years or more but under 14 years old can only be criminally responsible for an offence if the child knows that his or her conduct is wrong.

             (2)  The question whether a child knows that his or her conduct is wrong is one of fact. The burden of proving this is on the prosecution.

7.3  Mental impairment

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if, at the time of carrying out the conduct constituting the offence, the person was suffering from a mental impairment that had the effect that:

                     (a)  the person did not know the nature and quality of the conduct; or

                     (b)  the person did not know that the conduct was wrong (that is, the person could not reason with a moderate degree of sense and composure about whether the conduct, as perceived by reasonable people, was wrong); or

                     (c)  the person was unable to control the conduct.

             (2)  The question whether the person was suffering from a mental impairment is one of fact.

             (3)  A person is presumed not to have been suffering from such a mental impairment. The presumption is only displaced if it is proved on the balance of probabilities (by the prosecution or the defence) that the person was suffering from such a mental impairment.

             (4)  The prosecution can only rely on this section if the court gives leave.

             (5)  The tribunal of fact must return a special verdict that a person is not guilty of an offence because of mental impairment if and only if it is satisfied that the person is not criminally responsible for the offence only because of a mental impairment.

             (6)  A person cannot rely on a mental impairment to deny voluntariness or the existence of a fault element but may rely on this section to deny criminal responsibility.

             (7)  If the tribunal of fact is satisfied that a person carried out conduct as a result of a delusion caused by a mental impairment, the delusion cannot otherwise be relied on as a defence.

             (8)  In this Code:

mental impairment includes senility, intellectual disability, mental illness, brain damage and severe personality disorder.

             (9)  The reference in subsection (8) to mental illness is a reference to an underlying pathological infirmity of the mind, whether of long or short duration and whether permanent or temporary, but does not include a condition that results from the reaction of a healthy mind to extraordinary external stimuli. However, such a condition may be evidence of a mental illness if it involves some abnormality and is prone to recur.


 

Division 8Intoxication

8.1  Definition—self‑induced intoxication

                   For the purposes of this Division, intoxication is self‑induced unless it came about:

                     (a)  involuntarily; or

                     (b)  as a result of fraud, sudden or extraordinary emergency, accident, reasonable mistake, duress or force.

8.2  Intoxication (offences involving basic intent)

             (1)  Evidence of self‑induced intoxication cannot be considered in determining whether a fault element of basic intent existed.

             (2)  A fault element of basic intent is a fault element of intention for a physical element that consists only of conduct.

Note:          A fault element of intention with respect to a circumstance or with respect to a result is not a fault element of basic intent.

             (3)  This section does not prevent evidence of self‑induced intoxication being taken into consideration in determining whether conduct was accidental.

             (4)  This section does not prevent evidence of self‑induced intoxication being taken into consideration in determining whether a person had a mistaken belief about facts if the person had considered whether or not the facts existed.

             (5)  A person may be regarded as having considered whether or not facts existed if:

                     (a)  he or she had considered, on a previous occasion, whether those facts existed in circumstances surrounding that occasion; and

                     (b)  he or she honestly and reasonably believed that the circumstances surrounding the present occasion were the same, or substantially the same, as those surrounding the previous occasion.

8.3  Intoxication (negligence as fault element)

             (1)  If negligence is a fault element for a particular physical element of an offence, in determining whether that fault element existed in relation to a person who is intoxicated, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person who is not intoxicated.

             (2)  However, if intoxication is not self‑induced, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person intoxicated to the same extent as the person concerned.

8.4  Intoxication (relevance to defences)

             (1)  If any part of a defence is based on actual knowledge or belief, evidence of intoxication may be considered in determining whether that knowledge or belief existed.

             (2)  If any part of a defence is based on reasonable belief, in determining whether that reasonable belief existed, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person who is not intoxicated.

             (3)  If a person’s intoxication is not self‑induced, in determining whether any part of a defence based on reasonable belief exists, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person intoxicated to the same extent as the person concerned.

             (4)  If, in relation to an offence:

                     (a)  each physical element has a fault element of basic intent; and

                     (b)  any part of a defence is based on actual knowledge or belief;

evidence of self‑induced intoxication cannot be considered in determining whether that knowledge or belief existed.

             (5)  A fault element of basic intent is a fault element of intention for a physical element that consists only of conduct.

Note:          A fault element of intention with respect to a circumstance or with respect to a result is not a fault element of basic intent.

8.5  Involuntary intoxication

                   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person’s conduct constituting the offence was as a result of intoxication that was not self‑induced.


 

Division 9Circumstances involving mistake or ignorance

9.1  Mistake or ignorance of fact (fault elements other than negligence)

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element for which there is a fault element other than negligence if:

                     (a)  at the time of the conduct constituting the physical element, the person is under a mistaken belief about, or is ignorant of, facts; and

                     (b)  the existence of that mistaken belief or ignorance negates any fault element applying to that physical element.

             (2)  In determining whether a person was under a mistaken belief about, or was ignorant of, facts, the tribunal of fact may consider whether the mistaken belief or ignorance was reasonable in the circumstances.

9.2  Mistake of fact (strict liability)

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element for which there is no fault element if:

                     (a)  at or before the time of the conduct constituting the physical element, the person considered whether or not facts existed, and is under a mistaken but reasonable belief about those facts; and

                     (b)  had those facts existed, the conduct would not have constituted an offence.

             (2)  A person may be regarded as having considered whether or not facts existed if:

                     (a)  he or she had considered, on a previous occasion, whether those facts existed in the circumstances surrounding that occasion; and

                     (b)  he or she honestly and reasonably believed that the circumstances surrounding the present occasion were the same, or substantially the same, as those surrounding the previous occasion.

 Note:         Section 6.2 prevents this section applying in situations of absolute liability.

9.3  Mistake or ignorance of statute law

             (1)  A person can be criminally responsible for an offence even if, at the time of the conduct constituting the offence, he or she is mistaken about, or ignorant of, the existence or content of an Act that directly or indirectly creates the offence or directly or indirectly affects the scope or operation of the offence.

             (2)  Subsection (1) does not apply, and the person is not criminally responsible for the offence in those circumstances, if the Act is expressly to the contrary effect.

9.4  Mistake or ignorance of subordinate legislation

             (1)  A person can be criminally responsible for an offence even if, at the time of the conduct constituting the offence, he or she is mistaken about, or ignorant of, the existence or content of the subordinate legislation that directly or indirectly creates the offence or directly or indirectly affects the scope or operation of the offence.

             (2)  Subsection (1) does not apply, and the person is not criminally responsible for the offence in those circumstances, if:

                     (a)  the subordinate legislation is expressly to the contrary effect; or

                     (c)  at the time of the conduct, the subordinate legislation:

                              (i)  has not been made available to the public (by means of the Register under the Legislative Instruments Act 2003 or otherwise); and

                             (ii)  has not otherwise been made available to persons likely to be affected by it in such a way that the person would have become aware of its contents by exercising due diligence.

             (3)  In this section:

available includes available by sale.

subordinate legislation means an instrument of a legislative character made directly or indirectly under an Act, or in force directly or indirectly under an Act.

9.5  Claim of right

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element relating to property if:

                     (a)  at the time of the conduct constituting the offence, the person is under a mistaken belief about a proprietary or possessory right; and

                     (b)  the existence of that right would negate a fault element for any physical element of the offence.

             (2)  A person is not criminally responsible for any other offence arising necessarily out of the exercise of the proprietary or possessory right that he or she mistakenly believes to exist.

             (3)  This section does not negate criminal responsibility for an offence relating to the use of force against a person.


 

Division 10Circumstances involving external factors

10.1  Intervening conduct or event

                   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element to which absolute liability or strict liability applies if:

                     (a)  the physical element is brought about by another person over whom the person has no control or by a non‑human act or event over which the person has no control; and

                     (b)  the person could not reasonably be expected to guard against the bringing about of that physical element.

10.2  Duress

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if he or she carries out the conduct constituting the offence under duress.

             (2)  A person carries out conduct under duress if and only if he or she reasonably believes that:

                     (a)  a threat has been made that will be carried out unless an offence is committed; and

                     (b)  there is no reasonable way that the threat can be rendered ineffective; and

                     (c)  the conduct is a reasonable response to the threat.

             (3)  This section does not apply if the threat is made by or on behalf of a person with whom the person under duress is voluntarily associating for the purpose of carrying out conduct of the kind actually carried out.

10.3  Sudden or extraordinary emergency

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if he or she carries out the conduct constituting the offence in response to circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency.

             (2)  This section applies if and only if the person carrying out the conduct reasonably believes that:

                     (a)  circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency exist; and

                     (b)  committing the offence is the only reasonable way to deal with the emergency; and

                     (c)  the conduct is a reasonable response to the emergency.

10.4  Self‑defence

             (1)  A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if he or she carries out the conduct constituting the offence in self‑defence.

             (2)  A person carries out conduct in self‑defence if and only if he or she believes the conduct is necessary:

                     (a)  to defend himself or herself or another person; or

                     (b)  to prevent or terminate the unlawful imprisonment of himself or herself or another person; or

                     (c)  to protect property from unlawful appropriation, destruction, damage or interference; or

                     (d)  to prevent criminal trespass to any land or premises; or

                     (e)  to remove from any land or premises a person who is committing criminal trespass;

and the conduct is a reasonable response in the circumstances as he or she perceives them.

             (3)  This section does not apply if the person uses force that involves the intentional infliction of death or really serious injury:

                     (a)  to protect property; or

                     (b)  to prevent criminal trespass; or

                     (c)  to remove a person who is committing criminal trespass.

             (4)  This section does not apply if:

                     (a)  the person is responding to lawful conduct; and

                     (b)  he or she knew that the conduct was lawful.

However, conduct is not lawful merely because the person carrying it out is not criminally responsible for it.

10.5  Lawful authority

                   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the conduct constituting the offence is justified or excused by or under a law.


 

Part 2.4Extensions of criminal responsibility

Division 11 

11.1  Attempt

             (1)  A person who attempts to commit an offence is guilty of the offence of attempting to commit that offence and is punishable as if the offence attempted had been committed.

             (2)  For the person to be guilty, the person’s conduct must be more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence. The question whether conduct is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence is one of fact.

             (3)  For the offence of attempting to commit an offence, intention and knowledge are fault elements in relation to each physical element of the offence attempted.

Note:          Under section 3.2, only one of the fault elements of intention or knowledge would need to be established in respect of each physical element of the offence attempted.

          (3A)  Subsection (3) has effect subject to subsection (6A).

             (4)  A person may be found guilty even if:

                     (a)  committing the offence attempted is impossible; or

                     (b)  the person actually committed the offence attempted.

             (5)  A person who is found guilty of attempting to commit an offence cannot be subsequently charged with the completed offence.

             (6)  Any defences, procedures, limitations or qualifying provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of attempting to commit that offence.

          (6A)  Any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of attempting to commit that offence.

             (7)  It is not an offence to attempt to commit an offence against section 11.2 (complicity and common purpose), section 11.2A (joint commission), section 11.3 (commission by proxy), section 11.5 (conspiracy to commit an offence) or section 135.4 (conspiracy to defraud).

11.2  Complicity and common purpose

             (1)  A person who aids, abets, counsels or procures the commission of an offence by another person is taken to have committed that offence and is punishable accordingly.

             (2)  For the person to be guilty:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct must have in fact aided, abetted, counselled or procured the commission of the offence by the other person; and

                     (b)  the offence must have been committed by the other person.

             (3)  For the person to be guilty, the person must have intended that:

                     (a)  his or her conduct would aid, abet, counsel or procure the commission of any offence (including its fault elements) of the type the other person committed; or

                     (b)  his or her conduct would aid, abet, counsel or procure the commission of an offence and have been reckless about the commission of the offence (including its fault elements) that the other person in fact committed.

          (3A)  Subsection (3) has effect subject to subsection (6).

             (4)  A person cannot be found guilty of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence if, before the offence was committed, the person:

                     (a)  terminated his or her involvement; and

                     (b)  took all reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence.

             (5)  A person may be found guilty of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence even if the other person has not been prosecuted or has not been found guilty.

             (6)  Any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also for the purposes of determining whether a person is guilty of that offence because of the operation of subsection (1).

             (7)  If the trier of fact is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that a person either:

                     (a)  is guilty of a particular offence otherwise than because of the operation of subsection (1); or

                     (b)  is guilty of that offence because of the operation of subsection (1);

but is not able to determine which, the trier of fact may nonetheless find the person guilty of that offence.

11.2A  Joint commission

Joint commission

             (1)  If:

                     (a)  a person and at least one other party enter into an agreement to commit an offence; and

                     (b)  either:

                              (i)  an offence is committed in accordance with the agreement (within the meaning of subsection (2)); or

                             (ii)  an offence is committed in the course of carrying out the agreement (within the meaning of subsection (3));

the person is taken to have committed the joint offence referred to in whichever of subsection (2) or (3) applies and is punishable accordingly.

Offence committed in accordance with the agreement

             (2)  An offence is committed in accordance with the agreement if:

                     (a)  the conduct of one or more parties in accordance with the agreement makes up the physical elements consisting of conduct of an offence (the joint offence) of the same type as the offence agreed to; and

                     (b)  to the extent that a physical element of the joint offence consists of a result of conduct—that result arises from the conduct engaged in; and

                     (c)  to the extent that a physical element of the joint offence consists of a circumstance—the conduct engaged in, or a result of the conduct engaged in, occurs in that circumstance.

Offence committed in the course of carrying out the agreement

             (3)  An offence is committed in the course of carrying out the agreement if the person is reckless about the commission of an offence (the joint offence) that another party in fact commits in the course of carrying out the agreement.

Intention to commit an offence

             (4)  For a person to be guilty of an offence because of the operation of this section, the person and at least one other party to the agreement must have intended that an offence would be committed under the agreement.

Agreement may be non‑verbal etc.

             (5)  The agreement:

                     (a)  may consist of a non‑verbal understanding; and

                     (b)  may be entered into before, or at the same time as, the conduct constituting any of the physical elements of the joint offence was engaged in.

Termination of involvement etc.

             (6)  A person cannot be found guilty of an offence because of the operation of this section if, before the conduct constituting any of the physical elements of the joint offence concerned was engaged in, the person:

                     (a)  terminated his or her involvement; and

                     (b)  took all reasonable steps to prevent that conduct from being engaged in.

Person may be found guilty even if another party not prosecuted etc.

             (7)  A person may be found guilty of an offence because of the operation of this section even if:

                     (a)  another party to the agreement has not been prosecuted or has not been found guilty; or

                     (b)  the person was not present when any of the conduct constituting the physical elements of the joint offence was engaged in.

Special liability provisions apply

             (8)  Any special liability provisions that apply to the joint offence apply also for the purposes of determining whether a person is guilty of that offence because of the operation of this section.

11.3  Commission by proxy

                   A person who:

                     (a)  has, in relation to each physical element of an offence, a fault element applicable to that physical element; and

                     (b)  procures conduct of another person that (whether or not together with conduct of the procurer) would have constituted an offence on the part of the procurer if the procurer had engaged in it;

is taken to have committed that offence and is punishable accordingly.

11.4  Incitement

             (1)  A person who urges the commission of an offence is guilty of the offence of incitement.

             (2)  For the person to be guilty, the person must intend that the offence incited be committed.

          (2A)  Subsection (2) has effect subject to subsection (4A).

             (3)  A person may be found guilty even if committing the offence incited is impossible.

             (4)  Any defences, procedures, limitations or qualifying provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of incitement in respect of that offence.

          (4A)  Any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of incitement in respect of that offence.

             (5)  It is not an offence to incite the commission of an offence against section 11.1 (attempt), this section or section 11.5 (conspiracy).

Penalty:

                     (a)  if the offence incited is punishable by life imprisonment—imprisonment for 10 years; or

                     (b)  if the offence incited is punishable by imprisonment for 14 years or more, but is not punishable by life imprisonment—imprisonment for 7 years; or

                     (c)  if the offence incited is punishable by imprisonment for 10 years or more, but is not punishable by imprisonment for 14 years or more—imprisonment for 5 years; or

                     (d)  if the offence is otherwise punishable by imprisonment—imprisonment for 3 years or for the maximum term of imprisonment for the offence incited, whichever is the lesser; or

                     (e)  if the offence incited is not punishable by imprisonment—the number of penalty units equal to the maximum number of penalty units applicable to the offence incited.

Note:          Under section 4D of the Crimes Act 1914, these penalties are only maximum penalties. Subsection 4B(2) of that Act allows a court to impose an appropriate fine instead of, or in addition to, a term of imprisonment. If a body corporate is convicted of the offence, subsection 4B(3) of that Act allows a court to impose a fine of an amount not greater than 5 times the maximum fine that the court could impose on an individual convicted of the same offence. Penalty units are defined in section 4AA of that Act.

11.5  Conspiracy

             (1)  A person who conspires with another person to commit an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than 12 months, or by a fine of 200 penalty units or more, is guilty of the offence of conspiracy to commit that offence and is punishable as if the offence to which the conspiracy relates had been committed.

Note:          Penalty units are defined in section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914.

             (2)  For the person to be guilty:

                     (a)  the person must have entered into an agreement with one or more other persons; and

                     (b)  the person and at least one other party to the agreement must have intended that an offence would be committed pursuant to the agreement; and

                     (c)  the person or at least one other party to the agreement must have committed an overt act pursuant to the agreement.

          (2A)  Subsection (2) has effect subject to subsection (7A).

             (3)  A person may be found guilty of conspiracy to commit an offence even if:

                     (a)  committing the offence is impossible; or

                     (b)  the only other party to the agreement is a body corporate; or

                     (c)  each other party to the agreement is at least one of the following:

                              (i)  a person who is not criminally responsible;

                             (ii)  a person for whose benefit or protection the offence exists; or

                     (d)  subject to paragraph (4)(a), all other parties to the agreement have been acquitted of the conspiracy.

             (4)  A person cannot be found guilty of conspiracy to commit an offence if:

                     (a)  all other parties to the agreement have been acquitted of the conspiracy and a finding of guilt would be inconsistent with their acquittal; or

                     (b)  he or she is a person for whose benefit or protection the offence exists.

             (5)  A person cannot be found guilty of conspiracy to commit an offence if, before the commission of an overt act pursuant to the agreement, the person:

                     (a)  withdrew from the agreement; and

                     (b)  took all reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence.

             (6)  A court may dismiss a charge of conspiracy if it thinks that the interests of justice require it to do so.

             (7)  Any defences, procedures, limitations or qualifying provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of conspiracy to commit that offence.

          (7A)  Any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of conspiracy to commit that offence.

             (8)  Proceedings for an offence of conspiracy must not be commenced without the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions. However, a person may be arrested for, charged with, or remanded in custody or on bail in connection with, an offence of conspiracy before the necessary consent has been given.

11.6  References in Acts to offences

             (1)  A reference in a law of the Commonwealth to an offence against a law of the Commonwealth (including this Code) includes a reference to an offence against section 11.1 (attempt), 11.4 (incitement) or 11.5 (conspiracy) of this Code that relates to such an offence.

             (2)  A reference in a law of the Commonwealth (including this Code) to a particular offence includes a reference to an offence against section 11.1 (attempt), 11.4 (incitement) or 11.5 (conspiracy) of this Code that relates to that particular offence.

             (3)  Subsection (1) or (2) does not apply if a law of the Commonwealth is expressly or impliedly to the contrary effect.

             (4)  In particular, an express reference in a law of the Commonwealth to:

                     (a)  an offence against, under or created by the Crimes Act 1914; or

                     (b)  an offence against, under or created by a particular provision of the Crimes Act 1914; or

                     (c)  an offence arising out of the first‑mentioned law or another law of the Commonwealth; or

                     (d)  an offence arising out of a particular provision; or

                     (e)  an offence against, under or created by the Taxation Administration Act 1953;

does not mean that the first‑mentioned law is impliedly to the contrary effect.

Note:          Sections 11.2 (complicity and common purpose), 11.2A (joint commission), and 11.3 (commission by proxy) of this Code operate as extensions of principal offences and are therefore not referred to in this section.


 

Part 2.5Corporate criminal responsibility

Division 12 

12.1  General principles

             (1)  This Code applies to bodies corporate in the same way as it applies to individuals. It so applies with such modifications as are set out in this Part, and with such other modifications as are made necessary by the fact that criminal liability is being imposed on bodies corporate rather than individuals.

             (2)  A body corporate may be found guilty of any offence, including one punishable by imprisonment.

Note:          Section 4B of the Crimes Act 1914 enables a fine to be imposed for offences that only specify imprisonment as a penalty.

12.2  Physical elements

                   If a physical element of an offence is committed by an employee, agent or officer of a body corporate acting within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment, or within his or her actual or apparent authority, the physical element must also be attributed to the body corporate.

12.3  Fault elements other than negligence

             (1)  If intention, knowledge or recklessness is a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence, that fault element must be attributed to a body corporate that expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

             (2)  The means by which such an authorisation or permission may be established include:

                     (a)  proving that the body corporate’s board of directors intentionally, knowingly or recklessly carried out the relevant conduct, or expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence; or

                     (b)  proving that a high managerial agent of the body corporate intentionally, knowingly or recklessly engaged in the relevant conduct, or expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence; or

                     (c)  proving that a corporate culture existed within the body corporate that directed, encouraged, tolerated or led to non‑compliance with the relevant provision; or

                     (d)  proving that the body corporate failed to create and maintain a corporate culture that required compliance with the relevant provision.

             (3)  Paragraph (2)(b) does not apply if the body corporate proves that it exercised due diligence to prevent the conduct, or the authorisation or permission.

             (4)  Factors relevant to the application of paragraph (2)(c) or (d) include:

                     (a)  whether authority to commit an offence of the same or a similar character had been given by a high managerial agent of the body corporate; and

                     (b)  whether the employee, agent or officer of the body corporate who committed the offence believed on reasonable grounds, or entertained a reasonable expectation, that a high managerial agent of the body corporate would have authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

             (5)  If recklessness is not a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence, subsection (2) does not enable the fault element to be proved by proving that the board of directors, or a high managerial agent, of the body corporate recklessly engaged in the conduct or recklessly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

             (6)  In this section:

board of directors means the body (by whatever name called) exercising the executive authority of the body corporate.

corporate culture means an attitude, policy, rule, course of conduct or practice existing within the body corporate generally or in the part of the body corporate in which the relevant activities takes place.

high managerial agent means an employee, agent or officer of the body corporate with duties of such responsibility that his or her conduct may fairly be assumed to represent the body corporate’s policy.

12.4  Negligence

             (1)  The test of negligence for a body corporate is that set out in section 5.5.

             (2)  If:

                     (a)  negligence is a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence; and

                     (b)  no individual employee, agent or officer of the body corporate has that fault element;

that fault element may exist on the part of the body corporate if the body corporate’s conduct is negligent when viewed as a whole (that is, by aggregating the conduct of any number of its employees, agents or officers).

             (3)  Negligence may be evidenced by the fact that the prohibited conduct was substantially attributable to:

                     (a)  inadequate corporate management, control or supervision of the conduct of one or more of its employees, agents or officers; or

                     (b)  failure to provide adequate systems for conveying relevant information to relevant persons in the body corporate.

12.5  Mistake of fact (strict liability)

             (1)  A body corporate can only rely on section 9.2 (mistake of fact (strict liability)) in respect of conduct that would, apart from this section, constitute an offence on its part if:

                     (a)  the employee, agent or officer of the body corporate who carried out the conduct was under a mistaken but reasonable belief about facts that, had they existed, would have meant that the conduct would not have constituted an offence; and

                     (b)  the body corporate proves that it exercised due diligence to prevent the conduct.

             (2)  A failure to exercise due diligence may be evidenced by the fact that the prohibited conduct was substantially attributable to:

                     (a)  inadequate corporate management, control or supervision of the conduct of one or more of its employees, agents or officers; or

                     (b)  failure to provide adequate systems for conveying relevant information to relevant persons in the body corporate.

12.6  Intervening conduct or event

                   A body corporate cannot rely on section 10.1 (intervening conduct or event) in respect of a physical element of an offence brought about by another person if the other person is an employee, agent or officer of the body corporate.


 

Part 2.6Proof of criminal responsibility

Division 13 

13.1  Legal burden of proof—prosecution

             (1)  The prosecution bears a legal burden of proving every element of an offence relevant to the guilt of the person charged.

Note:          See section 3.2 on what elements are relevant to a person’s guilt.

             (2)  The prosecution also bears a legal burden of disproving any matter in relation to which the defendant has discharged an evidential burden of proof imposed on the defendant.

             (3)  In this Code:

legal burden, in relation to a matter, means the burden of proving the existence of the matter.

13.2  Standard of proof—prosecution

             (1)  A legal burden of proof on the prosecution must be discharged beyond reasonable doubt.

             (2)  Subsection (1) does not apply if the law creating the offence specifies a different standard of proof.

13.3  Evidential burden of proof—defence

             (1)  Subject to section 13.4, a burden of proof that a law imposes on a defendant is an evidential burden only.

             (2)  A defendant who wishes to deny criminal responsibility by relying on a provision of Part 2.3 (other than section 7.3) bears an evidential burden in relation to that matter.

             (3)  A defendant who wishes to rely on any exception, exemption, excuse, qualification or justification provided by the law creating an offence bears an evidential burden in relation to that matter. The exception, exemption, excuse, qualification or justification need not accompany the description of the offence.

             (4)  The defendant no longer bears the evidential burden in relation to a matter if evidence sufficient to discharge the burden is adduced by the prosecution or by the court.

             (5)  The question whether an evidential burden has been discharged is one of law.

             (6)  In this Code:

evidential burden, in relation to a matter, means the burden of adducing or pointing to evidence that suggests a reasonable possibility that the matter exists or does not exist.

13.4  Legal burden of proof—defence

                   A burden of proof that a law imposes on the defendant is a legal burden if and only if the law expressly:

                     (a)  specifies that the burden of proof in relation to the matter in question is a legal burden; or

                     (b)  requires the defendant to prove the matter; or

                     (c)  creates a presumption that the matter exists unless the contrary is proved.

13.5  Standard of proof—defence

                   A legal burden of proof on the defendant must be discharged on the balance of probabilities.

13.6  Use of averments

                   A law that allows the prosecution to make an averment is taken not to allow the prosecution:

                     (a)  to aver any fault element of an offence; or

                     (b)  to make an averment in prosecuting for an offence that is directly punishable by imprisonment.


 

Part 2.7Geographical jurisdiction

Division 14Standard geographical jurisdiction

14.1  Standard geographical jurisdiction

             (1)  This section may apply to a particular offence in either of the following ways:

                     (a)  unless the contrary intention appears, this section applies to the following offences:

                              (i)  a primary offence, where the provision creating the offence commences at or after the commencement of this section;

                             (ii)  an ancillary offence, to the extent to which it relates to a primary offence covered by subparagraph (i);

                     (b)  if a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence—this section applies to that offence.

Note:          In the case of paragraph (b), the expression offence is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1) and 11.2A(1), section 11.3 and subsection 11.6(1).

             (2)  If this section applies to a particular offence, a person does not commit the offence unless:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and a result of the conduct occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (c)  all of the following conditions are satisfied:

                              (i)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence;

                             (ii)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia;

                            (iii)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly or partly in Australia or wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship.

Defence—primary offence

             (3)  If this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                    (aa)  the alleged offence is a primary offence; and

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (b)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the first‑mentioned offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (3). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (4)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (3) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

Defence—ancillary offence

             (5)  If this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                     (a)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence; and

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (d)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the primary offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (5). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (6)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (5) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.


 

Division 15Extended geographical jurisdiction

15.1  Extended geographical jurisdiction—category A

             (1)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person does not commit the offence unless:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and a result of the conduct occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and:

                              (i)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is an Australian citizen; or

                             (ii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; or

                     (d)  all of the following conditions are satisfied:

                              (i)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence;

                             (ii)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia;

                            (iii)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly or partly in Australia or wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship.

Note:          The expression offence is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1) and 11.2A(1), section 11.3 and subsection 11.6(1).

Defence—primary offence

             (2)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                    (aa)  the alleged offence is a primary offence; and

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (b)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (c)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the first‑mentioned offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (2). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (3)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (2) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

Defence—ancillary offence

             (4)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                     (a)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence; and

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (d)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (e)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the primary offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (4). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (5)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (4) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

15.2  Extended geographical jurisdiction—category B

             (1)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person does not commit the offence unless:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and a result of the conduct occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and:

                              (i)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is an Australian citizen; or

                             (ii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a resident of Australia; or

                            (iii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; or

                     (d)  all of the following conditions are satisfied:

                              (i)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence;

                             (ii)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia;

                            (iii)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly or partly in Australia or wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship.

Note:          The expression offence is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1) and 11.2A(1), section 11.3 and subsection 11.6(1).

Defence—primary offence

             (2)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                    (aa)  the alleged offence is a primary offence; and

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (b)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (c)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the first‑mentioned offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (2). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (3)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (2) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

Defence—ancillary offence

             (4)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                     (a)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence; and

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (d)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (e)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the primary offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (4). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (5)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (4) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

15.3  Extended geographical jurisdiction—category C

             (1)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, the offence applies:

                     (a)  whether or not the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Australia; and

                     (b)  whether or not a result of the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Australia.

Note:          The expression offence is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1) and 11.2A(1), section 11.3 and subsection 11.6(1).

Defence—primary offence

             (2)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                    (aa)  the alleged offence is a primary offence; and

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (b)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (c)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs;

                            a law of that foreign country, or that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the first‑mentioned offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (2). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (3)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (2) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

Defence—ancillary offence

             (4)  If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, a person is not guilty of the offence if:

                     (a)  the alleged offence is an ancillary offence; and

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (c)  the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, wholly in a foreign country, but not on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; and

                     (d)  the person is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (e)  there is not in force in:

                              (i)  the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur; or

                             (ii)  the part of the foreign country where the conduct constituting the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates, or a result of that conduct, occurs, or is intended by the person to occur;

                            a law of that foreign country, or a law of that part of that foreign country, that creates an offence that corresponds to the primary offence.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (4). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (5)  For the purposes of the application of subsection 13.3(3) to an offence, subsection (4) of this section is taken to be an exception provided by the law creating the offence.

15.4  Extended geographical jurisdiction—category D

                   If a law of the Commonwealth provides that this section applies to a particular offence, the offence applies:

                     (a)  whether or not the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Australia; and

                     (b)  whether or not a result of the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Australia.

Note:          The expression offence is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1) and 11.2A(1), section 11.3 and subsection 11.6(1).


 

Division 16Miscellaneous

16.1  Attorney‑General’s consent required for prosecution if alleged conduct occurs wholly in a foreign country in certain circumstances

             (1)  Proceedings for an offence must not be commenced without the Attorney‑General’s written consent if:

                     (a)  section 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 or 15.4 applies to the offence; and

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly in a foreign country; and

                     (c)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person alleged to have committed the offence is neither:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; nor

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

             (2)  However, a person may be arrested for, charged with, or remanded in custody or released on bail in connection with an offence before the necessary consent has been given.

16.2  When conduct taken to occur partly in Australia

Sending things

             (1)  For the purposes of this Part, if a person sends a thing, or causes a thing to be sent:

                     (a)  from a point outside Australia to a point in Australia; or

                     (b)  from a point in Australia to a point outside Australia;

that conduct is taken to have occurred partly in Australia.

Sending electronic communications

             (2)  For the purposes of this Part, if a person sends, or causes to be sent, an electronic communication:

                     (a)  from a point outside Australia to a point in Australia; or

                     (b)  from a point in Australia to a point outside Australia;

that conduct is taken to have occurred partly in Australia.

Point

             (3)  For the purposes of this section, point includes a mobile or potentially mobile point, whether on land, underground, in the atmosphere, underwater, at sea or anywhere else.

16.3  Meaning of Australia

             (1)  For the purposes of the application of this Part to a particular primary offence, Australia has the same meaning it would have if it were used in a geographical sense in the provision creating the primary offence.

             (2)  For the purposes of the application of this Part to a particular ancillary offence, Australia has the same meaning it would have if it were used in a geographical sense in the provision creating the primary offence to which the ancillary offence relates.

             (3)  For the purposes of this Part, if a provision creating an offence extends to an external Territory, it is to be assumed that if the expression Australia were used in a geographical sense in that provision, that expression would include that external Territory.

             (4)  This section does not affect the meaning of the expressions Australian aircraft, Australian citizen or Australian ship.

16.4  Result of conduct

                   A reference in this Part to a result of conduct constituting an offence is a reference to a result that is a physical element of the offence (within the meaning of subsection 4.1(1)).


 

Chapter 4The integrity and security of the international community and foreign governments

  

Division 70Bribery of foreign public officials

70.1  Definitions

                   In this Division:

benefit includes any advantage and is not limited to property.

business advantage means an advantage in the conduct of business.

control, in relation to a company, body or association, includes control as a result of, or by means of, trusts, agreements, arrangements, understandings and practices, whether or not having legal or equitable force and whether or not based on legal or equitable rights.

duty, in relation to a foreign public official, means any authority, duty, function or power that:

                     (a)  is conferred on the official; or

                     (b)  that the official holds himself or herself out as having.

foreign government body means:

                     (a)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                     (b)  an authority of the government of a foreign country; or

                     (c)  an authority of the government of part of a foreign country; or

                     (d)  a foreign local government body or foreign regional government body; or

                     (e)  a foreign public enterprise.

foreign public enterprise means a company or any other body or association where:

                     (a)  in the case of a company—one of the following applies:

                              (i)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country holds more than 50% of the issued share capital of the company;

                             (ii)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country holds more than 50% of the voting power in the company;

                            (iii)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country is in a position to appoint more than 50% of the company’s board of directors;

                            (iv)  the directors (however described) of the company are accustomed or under an obligation (whether formal or informal) to act in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country;

                             (v)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country is in a position to exercise control over the company; and

                     (b)  in the case of any other body or association—either of the following applies:

                              (i)  the members of the executive committee (however described) of the body or association are accustomed or under an obligation (whether formal or informal) to act in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country;

                             (ii)  the government of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country is in a position to exercise control over the body or association; and

                     (c)  the company, body or association:

                              (i)  enjoys special legal rights or a special legal status under a law of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                             (ii)  enjoys special benefits or privileges under a law of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country;

                            because of the relationship of the company, body or association with the government of the foreign country or of the part of the foreign country, as the case may be.

foreign public official means:

                     (a)  an employee or official of a foreign government body; or

                     (b)  an individual who performs work for a foreign government body under a contract; or

                     (c)  an individual who holds or performs the duties of an appointment, office or position under a law of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                     (d)  an individual who holds or performs the duties of an appointment, office or position created by custom or convention of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                     (e)  an individual who is otherwise in the service of a foreign government body (including service as a member of a military force or police force); or

                      (f)  a member of the executive, judiciary or magistracy of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                     (g)  an employee of a public international organisation; or

                     (h)  an individual who performs work for a public international organisation under a contract; or

                      (i)  an individual who holds or performs the duties of an office or position in a public international organisation; or

                      (j)  an individual who is otherwise in the service of a public international organisation; or

                     (k)  a member or officer of the legislature of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country; or

                      (l)  an individual who:

                              (i)  is an authorised intermediary of a foreign public official covered by any of the above paragraphs; or

                             (ii)  holds himself or herself out to be the authorised intermediary of a foreign public official covered by any of the above paragraphs.

public international organisation means:

                     (a)  an organisation:

                              (i)  of which 2 or more countries, or the governments of 2 or more countries, are members; or

                             (ii)  that is constituted by persons representing 2 or more countries, or representing the governments of 2 or more countries; or

                     (b)  an organisation established by, or a group of organisations constituted by:

                              (i)  organisations of which 2 or more countries, or the governments of 2 or more countries, are members; or

                             (ii)  organisations that are constituted by the representatives of 2 or more countries, or the governments of 2 or more countries; or

                     (c)  an organisation that is:

                              (i)  an organ of, or office within, an organisation described in paragraph (a) or (b); or

                             (ii)  a commission, council or other body established by an organisation so described or such an organ; or

                            (iii)  a committee, or subcommittee of a committee, of an organisation described in paragraph (a) or (b), or of such an organ, council or body.

share includes stock.

70.2  Bribing a foreign public official

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person:

                              (i)  provides a benefit to another person; or

                             (ii)  causes a benefit to be provided to another person; or

                            (iii)  offers to provide, or promises to provide, a benefit to another person; or

                            (iv)  causes an offer of the provision of a benefit, or a promise of the provision of a benefit, to be made to another person; and

                     (b)  the benefit is not legitimately due to the other person; and

                     (c)  the first‑mentioned person does so with the intention of influencing a foreign public official (who may be the other person) in the exercise of the official’s duties as a foreign public official in order to:

                              (i)  obtain or retain business; or

                             (ii)  obtain or retain a business advantage that is not legitimately due to the recipient, or intended recipient, of the business advantage (who may be the first‑mentioned person).

Note:          For defences see sections 70.3 and 70.4.

          (1A)  In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it is not necessary to prove that business, or a business advantage, was actually obtained or retained.

Benefit that is not legitimately due

             (2)  For the purposes of this section, in working out if a benefit is not legitimately due to a person in a particular situation, disregard the following:

                     (a)  the fact that the benefit may be, or be perceived to be, customary, necessary or required in the situation;

                     (b)  the value of the benefit;

                     (c)  any official tolerance of the benefit.

Business advantage that is not legitimately due

             (3)  For the purposes of this section, in working out if a business advantage is not legitimately due to a person in a particular situation, disregard the following:

                     (a)  the fact that the business advantage may be customary, or perceived to be customary, in the situation;

                     (b)  the value of the business advantage;

                     (c)  any official tolerance of the business advantage.

Penalty for individual

             (4)  An offence against subsection (1) committed by an individual is punishable on conviction by imprisonment for not more than 10 years, a fine not more than 10,000 penalty units, or both.

Penalty for body corporate

             (5)  An offence against subsection (1) committed by a body corporate is punishable on conviction by a fine not more than the greatest of the following:

                     (a)  100,000 penalty units;

                     (b)  if the court can determine the value of the benefit that the body corporate, and any body corporate related to the body corporate, have obtained directly or indirectly and that is reasonably attributable to the conduct constituting the offence—3 times the value of that benefit;

                     (c)  if the court cannot determine the value of that benefit—10% of the annual turnover of the body corporate during the period (the turnover period) of 12 months ending at the end of the month in which the conduct constituting the offence occurred.

             (6)  For the purposes of this section, the annual turnover of a body corporate, during the turnover period, is the sum of the values of all the supplies that the body corporate, and any body corporate related to the body corporate, have made, or are likely to make, during that period, other than the following supplies:

                     (a)  supplies made from any of those bodies corporate to any other of those bodies corporate;

                     (b)  supplies that are input taxed;

                     (c)  supplies that are not for consideration (and are not taxable supplies under section 72‑5 of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999);

                     (d)  supplies that are not made in connection with an enterprise that the body corporate carries on.

             (7)  Expressions used in subsection (6) that are also used in the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 have the same meaning in that subsection as they have in that Act.

             (8)  The question whether 2 bodies corporate are related to each other is to be determined for the purposes of this section in the same way as for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001.

70.3  Defence—conduct lawful in foreign public official’s country

             (1)  A person is not guilty of an offence against section 70.2 in the cases set out in the following table:

 

Defence of lawful conduct

Item

In a case where the person’s conduct occurred in relation to this kind of foreign public official...

and if it were assumed that the person’s conduct had occurred wholly...

this written law requires or permits the provision of the benefit ...

1

an employee or official of a foreign government body

in the place where the central administration of the body is located

a written law in force in that place

2

an individual who performs work for a foreign government body under a contract

in the place where the central administration of the body is located

a written law in force in that place

3

an individual who holds or performs the duties of an appointment, office or position under a law of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country

in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

a written law in force in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

4

an individual who holds or performs the duties of an appointment, office or position created by custom or convention of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country

in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

a written law in force in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

5

an individual who is otherwise in the service of a foreign government body (including service as a member of a military force or police force)

in the place where the central administration of the body is located

a written law in force in that place

6

a member of the executive, judiciary or magistracy of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country

in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

a written law in force in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

7

an employee of a public international organisation

in the place where the headquarters of the organisation is located

a written law in force in that place

8

an individual who performs work for a public international organisation under a contract

in the place where the headquarters of the organisation is located

a written law in force in that place

9

an individual who holds or performs the duties of a public office or position in a public international organisation

in the place where the headquarters of the organisation is located

a written law in force in that place

10

an individual who is otherwise in the service of a public international organisation

in the place where the headquarters of the organisation is located

a written law in force in that place

11

a member or officer of the legislature of a foreign country or of part of a foreign country

in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

a written law in force in the foreign country or in the part of the foreign country, as the case may be

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (1). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (2)  A person is not guilty of an offence against section 70.2 if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct occurred in relation to a foreign public official covered by paragraph (l) of the definition of foreign public official in section 70.1 (which deals with intermediaries of foreign public officials covered by other paragraphs of that definition); and

                     (b)  assuming that the first‑mentioned person’s conduct had occurred instead in relation to:

                              (i)  the other foreign public official of whom the first‑mentioned foreign public official was an authorised intermediary; or

                             (ii)  the other foreign public official in relation to whom the first‑mentioned foreign public official held himself or herself out to be an authorised intermediary;

                            subsection (1) would have applied in relation to the first‑mentioned person.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (2). See subsection 13.3(3).

             (3)  To avoid doubt, if:

                     (a)  a person’s conduct occurred in relation to a foreign public official covered by 2 or more paragraphs of the definition of foreign public official in section 70.1; and

                     (b)  at least one of the corresponding items in subsection (1) is applicable to the conduct of the first‑mentioned person;

subsection (1) applies to the conduct of the first‑mentioned person.

70.4  Defence—facilitation payments

             (1)  A person is not guilty of an offence against section 70.2 if:

                     (a)  the value of the benefit was of a minor nature; and

                     (b)  the person’s conduct was engaged in for the sole or dominant purpose of expediting or securing the performance of a routine government action of a minor nature; and

                     (c)  as soon as practicable after the conduct occurred, the person made a record of the conduct that complies with subsection (3); and

                     (d)  any of the following subparagraphs applies:

                              (i)  the person has retained that record at all relevant times;

                             (ii)  that record has been lost or destroyed because of the actions of another person over whom the first‑mentioned person had no control, or because of a non‑human act or event over which the first‑mentioned person had no control, and the first‑mentioned person could not reasonably be expected to have guarded against the bringing about of that loss or that destruction;

                            (iii)  a prosecution for the offence is instituted more than 7 years after the conduct occurred.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (1). See subsection 13.3(3).

Routine government action

             (2)  For the purposes of this section, a routine government action is an action of a foreign public official that:

                     (a)  is ordinarily and commonly performed by the official; and

                     (b)  is covered by any of the following subparagraphs:

                              (i)  granting a permit, licence or other official document that qualifies a person to do business in a foreign country or in a part of a foreign country;

                             (ii)  processing government papers such as a visa or work permit;

                            (iii)  providing police protection or mail collection or delivery;

                            (iv)  scheduling inspections associated with contract performance or related to the transit of goods;

                             (v)  providing telecommunications services, power or water;

                            (vi)  loading and unloading cargo;

                           (vii)  protecting perishable products, or commodities, from deterioration;

                          (viii)  any other action of a similar nature; and

                     (c)  does not involve a decision about:

                              (i)  whether to award new business; or

                             (ii)  whether to continue existing business with a particular person; or

                            (iii)  the terms of new business or existing business; and

                     (d)  does not involve encouraging a decision about:

                              (i)  whether to award new business; or

                             (ii)  whether to continue existing business with a particular person; or

                            (iii)  the terms of new business or existing business.

Content of records

             (3)  A record of particular conduct engaged in by a person complies with this subsection if the record sets out:

                     (a)  the value of the benefit concerned; and

                     (b)  the date on which the conduct occurred; and

                     (c)  the identity of the foreign public official in relation to whom the conduct occurred; and

                     (d)  if that foreign public official is not the other person mentioned in paragraph 70.2(1)(a)—the identity of that other person; and

                     (e)  particulars of the routine government action that was sought to be expedited or secured by the conduct; and

                      (f)  the person’s signature or some other means of verifying the person’s identity.

70.5  Territorial and nationality requirements

             (1)  A person does not commit an offence against section 70.2 unless:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and:

                              (i)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is an Australian citizen; or

                             (ii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a resident of Australia; or

                            (iii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

Note:          The expression offence against section 70.2 is given an extended meaning by subsections 11.2(1), 11.2A(1) and 11.6(2).

             (2)  Proceedings for an offence against section 70.2 must not be commenced without the Attorney‑General’s written consent if:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia; and

                     (b)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person alleged to have committed the offence is:

                              (i)  a resident of Australia; and

                             (ii)  not an Australian citizen.

             (3)  However, a person may be arrested for, charged with, or remanded in custody or released on bail in connection with an offence against section 70.2 before the necessary consent has been given.

70.6  Saving of other laws

                   This Division is not intended to exclude or limit the operation of any other law of the Commonwealth or any law of a State or Territory.


 

Division 71Offences against United Nations and associated personnel

71.1  Purpose

                   The purpose of this Division is to protect United Nations and associated personnel and give effect to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.

71.2  Murder of a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes the death of another person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, the death of the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for life.

Note:          Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.3  Manslaughter of a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes the death of another person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, serious harm to the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.

Note:          Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.4  Intentionally causing serious harm to a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes serious harm to another person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person intends to cause serious harm to the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 20 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence):  Imprisonment for 25 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.5  Recklessly causing serious harm to a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes serious harm to another person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person is reckless as to causing serious harm to the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 15 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence): Imprisonment for 19 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.6  Intentionally causing harm to a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes harm to another person without the consent of that person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person intends to cause harm to the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 10 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence):  Imprisonment for 13 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.7  Recklessly causing harm to a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes harm to another person without the consent of that person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person is reckless as to causing harm to the UN or associated person or any other person by the conduct.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 7 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence): Imprisonment for 9 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.8  Unlawful sexual penetration

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person sexually penetrates another person without the consent of that person; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person knows about, or is reckless as to, the lack of consent.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 15 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence):  Imprisonment for 20 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

             (3)  In this section:

sexually penetrate means:

                     (a)  penetrate (to any extent) the genitalia or anus of a person by any part of the body of another person or by any object manipulated by that other person; or

                     (b)  penetrate (to any extent) the mouth of a person by the penis of another person; or

                     (c)  continue to sexually penetrate as defined in paragraph (a) or (b).

             (4)  In this section, being reckless as to a lack of consent to sexual penetration includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person is consenting to sexual penetration.

             (5)  In this section, the genitalia or others parts of the body of a person include surgically constructed genitalia or other parts of the body of the person.

71.9  Kidnapping a UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person takes or detains another person without his or her consent; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                     (d)  the first‑mentioned person takes or detains the UN or associated person with the intention of:

                              (i)  holding him or her to ransom or as a hostage; or

                             (ii)  taking or sending him or her out of the country; or

                            (iii)  committing a serious offence against him or her or another person.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 15 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence): Imprisonment for 19 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

             (3)  In this section, serious offence means an offence under a law of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory or a foreign law the maximum penalty for which is death, or imprisonment for not less than 12 months.

71.10  Unlawful detention of UN or associated person

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person takes or detains another person without that other person’s consent; and

                     (b)  that other person is a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action.

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 5 years.

Maximum penalty (aggravated offence):  Imprisonment for 6 years.

Note 1:       Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

Note 2:       Section 71.13 defines aggravated offence.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b) and (c).

71.11  Intentionally causing damage to UN or associated person’s property etc.

             (1)  A person is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the person’s conduct causes damage to official premises, private accommodation or a means of transportation (the property); and

                     (b)  the property is occupied or used by a UN or associated person; and

                     (c)  the conduct gives rise to a danger of serious harm to a person; and

                     (d)  that person is the UN or associated person referred to in paragraph (b); and

                     (e)  the UN or associated person is engaged in a UN operation that is not a UN enforcement action; and

                      (f)  the first‑mentioned person intends to cause the damage to the property; and

                     (g)  the first‑mentioned person is reckless as to the danger to the person referred to in paragraph (c).

Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 10 years.

Note:          Section 71.23 defines UN enforcement action, UN operation and UN or associated person.

             (2)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(b), (d) and (e).

71.12  Threatening to commit other offences

                   A person is guilty of an offence if the person:

                     (a)  threatens to commit an offence (the threatened offence) under any of sections 71.2 to 71.11; and

                     (b)  intends to compel any other person to do or omit to do an act by making the threat.

Maximum penalty:

                     (a)  if the threatened offence is the offence under section 71.2 (murder of a UN or associated person)—imprisonment for 10 years; or

                     (b)  if the threatened offence is the offence under section 71.3, 71.4, 71.5, 71.8 or 71.9 (manslaughter of, causing serious harm to, kidnapping, or sexually penetrating, a UN or associated person)—imprisonment for 7 years; or

                     (c)  if the threatened offence is the offence under section 71.6 or 71.11 (causing harm to, or damaging the property etc. of, a UN or associated person)—imprisonment for 5 years; or

                     (d)  if the threatened offence is the offence under section 71.7 or 71.10 (recklessly causing harm to, or unlawful detention of, a UN or associated person)—imprisonment for 3 years.

Note:          Section 71.23 defines UN or associated person.

71.13  Aggravated offences

             (1)  For the purposes of this Division, an offence against section 71.4, 71.5, 71.6, 71.7, 71.8, 71.9 or 71.10 is an aggravated offence if:

                     (a)  the offence was committed during the deliberate and systematic infliction of severe pain over a period of time; or

                     (b)  the offence was committed by the use or threatened use of an offensive weapon; or

                     (c)  the offence was committed against a person in an abuse of authority.

             (2)  If the prosecution intends to prove an aggravated offence, the charge must allege the relevant aggravated offence.

             (3)  In order to prove an aggravated offence, the prosecution must prove that the defendant intended to commit, or was reckless as to committing, the matters referred to in paragraph (1)(a), (b) or (c).

             (4)  In this section:

offensive weapon includes:

                     (a)  an article made or adapted for use for causing injury to, or incapacitating, a person; or

                     (b)  an article where the person who has the article intends, or threatens to use, the article to cause injury to, or to incapacitate, another person.

71.14  Defence—activities involving serious harm

                   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence against section 71.4 or 71.5 if the conduct causing serious harm to another person is engaged in by the first‑mentioned person:

                     (a)  for the purpose of benefiting the other person or in pursuance of a socially acceptable function or activity; and

                     (b)  having regard to the purpose, function or activity, the conduct was reasonable.

Note 1:       If a person causes less than serious harm to another person, the prosecution is obliged to prove that the harm was caused without the consent of the person harmed (see for example section 71.6).

Note 2:       A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in this section, see subsection 13.3(3).

71.15  Defence—medical or hygienic procedures

                   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence against section 71.8 in respect of any sexual penetration carried out in the course of a procedure in good faith for medical or hygienic purposes.

Note:          A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in this section, see subsection 13.3(3).

71.16  Jurisdictional requirement

                   A person commits an offence under this Division only if:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian aircraft or an Australian ship; or

                     (b)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia and:

                              (i)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is an Australian citizen; or

                             (ii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; or

                            (iii)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a stateless person whose habitual residence is in Australia; or

                            (iv)  the conduct is subject to the jurisdiction of another State Party to the Convention established in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of article 10 and the person enters Australia; or

                     (c)  the alleged offence is committed against an Australian citizen; or

                     (d)  by engaging in the conduct constituting the alleged offence, the person intends to compel a legislative, executive or judicial institution of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory to do or omit to do an act.

71.17  Exclusion of this Division if State/Territory laws provide for corresponding offences

             (1)  A State or Territory court does not have jurisdiction to determine a charge of an offence under this Division if the conduct constituting the offence also constitutes an offence (the State offence) against the law of that State or Territory.

             (2)  If:

                     (a)  a prosecution is brought against a person under this Division; and

                     (b)  a court finds that there is a corresponding State offence;

then this section does not prevent the person from being prosecuted for the State offence.

71.18  Double jeopardy

                   If a person has been convicted or acquitted of an offence in respect of conduct under the law of a foreign country, the person cannot be convicted of an offence under this Division in respect of that conduct.

71.19  Saving of other laws

                   This Division is not intended to exclude or limit the operation of any other law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

71.20  Bringing proceedings under this Division

             (1)  Proceedings for an offence under this Division must not be commenced without the Attorney‑General’s written consent.

             (2)  However, a person may be arrested, charged, remanded in custody, or released on bail, in connection with an offence under this Division before the necessary consent has been given.

71.21  Ministerial certificates relating to proceedings

             (1)  The Foreign Affairs Minister may issue a certificate stating any of the following matters:

                     (a)  the Convention entered into force for Australia on a specified day;

                     (b)  the Convention remains in force for Australia or any other State Party on a specified day;

                     (c)  a matter relevant to the establishment of jurisdiction by a State Party under paragraph 1 or 2 of article 10 of the Convention;

                     (d)  a matter relevant to whether a person is or was a UN or associated person;

                     (e)  a matter relevant to whether an operation is or was a UN operation.

             (2)  The Immigration Minister may issue a certificate stating that:

                     (a)  a person is or was an Australian citizen at a particular time; or

                     (b)  a person is or was a stateless person whose habitual residence is or was in Australia.

             (3)  In any proceedings, a certificate under this section is prima facie evidence of the matters in the certificate.

71.22  Jurisdiction of State courts preserved

                   For the purposes of section 38 of the Judiciary Act 1903, a matter arising under this Act, including a question of interpretation of the Convention, is taken not to be a matter arising directly under a treaty.

71.23  Definitions

             (1)  In this Division:

associated personnel means:

                     (a)  persons assigned by a government, or an intergovernmental organisation, with the agreement of the competent organ of the United Nations; or

                     (b)  persons engaged by the Secretary‑General of the United Nations, a specialised agency or the International Atomic Energy Agency; or

                     (c)  persons deployed by a humanitarian non‑governmental organisation or agency under an agreement with the Secretary‑General of the United Nations, a specialised agency or the International Atomic Energy Agency;

to carry out activities in support of the fulfilment of the mandate of a UN operation.

Convention means the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, done at New York on 9 December 1994.

Note:          The text of the Convention is set out in Australian Treaty Series 1995 No. 1. In 2000 this was available in the Australian Treaties Library of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessible through that Department’s website.

Foreign Affairs Minister means the Minister administering the Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act 1967.

Immigration Minister means the Minister administering the Migration Act 1958.

UN enforcement action means a UN operation:

                     (a)  that is authorised by the Security Council as an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations; and

                     (b)  in which any of the UN or associated personnel are engaged as combatants against organised armed forces; and

                     (c)  to which the law of international armed conflict applies.

UN operation means an operation established by the competent organ of the United Nations in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and conducted under United Nations authority and control if:

                     (a)  the operation is for the purpose of maintaining or restoring international peace and security; or

                     (b)  the Security Council or the General Assembly has declared, for the purposes of the Convention, that there exists an exceptional risk to the safety of the personnel engaged in the operation.

UN or associated person means a person who is a member of any UN personnel or associated personnel.

UN personnel means:

                     (a)  persons engaged or deployed by the Secretary‑General of the United Nations as members of the military, police or civilian components of a UN operation; or

                     (b)  any other officials or experts on mission of the United Nations, its specialised agencies or the International Atomic Energy Agency who are present in an official capacity in the area where a UN operation is being conducted.

             (2)  In this Division, a person’s conduct causes death or harm if it substantially contributes to the death or harm.


 

Division 72Explosives and lethal devices

Subdivision A—International terrorist activities using explosive or lethal devices

72.1  Purpose

                   The purpose of this Subdivision is to create offences relating to international terrorist activities using explosive or lethal devices and give effect to the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, done at New York on 15 December 1997.

Note:          The text of the Convention is available in the Australian Treaties Library of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessible through that Department’s website.

72.2  ADF members not liable for prosecution

                   Nothing in this Subdivision makes a member of the Australian Defence Force acting in connection with the defence or security of Australia liable to be prosecuted for an offence.

72.3  Offences

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person intentionally delivers, places, discharges or detonates a device; and

                     (b)  the device is an explosive or other lethal device and the person is reckless as to that fact; and

                     (c)  the device is delivered, placed, discharged, or detonated, to, in, into or against:

                              (i)  a place of public use; or

                             (ii)  a government facility; or

                            (iii)  a public transportation system; or

                            (iv)  an infrastructure facility; and

                     (d)  the person intends to cause death or serious harm.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for life.

             (2)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person intentionally delivers, places, discharges or detonates a device; and

                     (b)  the device is an explosive or other lethal device and the person is reckless as to that fact; and

                     (c)  the device is delivered, placed, discharged, or detonated, to, in, into or against:

                              (i)  a place of public use; or

                             (ii)  a government facility; or

                            (iii)  a public transportation system; or

                            (iv)  an infrastructure facility; and

                     (d)  the person intends to cause extensive destruction to the place, facility or system; and

                     (e)  the person is reckless as to whether that intended destruction results or is likely to result in major economic loss.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for life.

             (3)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (2)(c).

72.4  Jurisdictional requirement

             (1)  A person commits an offence under this Subdivision only if one or more of the following paragraphs applies and the circumstances relating to the alleged offence are not exclusively internal (see subsection (2)):

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs:

                              (i)  wholly or partly in Australia; or

                             (ii)  wholly or partly on board an Australian ship or an Australian aircraft;

                     (b)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is an Australian citizen;

                     (c)  at the time of the alleged offence, the person is a stateless person whose habitual residence is in Australia;

                     (d)  the conduct is subject to the jurisdiction of another State Party to the Convention established in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 6 of the Convention and the person is in Australia;

                     (e)  the alleged offence is committed against a government facility of the Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory, that is located outside Australia;

                      (f)  the alleged offence is committed against:

                              (i)  an Australian citizen; or

                             (ii)  a body corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory;

                     (g)  by engaging in the conduct constituting the alleged offence, the person intends to compel a legislative, executive or judicial institution of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory to do or omit to do an act.

             (2)  The circumstances relating to the alleged offence are exclusively internal if:

                     (a)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly within Australia; and

                     (b)  the alleged offender is an Australian citizen; and

                     (c)  all of the persons against whom the offence is committed are Australian citizens or bodies corporate incorporated by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; and

                     (d)  the alleged offender is in Australia; and

                     (e)  no other State Party to the Convention has a basis under paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 6 of the Convention for exercising jurisdiction in relation to the conduct.

72.5  Saving of other laws

                   This Subdivision is not intended to exclude or limit the operation of any other law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

72.6  Double jeopardy and foreign offences

                   If a person has been convicted or acquitted of an offence in respect of conduct under the law of a foreign country, the person cannot be convicted of an offence under this Subdivision in respect of that conduct.

72.7  Bringing proceedings under this Subdivision

             (1)  Proceedings for an offence under this Subdivision must not be commenced without the Attorney‑General’s written consent.

             (2)  However, a person may be arrested, charged, remanded in custody, or released on bail, in connection with an offence under this Subdivision before the necessary consent has been given.

             (3)  In determining whether to bring proceedings for an offence under this Subdivision, the Attorney‑General must have regard to the terms of the Convention, including paragraph 2 of Article 19.

             (4)  In determining whether to bring proceedings for an offence under this Subdivision, the Attorney‑General must also have regard to:

                     (a)  whether the conduct constituting the offence also gives rise to an offence under a law of a State or Territory; and

                     (b)  whether a prosecution relating to the conduct under the State or Territory law has been or will be commenced.

72.8  Ministerial certificates relating to proceedings

             (1)  The Minister administering the Charter of the United Nations Act 1945 may issue a certificate stating any of the following matters:

                     (a)  that the Convention entered into force for Australia on a specified day;

                     (b)  that the Convention remains in force for Australia or any other State Party on a specified day;

                     (c)  a matter relevant to the establishment of jurisdiction by a State Party under paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 6 of the Convention.

             (2)  The Minister administering the Australian Citizenship Act 2007 may issue a certificate stating that:

                     (a)  a person is or was an Australian citizen at a particular time; or

                     (b)  a person is or was a stateless person whose habitual residence is or was in Australia at a particular time.

             (3)  In any proceedings, a certificate under this section is prima facie evidence of the matters in the certificate.

72.9  Jurisdiction of State courts preserved

                   For the purposes of section 38 of the Judiciary Act 1903, a matter arising under this Subdivision, including a question of interpretation of the Convention, is taken not to be a matter arising directly under a treaty.

72.10  Definitions

                   In this Subdivision:

Convention means the Convention referred to in section 72.1.

explosive or other lethal device has the same meaning as in the Convention.

government facility has the same meaning as State or government facility has in the Convention.

infrastructure facility has the same meaning as in the Convention.

place of public use has the same meaning as in the Convention.

public transportation system has the same meaning as in the Convention.

Subdivision B—Plastic explosives

72.11  Purpose

                   The purpose of this Subdivision is to create offences relating to plastic explosives and give effect to the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives.

Note:          The Convention requires the introduction of detection agents into plastic explosives so as to render the explosives detectable by vapour detection means. This is known as the marking of the explosives.

72.12  Trafficking in unmarked plastic explosives etc.

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person traffics in a substance; and

                     (b)  the substance is a plastic explosive; and

                     (c)  the plastic explosive breaches a marking requirement; and

                     (d)  the trafficking is not authorised under section 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.21, 72.22 or 72.23.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years.

             (2)  The fault element for paragraph (1)(b) is recklessness.

             (3)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (d).

Note 1:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

Note 2:       For defences, see section 72.16.

72.13  Importing or exporting unmarked plastic explosives etc.

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person imports or exports a substance; and

                     (b)  the substance is a plastic explosive; and

                     (c)  the plastic explosive breaches a marking requirement; and

                     (d)  the import or export is not authorised under section 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.22 or 72.23.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years.

             (2)  The fault element for paragraph (1)(b) is recklessness.

             (3)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (d).

Note 1:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

Note 2:       For defences, see section 72.16.

72.14  Manufacturing unmarked plastic explosives etc.

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person:

                              (i)  engages in the manufacture of a substance; or

                             (ii)  exercises control or direction over the manufacture of a substance; and

                     (b)  the substance is a plastic explosive; and

                     (c)  the plastic explosive breaches the first marking requirement; and

                     (d)  the manufacture is not authorised under section 72.18 or 72.21.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years.

             (2)  The fault element for paragraph (1)(b) is recklessness.

             (3)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (d).

Note 1:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

Note 2:       For defences, see section 72.16.

72.15  Possessing unmarked plastic explosives etc.

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person possesses a substance; and

                     (b)  the substance is a plastic explosive; and

                     (c)  the plastic explosive breaches a marking requirement; and

                     (d)  the possession is not authorised under section 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.21, 72.22 or 72.23.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 2 years.

             (2)  The fault element for paragraph (1)(b) is recklessness.

             (3)  Strict liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (d).

Note 1:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

Note 2:       For defences, see section 72.16.

72.16  Defences

             (1)  If:

                     (a)  a person is charged with an offence against section 72.12, 72.13, 72.14 or 72.15; and

                     (b)  the prosecution alleges that the plastic explosive breached a particular marking requirement;

it is a defence if the defendant proves that he or she had no reasonable grounds for suspecting that the plastic explosive breached that marking requirement.

Note 1:       A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matter in subsection (1) (see section 13.4).

Note 2:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

             (2)  If:

                     (a)  a person is charged with an offence against section 72.12, 72.13 or 72.15; and

                     (b)  the prosecution alleges that the plastic explosive breached the second marking requirement;

it is a defence if the defendant proves that, at the time of the alleged offence:

                     (c)  the plastic explosive contained a detection agent; and

                     (d)  the concentration of the detection agent in the plastic explosive was not less than the minimum manufacture concentration for the detection agent; and

                     (e)  the detection agent was homogenously distributed throughout the plastic explosive.

Note 1:       A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matter in subsection (2) (see section 13.4).

Note 2:       For the marking requirements, see section 72.33.

Note 3:       For minimum manufacture concentration, see section 72.34.

72.17  Packaging requirements for plastic explosives

             (1)  A person commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the person manufactures a substance; and

                     (b)  the substance is a plastic explosive; and

                     (c)  within 24 hours after the manufacture of the plastic explosive, the person does not cause the plastic explosive to be contained, enclosed or packaged in a wrapper with:

                              (i)  the expression “PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE” (in upper‑case lettering); and

                             (ii)  the date of manufacture of the plastic explosive; and

                            (iii)  if the plastic explosive is of a prescribed type—that type; and

                            (iv)  if the plastic explosive contains a detection agent for the purpose of meeting the first marking requirement—the name of the detection agent; and

                             (v)  if the plastic explosive contains a detection agent for the purpose of meeting the first marking requirement—the concentration of the detection agent in the plastic explosive at the time of manufacture, expressed as a percentage by mass;

                            legibly displayed on the outer surface of the wrapper.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 2 years.

             (2)  The fault element for paragraphs (1)(b) and (c) is recklessness.

72.18  Authorisation for research etc.

Authorisation

             (1)  A responsible Minister may, by writing, authorise:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export, manufacture or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive.

             (2)  A responsible Minister must not give an authorisation under subsection (1) in relation to an unmarked plastic explosive unless the responsible Minister is satisfied that:

                     (a)  the plastic explosive is for use exclusively for one or more of the following:

                              (i)  research, development or testing of new or modified explosives;

                             (ii)  development or testing of explosives detection equipment;

                            (iii)  training in explosives detection;

                            (iv)  forensic science; or

                     (b)  both:

                              (i)  the plastic explosive is an integral part of an explosive device that was manufactured exclusively for defence purposes; and

                             (ii)  the explosive device is for use exclusively for defence purposes; or

                     (c)  the plastic explosive will, within 3 years after the commencement of this section, become an integral part of an explosive device manufactured exclusively for defence purposes.

             (3)  An authorisation under subsection (1) must specify the grounds on which it was given.

Conditions and restrictions

             (4)  An authorisation under subsection (1) is subject to such conditions and restrictions as are specified in the authorisation.

             (5)  A responsible Minister must not give an authorisation under subsection (1) in relation to an unmarked plastic explosive on grounds covered by paragraph (2)(a) unless the authorisation is subject to a condition imposing a limit as to the quantity of the plastic explosive.

Criteria

             (6)  In exercising a power conferred by this section in relation to:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export, manufacture or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive, a responsible Minister must have regard to:

                     (c)  the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives; and

                     (d)  whether the trafficking, import, export, manufacture or possession is reasonable; and

                     (e)  such other matters (if any) as the responsible Minister considers relevant.

72.19  Authorisation for defence and police purposes—15 year limit

Authorisation

             (1)  A responsible Minister may, by writing, authorise:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive that was:

                     (c)  manufactured before the commencement of this section; or

                     (d)  manufactured after the commencement of this section in accordance with an authorisation given under subsection 72.21(2).

             (2)  A responsible Minister must not give an authorisation under subsection (1) in relation to an unmarked plastic explosive unless the responsible Minister is satisfied that the plastic explosive is exclusively for use in connection with:

                     (a)  the operation of the Australian Defence Force; or

                     (b)  the operation in Australia of a visiting force (within the meaning of the Defence (Visiting Forces) Act 1963); or

                     (c)  the operation of:

                              (i)  the Australian Federal Police; or

                             (ii)  the police force or police service of a State or Territory.

Conditions and restrictions

             (3)  An authorisation under subsection (1) is subject to such conditions and restrictions as are specified in the authorisation.

Criteria

             (4)  In exercising a power conferred by this section in relation to:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive, a responsible Minister must have regard to:

                     (c)  the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives; and

                     (d)  whether the trafficking, import, export or possession is reasonable; and

                     (e)  such other matters (if any) as the responsible Minister considers relevant.

Sunset

             (5)  This section ceases to have effect at the end of 15 years after its commencement.

72.20  Authorisation for existing stocks—3 year limit

Authorisation

             (1)  A responsible Minister may, by writing, authorise:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive that was manufactured before the commencement of this section.

Conditions and restrictions

             (2)  An authorisation under subsection (1) is subject to such conditions and restrictions as are specified in the authorisation.

             (3)  A responsible Minister must not give an authorisation under subsection (1) in relation to an unmarked plastic explosive unless the authorisation is subject to a condition that, within 3 years after the commencement of this section:

                     (a)  the plastic explosive will not exist; or

                     (b)  the plastic explosive will be made permanently ineffective.

Criteria

             (4)  In exercising a power conferred by this section in relation to:

                     (a)  the trafficking in; or

                     (b)  the import, export or possession of;

an unmarked plastic explosive, a responsible Minister must have regard to:

                     (c)  the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives; and

                     (d)  whether the trafficking, import, export or possession is reasonable; and

                     (e)  such other matters (if any) as the responsible Minister considers relevant.

72.21  Authorisation of manufacturers—6 month transitional period

Object

             (1)  The object of this section is to allow manufacturers a 6 month transitional period for compliance with sections 72.12, 72.14 and 72.15.

Authorisation

             (2)  A responsible Minister may, by writing, authorise:

                     (a)  the manufacture of an unmarked plastic explosive after the commencement of this section; or

                     (b)  the trafficking in an unmarked plastic explosive manufactured after the commencement of this section; or

                     (c)  the possession of an unmarked plastic explosive manufactured after the commencement of this section.

             (3)  A responsible Minister must not give an authorisation under subsection (2) in relation to an unmarked plastic explosive unless the responsible Minister is satisfied that the plastic explosive is exclusively for use in connection with:

                     (a)  the operation of the Australian Defence Force; or

                     (b)  the operation in Australia of a visiting force (within the meaning of the Defence (Visiting Forces) Act 1963); or

                     (c)  the operation of:

                              (i)  the Australian Federal Police; or

                             (ii)  the police force or police service of a State or Territory.

Conditions and restrictions

             (4)  An authorisation under subsection (2) is subject to such conditions and restrictions as are specified in the authorisation.

Sunset

             (5)  This section ceases to have effect at the end of 6 months after its commencement.

72.22  Authorisation for overseas defence purposes—7 day limit

             (1)  A member of the Australian Defence Force is authorised to possess, import or traffic in an unmarked plastic explosive if:

                     (a)  the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of the operation outside Australia of the Australian Defence Force; and

                     (b)  the member believes on reasonable grounds that there is insufficient time to obtain an authorisation under this Subdivision because of:

                              (i)  an emergency; or

                             (ii)  any other sudden or unexpected circumstances.

             (2)  An authorisation under subsection (1) ceases to have effect at the end of the seventh day after the day on which the plastic explosive was obtained.

72.23  Authorisation for overseas Australian Federal Police purposes—7 day limit

             (1)  A member of the Australian Federal Police is authorised to possess, import or traffic in an unmarked plastic explosive if:

                     (a)  the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of the operation outside Australia of the Australian Federal Police; and

                     (b)  the member believes on reasonable grounds that there is insufficient time to obtain an authorisation under this Subdivision because of:

                              (i)  an emergency; or

                             (ii)  any other sudden or unexpected circumstances.

             (2)  An authorisation under subsection (1) ceases to have effect at the end of the seventh day after the day on which the plastic explosive was obtained.

72.24  Forfeited plastic explosives

             (1)  If a court:

                     (a)  convicts a person of an offence against this Subdivision in relation to a plastic explosive; or

                     (b)  makes an order under section 19B of the Crimes Act 1914 in respect of a person charged with an offence against this Subdivision in relation to a plastic explosive;

the court may order the forfeiture to the Commonwealth of the plastic explosive.

             (2)  A plastic explosive forfeited to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) becomes the property of the Commonwealth.

             (3)  A plastic explosive forfeited to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) is to be dealt with in such manner as a responsible Minister directs.

             (4)  Without limiting subsection (3), a responsible Minister may direct that a plastic explosive forfeited to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) be:

                     (a)  destroyed; or

                     (b)  used exclusively for one or more of the purposes covered by paragraph 72.18(2)(a).

Note 1:       See also section 10.5 (lawful authority).

Note 2:       See also section 229 of the Customs Act 1901 (forfeiture of goods that have been unlawfully imported or exported).

72.25  Surrendered plastic explosives

             (1)  A person may surrender a plastic explosive to the Commonwealth at a place, and in a manner, prescribed for the purposes of this subsection.

             (2)  A plastic explosive surrendered to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) becomes the property of the Commonwealth.

             (3)  A plastic explosive surrendered to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) is to be dealt with in such manner as a responsible Minister directs.

             (4)  Without limiting subsection (3), a responsible Minister may direct that a plastic explosive surrendered to the Commonwealth under subsection (1) be:

                     (a)  destroyed; or

                     (b)  used exclusively for one or more of the purposes covered by paragraph 72.18(2)(a).

Note:          See also section 10.5 (lawful authority).

72.26  Destruction of plastic explosives obtained overseas for defence purposes

                   A member of the Australian Defence Force may destroy an unmarked plastic explosive if the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of the operation outside Australia of the Australian Defence Force.

72.27  Destruction of plastic explosives obtained overseas for Australian Federal Police purposes

                   A member of the Australian Federal Police may destroy an unmarked plastic explosive if the plastic explosive was obtained in the course of the operation outside Australia of the Australian Federal Police.

72.28  Delegation by Minister

             (1)  The Minister may, by writing, delegate to:

                     (a)  the Secretary of the Department; or

                     (b)  an SES employee, or an acting SES employee, in the Department, where the employee occupies or acts in a position with a classification of Senior Executive Band 3;

all or any of the Minister’s powers under sections 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.21, 72.24 and 72.25.

             (2)  A delegate is, in the exercise of a power delegated under subsection (1), subject to the written directions of the Minister.

72.29  Delegation by Minister for Defence

             (1)  The Minister for Defence may, by writing, delegate to:

                     (a)  an SES employee, or an acting SES employee, in the Department of Defence, where the employee occupies or acts in a position with a classification of Senior Executive Band 3; or

                     (b)  an officer of the Australian Navy who holds the rank of Vice‑Admiral or a higher rank; or

                     (c)  an officer of the Australian Army who holds the rank of Lieutenant‑General or a higher rank; or

                     (d)  an officer of the Australian Air Force who holds the rank of Air Marshal or a higher rank; or

                     (e)  an officer of the Australian Defence Force who is on deployment as the Commander of an Australian Task Force, contingent or force element that is operating outside Australia;

all or any of the powers of the Minister for Defence under sections 72.18, 72.19, 72.20, 72.21, 72.24 and 72.25.

             (2)  A delegate must not exercise a power delegated under subsection (1) unless the exercise of the power relates to:

                     (a)  the operation of the Australian Defence Force; or

                     (b)  the operation in Australia of a visiting force (within the meaning of the Defence (Visiting Forces) Act 1963); or

                     (c)  the operation outside Australia of a person who, under a contract, performs services for the Australian Defence Force.

             (3)  A delegate is, in the exercise of a power delegated under subsection (1), subject to the written directions of the Minister for Defence.

72.30  Review by Administrative Appeals Tribunal of authorisation decisions

             (1)  An application may be made to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for review of a decision refusing to give an authorisation under subsection 72.18(1), 72.19(1), 72.20(1) or 72.21(2).

             (2)  An application may be made to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for review of a decision to specify a condition or restriction in an authorisation under subsection 72.18(1), 72.19(1), 72.20(1) or 72.21(2), but such an application may only be made by a person to whom the authorisation applies.

72.31  Geographical jurisdiction

                   Section 15.2 (extended geographical jurisdiction—category B) applies to each offence against this Subdivision.

72.32  Saving of other laws

                   This Subdivision is not intended to exclude or limit the operation of any other law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

72.33  Marking requirements

             (1)  This section sets out the 2 marking requirements for a plastic explosive.

Concentration of detection agent at time of manufacture

             (2)  The first marking requirement is that, at the time of the manufacture of the plastic explosive, all of the following conditions were satisfied:

                     (a)  the plastic explosive contained a detection agent;

                     (b)  the concentration of the detection agent in the plastic explosive was not less than the minimum manufacture concentration for the detection agent;

                     (c)  the detection agent was homogenously distributed throughout the plastic explosive.

Note:          For minimum manufacture concentration, see section 72.34.

Freshness

             (3)  The second marking requirement is that less than 10 years have elapsed since the manufacture of the plastic explosive.

Interpretation

             (4)  In determining whether a plastic explosive manufactured before the commencement of this section breached the first marking requirement, assume that this section and sections 72.34 and 72.36 had been in force at the time of manufacture.

72.34  Detection agents and minimum manufacture concentrations

                   For the purposes of this Subdivision, the following table defines:

                     (a)  detection agent; and

                     (b)  the minimum manufacture concentration for each detection agent.

 

Detection agents and minimum manufacture concentrations

Item

Detection agent

Minimum manufacture concentration

1

Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)

(molecular formula: C2H4(NO3)2)

(molecular weight: 152)

0.2% by mass

2

2,3‑Dimethyl‑2,3‑dinitrobutane (DMNB)

(molecular formula: C6H12(NO2)2)

(molecular weight: 176)

1% by mass

3

para‑Mononitrotoluene (p‑MNT)

(molecular formula: C7H7NO2)

(molecular weight: 137)

0.5% by mass

4

a substance prescribed for the purposes of this table item

the concentration prescribed for the purposes of this table item in relation to the substance

72.35  Presumption as to concentration of detection agent

             (1)  This section applies in relation to a prosecution for an offence against this Subdivision.

             (2)  If no detection agent can be detected in a sample of a plastic explosive when tested using:

                     (a)  a method generally accepted in the scientific community as a reliable means of measuring the concentration of detection agents in plastic explosives; or

                     (b)  a method prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph;

it is presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the plastic explosive breaches the first marking requirement.

Note:          A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to proving the contrary (see section 13.4).

72.36  Definitions

                   In this Subdivision:

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives means:

                     (a)  the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, done at Montreal on 1 March 1991; or

                     (b)  if:

                              (i)  the Convention is amended; and

                             (ii)  the amendment binds Australia;

                            the Convention as so amended.

Note:          In 2006, the text of the Convention was accessible through the Australian Treaties Library on the AustLII website (www.austlii.edu.au).

Department of Defence means the Department that deals with matters relating to defence.

detection agent has the meaning given by section 72.34.

explosive device includes the following:

                     (a)  a bomb;

                     (b)  a grenade;

                     (c)  a mine;

                     (d)  a missile;

                     (e)  a perforator;

                      (f)  a projectile;

                     (g)  a rocket;

                     (h)  a shaped charge;

                      (i)  a shell.

export includes take from Australia.

first marking requirement has the meaning given by subsection 72.33(2).

high explosive means an explosive with a velocity of detonation that is greater than the velocity of sound in the explosive (typically greater than 340 metres per second), and includes the following:

                     (a)  cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX);

                     (b)  pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN);

                     (c)  cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX).

import includes bring into Australia.

manufacture a substance means any process by which a substance is produced, and includes the following:

                     (a)  the process of transforming a substance into a different substance;

                     (b)  the reprocessing of a substance.

marking requirement has the meaning given by section 72.33.

minimum manufacture concentration has the meaning given by section 72.34.

Minister for Defence means the Minister administering the Defence Act 1903.

plastic explosive means an explosive product (including an explosive product in flexible or elastic sheet form) that is:

                     (a)  formulated with:

                              (i)  one or more high explosives which in their pure form have a vapour pressure less than 10¯4 Pa at a temperature of 25°C; and

                             (ii)  a binder material; and

                     (b)  as a mixture, malleable or flexible at normal room temperature.

possess a substance includes the following:

                     (a)  receive or obtain possession of the substance;

                     (b)  have control over the disposition of the substance (whether or not the substance is in the custody of the person);

                     (c)  have joint possession of the substance.

responsible Minister means:

                     (a)  the Minister; or

                     (b)  the Minister for Defence.

second marking requirement has the meaning given by subsection 72.33(3).

traffic in a substance means:

                     (a)  transfer the substance; or

                     (b)  offer the substance for sale; or

                     (c)  invite the making of offers to buy the substance; or

                     (d)  prepare the substance for transfer with the intention of transferring any of it or believing that another person intends to transfer any of it; or

                     (e)  transport or deliver the substance with the intention of transferring any of it or believing that another person intends to transfer any of it; or

                      (f)  guard or conceal the substance with the intention of transferring any of it or the intention of assisting another person to transfer any of it; or

                     (g)  possess the substance with the intention of transferring any of it.

For the purposes of paragraph (d), preparing a substance for transfer includes packaging the substance or separating the substance into discrete units.

transfer means transfer ownership or possession.

unmarked plastic explosive means a plastic explosive that breaches a marking requirement.

wrapper, in relation to a plastic explosive, means a wrapper the inner surface of which is in contact with the plastic explosive.


 

Division 73People smuggling and related offences

Subdivision A—People smuggling offences

73.1  Offence of people smuggling

             (1)  A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person organises or facilitates the entry of another person (the other person) into a foreign country (whether or not via Australia); and

                     (b)  the entry of the other person into the foreign country does not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into the country; and

                     (c)  the other person is not a citizen or permanent resident of the foreign country.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

             (2)  Absolute liability applies to the paragraph (1)(c) element of the offence.

             (3)  For the purposes of this Code, an offence against subsection (1) is to be known as the offence of people smuggling.

73.2  Aggravated offence of people smuggling (exploitation, or danger of death or serious harm etc.)

             (1)  A person (the first person) commits an offence against this section if the first person commits the offence of people smuggling (the underlying offence) in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:

                     (a)  the first person commits the underlying offence intending that the victim will be exploited after entry into the foreign country (whether by the first person or another);

                     (b)  in committing the underlying offence, the first person subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;

                     (c)  in committing the underlying offence:

                              (i)  the first person’s conduct gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim; and

                             (ii)  the first person is reckless as to the danger of death or serious harm to the victim that arises from the conduct.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 20 years or 2,000 penalty units, or both.

             (2)  There is no fault element for the physical element of conduct described in subsection (1), that the first person commits the underlying offence, other than the fault elements (however described), if any, for the underlying offence.

          (2A)  To avoid doubt, the first person may be convicted of an offence against this section even if the first person has not been convicted of the underlying offence.

             (3)  In this section:

forced labour means the condition of a person who provides labour or services (other than sexual services) and who, because of the use of force or threats:

                     (a)  is not free to cease providing labour or services; or

                     (b)  is not free to leave the place or area where the person provides labour or services.

sexual servitude has the same meaning as in Division 270.

slavery has the same meaning as in Division 270.

threat means:

                     (a)  a threat of force; or

                     (b)  a threat to cause a person’s deportation; or

                     (c)  a threat of any other detrimental action unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of labour or services by a person.

73.3  Aggravated offence of people smuggling (at least 5 people)

             (1)  A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person organises or facilitates the entry of a group of at least 5 persons (the other persons) into a foreign country (whether or not via Australia); and

                     (b)  the entry of at least 5 of the other persons into the foreign country does not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into that country; and

                     (c)  at least 5 of the other persons whose entry into the foreign country is covered by paragraph (b) are not citizens or permanent residents of the foreign country.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 20 years or 2,000 penalty units, or both.

             (2)  Absolute liability applies to the paragraph (1)(c) element of the offence.

             (3)  If, on a trial for an offence against subsection (1), the trier of fact is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of that offence, but is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of an offence against subsection 73.1(1), the trier of fact may find the defendant not guilty of an offence against subsection (1) but guilty of an offence against subsection 73.1(1), so long as the defendant has been accorded procedural fairness in relation to that finding of guilt.

73.3A  Supporting the offence of people smuggling

             (1)  A person (the first person) commits an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person provides material support or resources to another person or an organisation (the receiver); and

                     (b)  the support or resources aids the receiver, or a person or organisation other than the receiver, to engage in conduct constituting the offence of people smuggling.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

             (2)  Subsection (1) does not apply if the conduct constituting the offence of people smuggling relates, or would relate, to:

                     (a)  the first person; or

                     (b)  a group of persons that includes the first person.

             (3)  To avoid doubt, the first person commits an offence against subsection (1) even if the offence of people smuggling is not committed.

73.4  Jurisdictional requirement

                   A person commits an offence against this Subdivision only if:

                     (a)  both:

                              (i)  the person is an Australian citizen or a resident of Australia; and

                             (ii)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly outside Australia; or

                     (b)  both:

                              (i)  the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs wholly or partly in Australia; and

                             (ii)  a result of the conduct occurs, or is intended by the person to occur, outside Australia.

73.5  Attorney‑General’s consent required

             (1)  Proceedings for an offence against this Subdivision must not be commenced without the Attorney‑General’s written consent.

             (2)  However, a person may be arrested, charged, remanded in custody or released on bail in connection with an offence against this Subdivision before the necessary consent has been given.

Subdivision B—Document offences related to people smuggling and unlawful entry into foreign countries

73.6  Meaning of travel or identity document

             (1)  For the purposes of this Subdivision, a document is a travel or identity document if it is:

                     (a)  a travel document; or

                     (b)  an identity document.

73.7  Meaning of false travel or identity document

             (1)  For the purposes of this Subdivision, a travel or identity document is a false travel or identity document if, and only if:

                     (a)  the document, or any part of the document:

                              (i)  purports to have been made in the form in which it is made by a person who did not make it in that form; or

                                      (ii)  purports to have been made in the form in which it is made on the authority of a person who did not authorise its making in that form; or

                     (b)  the document, or any part of the document:

                              (i)  purports to have been made in the terms in which it is made by a person who did not make it in those terms; or

                             (ii)  purports to have been made in the terms in which it is made on the authority of a person who did not authorise its making in those terms; or

                     (c)  the document, or any part of the document:

                                       (i)   purports to have been altered in any respect by a person who did not alter it in that respect; or

                             (ii)  purports to have been altered in any respect on the authority of a person who did not authorise its alteration in that respect; or

                     (d)  the document, or any part of the document:

                                       (i)  purports to have been made or altered by a person who did not exist; or

                             (ii)  purports to have been made or altered on the authority of a person who did not exist; or

                     (e)  the document, or any part of the document, purports to have been made or altered on a date on which, at a time at which, at a place at which, or otherwise in circumstances in which, it was not made or altered.

             (2)  For the purposes of this Subdivision, a person is taken to make a false travel or identity document if the person alters a document so as to make it a false travel or identity document (whether or not it was already a false travel or identity document before the alteration).

             (3)  This section has effect as if a document that purports to be a true copy of another document were the original document.

73.8  Making, providing or possessing a false travel or identity document

                   A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person makes, provides or possesses a false travel or identity document; and

                     (b)  the first person intends that the document will be used to facilitate the entry of another person (the other person) into a foreign country, where the entry of the other person into the foreign country would not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into the country; and

                     (c)  the first person made, provided or possessed the document:

                              (i)  having obtained (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit to do so; or

                             (ii)  with the intention of obtaining (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

73.9  Providing or possessing a travel or identity document issued or altered dishonestly or as a result of threats

             (1)  A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person provides or possesses a travel or identity document; and

                     (b)  the first person knows that:

                              (i)  the issue of the travel or identity document; or

                             (ii)  an alteration of the travel or identity document;

                            has been obtained dishonestly or by threats; and

                     (c)  the first person intends that the document will be used to facilitate the entry of another person (the other person) into a foreign country, where the entry of the other person into the foreign country would not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into the country; and

                     (d)  the first person provided or possessed the document:

                              (i)  having obtained (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit to do so; or

                             (ii)  with the intention of obtaining (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

             (2)  For the purposes of subsection (1), a threat may be:

                     (a)  express or implied; or

                     (b)  conditional or unconditional.

             (3)  For the purposes of subsection (1), dishonest means:

                     (a)  dishonest according to the standards of ordinary people; and

                     (b)  known by the defendant to be dishonest according to the standards of ordinary people.

             (4)  In a prosecution for an offence against this section, the determination of dishonesty is a matter for the trier of fact.

73.10  Providing or possessing a travel or identity document to be used by a person who is not the rightful user

                   A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person provides or possesses a travel or identity document; and

                     (b)  the first person intends that the document will be used to facilitate the entry of another person (the other person) into a foreign country, where the entry of the other person into the foreign country would not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into the country; and

                     (c)  the first person knows that the other person is not the person to whom the document applies; and

                     (d)  the first person provided or possessed the document:

                              (i)  having obtained (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit to do so; or

                             (ii)  with the intention of obtaining (whether directly or indirectly) a benefit.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

73.11  Taking possession of or destroying another person’s travel or identity document

                   A person (the first person) is guilty of an offence if:

                     (a)  the first person takes possession of, or destroys, a travel or identity document that applies to another person (the other person); and

                     (b)  the first person does so intending to conceal the other person’s identity or nationality; and

                     (c)  at the time of doing so, the first person intends to organise or facilitate the entry of the other person into a foreign country:

                              (i)  having obtained, or with the intention of obtaining, whether directly or indirectly, a benefit to organise or facilitate that entry; and

                             (ii)  where the entry of the other person into the foreign country would not comply with the requirements under that country’s law for entry into the country.

Penalty:  Imprisonment for 10 years or 1,000 penalty units, or both.

73.12  Jurisdictional requirement

                   Section 15.2 (extended geog