Copyright Act 1968

An Act relating to copyright and the protection of certain performances, and for other purposes

Part I—Preliminary

1 Short title

This Act may be cited as the Copyright Act 1968.

2 Commencement

This Act shall come into operation on a date to be fixed by Proclamation.

4 Extension to external Territories

This Act extends to every external Territory.

5 Exclusion of Imperial Copyright Act, 1911

(1) This Act operates to the exclusion of the Copyright Act, 1911.

(2) For the purposes of section 8 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901‑1966, the Copyright Act, 1911 shall be deemed to be an Act passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth and to be repealed by this Act, and the enactment of Part XI shall not be taken to affect the operation of section 8 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901‑1966 as it operates by virtue of this subsection in relation to matters to which that Part does not apply.

6 Repeal of Copyright Acts

The following Acts are repealed:

7 Act to bind the Crown

Subject to Part VII, this Act binds the Crown but nothing in this Act renders the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an offence.

8 Copyright not to subsist except by virtue of this Act

Subject to section 8A, copyright does not subsist otherwise than by virtue of this Act.

8A Prerogative rights of the Crown in the nature of copyright

(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act does not affect any prerogative right or privilege of the Crown.

(2) Where a right or privilege of the Crown by way of copyright subsists in a work or published edition of a work, a person does not infringe that right or privilege by doing, or authorizing the doing of, an act in relation to the work or edition without the licence of the Crown if, assuming that that right or privilege of the Crown did not subsist in the work or edition, but copyright subsisted under this Act in the work or edition and was owned by a person other than the Crown, the person would not infringe the copyright of that owner in the work or edition by doing, or by authorizing the doing of, that act without the licence of the owner.

(3) Nothing in subsection (2) shall be taken to limit the duration of the right or privilege of the Crown by way of copyright in a work or published edition of a work.

9 Operation of other laws

(1) This Act does not affect the right of, or of a person deriving title directly or indirectly from, the Commonwealth or a State to sell, use or otherwise deal with articles that have been, or are, forfeited under a law of the Commonwealth or of the State.

(3) This Act does not affect the operation of the law relating to breaches of trust or confidence.

9A Application of the Criminal Code

Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against this Act.

Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility.

Part II—Interpretation

10 Interpretation

(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

access control technological protection measure means a device, product, technology or component (including a computer program) that:

(a) is used in Australia or a qualifying country:

(i) by, with the permission of, or on behalf of, the owner or the exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter; and

(ii) in connection with the exercise of the copyright; and

(b) in the normal course of its operation, controls access to the work or other subject‑matter;

but does not include such a device, product, technology or component to the extent that it:

(c) if the work or other subject‑matter is a cinematograph film or computer program (including a computer game)—controls geographic market segmentation by preventing the playback in Australia of a non‑infringing copy of the work or other subject‑matter acquired outside Australia; or

(d) if the work is a computer program that is embodied in a machine or device—restricts the use of goods (other than the work) or services in relation to the machine or device.

For the purposes of this definition, computer program has the same meaning as in section 47AB.

accessory, in relation to an article, means one or more of the following:

(a) a label affixed to, displayed on, incorporated into the surface of, or accompanying, the article;

(b) the packaging or container in which the article is packaged or contained;

(c) a label affixed to, displayed on, incorporated into the surface of, or accompanying, the packaging or container in which the article is packaged or contained;

(d) a written instruction, warranty or other information provided with the article;

(e) a record embodying an instructional sound recording, or a copy of an instructional cinematograph film, provided with the article;

but does not include any label, packaging or container on which the olympic symbol (within the meaning of the Olympic Insignia Protection Act 1987) is reproduced.

Note: See also section 10AD for an expanded meaning of accessory in relation to certain imported articles.

adaptation means:

(a) in relation to a literary work in a non‑dramatic form a version of the work (whether in its original language or in a different language) in a dramatic form;

(b) in relation to a literary work in a dramatic form a version of the work (whether in its original language or in a different language) in a non‑dramatic form;

(ba) in relation to a literary work being a computer program—a version of the work (whether or not in the language, code or notation in which the work was originally expressed) not being a reproduction of the work;

(i) a translation of the work; or

(ii) a version of the work in which a story or action is conveyed solely or principally by means of pictures; and

(d) in relation to a musical work—an arrangement or transcription of the work.

alternative dispute resolution processes means procedures and services for the resolution of disputes, and includes:

(a) conferencing; and

(b) mediation; and

(d) case appraisal; and

(e) conciliation; and

(f) procedures or services specified in the regulations;

but does not include:

(g) arbitration; or

(h) court procedures or services.

Paragraphs (b) to (f) of this definition do not limit paragraph (a) of this definition.

approved label means a label approved under:

(a) Part 2 of the Agvet Code of a State or of the Northern Territory; or

(b) Part 2 of the Agvet Code of the participating Territories within the meaning of the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994.

archives means:

(a) archival material in the custody of:

(i) the National Archives of Australia; or

(ii) the Archives Office of New South Wales established by the Archives Act 1960 of the State of New South Wales; or

(iii) the Public Record Office established by the Public Records Act 1973 of the State of Victoria; or

(iv) the Archives Office of Tasmania established by the Archives Act 1965 of the State of Tasmania; or

(aa) archival material in the custody of a person (other than the National Archives of Australia) in accordance with an arrangement referred to in section 64 of the Archives Act 1983; or

(b) a collection of documents or other material to which this paragraph applies by virtue of subsection (4).

artistic work means:

(a) a painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving or photograph, whether the work is of artistic quality or not;

(b) a building or a model of a building, whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not; or

but does not include a circuit layout within the meaning of the Circuit Layouts Act 1989.

Australia includes the external Territories.

author, in relation to a photograph, means the person who took the photograph.

authorized officer, in relation to a library or archives, means the officer in charge of that library or archives or a person authorized by that officer to act on his or her behalf.

available online, in relation to National Library material, has the meaning given by section 195CF.

body administering:

(a) an institution—means:

(i) if the institution is a body corporate—the institution; or

(ii) otherwise—the body or person (including the Crown) having ultimate responsibility for administering the institution; or

(b) a library or archives—means:

(i) if the library or archives is an archives covered by paragraph (aa) of the definition of archives—the person having the custody of the archives in accordance with the relevant arrangement mentioned in that paragraph; or

(ii) otherwise—the body (whether incorporated or not) or person (including the Crown) having ultimate responsibility for administering the library or archives.

broadcast means a communication to the public delivered by a broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. For the purposes of the application of this definition to a service provided under a satellite BSA licence, assume that there is no conditional access system that relates to the service.

Note: A broadcasting service does not include the following:

(a) a service (including a teletext service) that provides only data or only text (with or without associated images); or

(b) a service that makes programs available on demand on a point‑to‑point basis, including a dial‑up service.

broadcasts collecting society means the body declared to be a collecting society by a declaration that is in force under section 113V and to which subparagraph 113V(4)(a)(ii) applies.

building includes a structure of any kind.

carriage service provider has the same meaning as in the Telecommunications Act 1997.

carrier has the same meaning as in the Telecommunications Act 1997.

chemical product has the same meaning as in the Schedule to the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994.

cinematograph film means the aggregate of the visual images embodied in an article or thing so as to be capable by the use of that article or thing:

(a) of being shown as a moving picture; or

(b) of being embodied in another article or thing by the use of which it can be so shown;

and includes the aggregate of the sounds embodied in a sound‑track associated with such visual images.

circumvention device for a technological protection measure means a device, component or product (including a computer program) that:

(a) is promoted, advertised or marketed as having the purpose or use of circumventing the technological protection measure; or

(b) has only a limited commercially significant purpose or use, or no such purpose or use, other than the circumvention of the technological protection measure; or

(c) is primarily or solely designed or produced to enable or facilitate the circumvention of the technological protection measure.

For the purposes of this definition, computer program has the same meaning as in section 47AB.

circumvention service for a technological protection measure means a service that:

(a) is promoted, advertised or marketed as having the purpose or use of circumventing the technological protection measure; or

(b) has only a limited commercially significant purpose or use, or no such purpose or use, other than the circumvention of the technological protection measure; or

(c) is primarily or solely designed or produced to enable or facilitate the circumvention of the technological protection measure.

collecting society means:

(a) a works collecting society; or

(b) the broadcasts collecting society; or

(c) a body that a declaration in force under section 135ZZT declares to be a collecting society for the purposes of Part VC; or

(d) a body that a declaration in force under section 135ZZZO declares to be a collecting society for the purposes of Part VD; or

(e) a company that a declaration in force under section 153F declares to be a collecting society for the purposes of Division 2 of Part VII.

communicate means make available online or electronically transmit (whether over a path, or a combination of paths, provided by a material substance or otherwise) a work or other subject‑matter, including a performance or live performance within the meaning of this Act.

computer program means a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.

construction includes erection, and reconstruction has a corresponding meaning.

controls access: a device, product, technology or component (including a computer program) controls access to a work or other subject‑matter if it requires the application of information or a process, with the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter, to gain access to the work or other subject‑matter.

copy:

(a) of a work—means a reproduction; or

(b) of a sound recording—means a record embodying the sound recording, or a substantial part of the sound recording, derived directly or indirectly from a record produced on the making of the sound recording; or

Note: See also subsection (6).

(c) of a cinematograph film—means any article or thing in which the visual images or sounds comprising the film are embodied; or

Note: See also subsection (5).

(d) of a broadcast—includes:

(i) a record embodying a sound recording of the whole or a part of the broadcast; or

(ii) a copy of a cinematograph film of the whole or a part of the broadcast.

Note: This definition does not apply in Subdivision E of Division 3 of Part VI or Division 2 of Part VII (use of copyright material for the Crown): see sections 153DF and 182B.

delivery period has the meaning given by subsection 195CD(2).

device includes a plate.

dramatic work includes:

(a) a choreographic show or other dumb show; and

(b) a scenario or script for a cinematograph film;

but does not include a cinematograph film as distinct from the scenario or script for a cinematograph film.

drawing includes a diagram, map, chart or plan.

educational institution means:

(aa) an institution at which education is provided at pre‑school or kindergarten standard; or

(a) a school or similar institution at which full‑time primary education or full‑time secondary education is provided or both full‑time primary education and full‑time secondary education are provided; or

(b) a university, a college of advanced education or a technical and further education institution; or

(c) an institution that conducts courses of primary, secondary or tertiary education by correspondence or on an external study basis; or

(d) a school of nursing; or

(e) an undertaking within a hospital, if the undertaking conducts courses of study or training in the provision of:

(i) medical services; or

(ii) services incidental to the provision of medical services; or

(f) a teacher education centre; or

(g) an institution with the principal function of providing courses of study or training for any of the following purposes:

(i) general education;

(ii) the preparation of people for a particular occupation or profession;

(iii) the continuing education of people engaged in a particular occupation or profession;

(iv) the teaching of English to people whose first language is not English; or

(h) an undertaking within a body administering an educational institution, if:

(i) the educational institution is of a kind referred to in a preceding paragraph of this definition; and

(ii) the principal function, or one of the principal functions, of the undertaking is the provision of teacher training to people engaged as instructors in educational institutions of a kind mentioned in a preceding paragraph of this definition, or of 2 or more such kinds; or

(i) an institution, or an undertaking within a body administering an educational institution of a kind referred to in a preceding paragraph of this definition, if:

(i) the principal function, or one of the principal functions, of the institution, or undertaking, is the providing of material to educational institutions of a kind referred to in a preceding paragraph of this definition, or 2 or more such kinds; and

(ii) that activity is undertaken for the purpose of helping those institutions in their teaching purposes.

electronic literary or music item means:

(a) a book in electronic form; or

(b) a periodical publication in electronic form; or

regardless of whether there is a printed form.

electronic rights management information, in relation to a work or other subject‑matter, means information that:

(a) is electronic; and

(b) either:

(i) is or was attached to, or is or was embodied in, a copy of the work or subject‑matter; or

(ii) appears or appeared in connection with a communication, or the making available, of the work or subject‑matter; and

(i) identifies the work or subject‑matter, and its author or copyright owner (including such information represented as numbers or codes); or

(ii) identifies or indicates some or all of the terms and conditions on which the work or subject‑matter may be used, or indicates that the use of the work or subject‑matter is subject to terms or conditions (including such information represented as numbers or codes).

eligible rights holder has the meaning given by subsection 113V(9).

engraving includes an etching, lithograph, product of photogravure, woodcut, print or similar work, not being a photograph.

exclusive licence means a licence in writing, signed by or on behalf of the owner or prospective owner of copyright, authorizing the licensee, to the exclusion of all other persons, to do an act that, by virtue of this Act, the owner of the copyright would, but for the licence, have the exclusive right to do, and exclusive licensee has a corresponding meaning.

free‑to‑air broadcast means:

(a) a broadcast delivered by a national broadcasting service, commercial broadcasting service or community broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992; or

(b) a broadcast delivered by a broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 that does no more than transmit program material supplied by National Indigenous TV Limited.

future copyright means copyright to come into existence at a future time or upon the happening of a future event.

government has the meaning given by subsection 182B(1).

government copy has the meaning given by subsection 182B(1).

infringing copy means:

(a) in relation to a work—a reproduction of the work, or of an adaptation of the work, not being a copy of a cinematograph film of the work or adaptation;

(b) in relation to a sound recording—a copy of the sound recording not being a sound‑track associated with visual images forming part of a cinematograph film;

(d) in relation to a television broadcast or a sound broadcast—a copy of a cinematograph film of the broadcast or a record embodying a sound recording of the broadcast; and

(e) in relation to a published edition of a work—a facsimile copy of the edition;

being an article (which may be an electronic reproduction or copy of the work, recording, film, broadcast or edition) the making of which constituted an infringement of the copyright in the work, recording, film, broadcast or edition or, in the case of an article imported without the licence of the owner of the copyright, would have constituted an infringement of that copyright if the article had been made in Australia by the importer, but does not include:

(f) a non‑infringing book whose importation does not constitute an infringement of that copyright; or

(g) a non‑infringing accessory whose importation does not constitute an infringement of that copyright; or

(h) a non‑infringing copy of a sound recording whose importation does not infringe that copyright; or

(i) a non‑infringing copy of a computer program whose importation does not infringe that copyright; or

(j) a non‑infringing copy of an electronic literary or music item whose importation does not infringe that copyright.

institution includes an educational institution.

international agreement means:

(a) a convention to which Australia is a party; or

(b) an agreement or arrangement between Australia and a foreign country, including an agreement, arrangement or understanding between a Minister and an official or authority of a foreign country.

international organization to which this Act applies means an organization that is declared by regulations made for the purposes of section 186 to be an international organization to which this Act applies, and includes:

(a) an organ of, or office within, an organization that is so declared; and

(b) a commission, council or other body established by such an organization or organ.

judicial proceeding means a proceeding before a court, tribunal or person having by law power to hear, receive and examine evidence on oath.

key cultural institution has the meaning given by section 113L.

law of the Commonwealth includes a law of a Territory.

licensed copying or communicating has the meaning given by subsection 113Q(2).

literary work includes:

(a) a table, or compilation, expressed in words, figures or symbols; and

(b) a computer program or compilation of computer programs.

manuscript, in relation to a literary, dramatic or musical work, means the document embodying the work as initially prepared by the author, whether the document is in hardcopy form, electronic form or any other form.

material form, in relation to a work or an adaptation of a work, includes any form (whether visible or not) of storage of the work or adaptation, or a substantial part of the work or adaptation, (whether or not the work or adaptation, or a substantial part of the work or adaptation, can be reproduced).

National Library material has the meaning given by section 195CE.

National Library Minister means the Minister administering the National Library Act 1960.

non‑infringing accessory means an accessory made in:

(a) a country that is a party to the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works concluded at Berne on 9 September 1886 as revised from time to time; or

(b) a country that is a member of the World Trade Organization and has a law that provides consistently with the TRIPS Agreement for:

(i) the ownership and duration of copyright or a related right in works, sound recordings and cinematograph films; and

(ii) the owner of the copyright or related right to have rights relating to the reproduction of the work, sound recording or cinematograph film;

where:

(c) the making of any copy of a work, or any reproduction of a published edition of a work, that is, or is on, or is embodied in, the accessory; or

(d) the making of any record embodying a sound recording, or any copy of a cinematograph film, that is the accessory;

was authorised by the owner of the copyright in that country in the work, edition, recording or film, as the case may be.

non‑infringing book means a book made (otherwise than under a compulsory licence) in a country specified in regulations made for the purposes of subsection 184(1), being a book whose making did not constitute an infringement of any copyright subsisting in a work, or in a published edition of a work, under a law of that country.

non‑infringing copy:

(a) in relation to a sound recording, has the meaning given by section 10AA; and

(b) in relation to a computer program, has the meaning given by section 10AB; and

officer in charge means:

(a) in relation to archives—the archivist or other person having, for the time being, immediate care and control of the collection comprising the archives; and

(c) in relation to a library—the librarian or other person having, for the time being, immediate care and control of the collection comprising the library.

organisation assisting persons with a disability means:

(a) an educational institution; or

(b) a not‑for‑profit organisation with a principal function of providing assistance to persons with a disability (whether or not the organisation has other principal functions).

original form: a library or archives holds copyright material in original form if the material is held in the collection comprising the library or archives in a form that embodies the material as initially prepared by the author or maker of the material.

Example: A manuscript of a literary, dramatic or musical work.

Note: This definition does not apply in Division 6 of Part III: see subsection 54(6).

Parliament: see section 12.

person with a disability means a person with a disability that causes the person difficulty in reading, viewing, hearing or comprehending copyright material in a particular form.

photograph means a product of photography or of a process similar to photography, other than an article or thing in which visual images forming part of a cinematograph film have been embodied, and includes a product of xerography, and photographic has a corresponding meaning.

plate includes a stereotype, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative or other similar appliance.

private and domestic use means private and domestic use on or off domestic premises.

prospective owner means:

(a) in relation to a future copyright that is not the subject of an agreement of a kind referred to in subsection 197(1)—the person who will be the owner of the copyright on its coming into existence; or

(b) in relation to a future copyright that is the subject of such an agreement—the person in whom, by virtue of that subsection, the copyright will vest on its coming into existence.

qualifying country means:

(a) a country that is a party to the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works concluded at Berne on 9 September 1886 as revised from time to time; or

(b) a country that is a member of the World Trade Organization and has a law that provides consistently with the TRIPS Agreement for:

(i) the ownership and duration of copyright or a related right in works, sound recordings and cinematograph films; and

(ii) the owner of the copyright or related right to have rights relating to the reproduction of the work, sound recording or cinematograph film.

reception equipment means equipment whose operation, either alone or together with other equipment, enables people to hear or see a work or other subject‑matter that is communicated.

record includes a disc, tape, paper, electronic file or other device in which sounds are embodied.

record embodying a sound recording means:

(a) a record produced upon the making of the sound recording; or

(b) a record that:

(i) embodies the sound recording; and

(ii) is derived directly or indirectly from a record produced upon the making of the sound recording.

registered charity means an entity that is registered under the Australian Charities and Not‑for‑profits Commission Act 2012 as the type of entity mentioned in column 1 of item 1 of the table in subsection 25‑5(5) of that Act.

Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal provided for by section 170.

remuneration notice means:

(a) a notice mentioned in section 113Q; or

(b) a notice mentioned in section 135ZZL; or

retransmission, in relation to a broadcast, means a retransmission of the broadcast, where:

(a) the content of the broadcast is unaltered (even if the technique used to achieve retransmission is different to the technique used to achieve the original transmission); and

(b) either:

(i) in any case—the retransmission is simultaneous with the original transmission; or

(ii) if the retransmission is in an area that has, wholly or partly, different local time to the area of the original transmission—the retransmission is delayed until no later than the equivalent local time.

rules, of a collecting society, means the constitution of the society.

satellite BSA licence means a commercial television broadcasting licence allocated under section 38C of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992.

satellite BSA licensee means the licensee of a satellite BSA licence.

sculpture includes a cast or model made for purposes of sculpture.

simulcasting means simultaneously broadcasting a broadcasting service in both analog and digital form in accordance with the requirements of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 or of any prescribed legislative provisions relating to digital broadcasting.

sound broadcast means sounds broadcast otherwise than as part of a television broadcast.

sound recording means the aggregate of the sounds embodied in a record.

sound‑track, in relation to visual images forming part of a cinematograph film, means:

(a) the part of any article or thing, being an article or thing in which those visual images are embodied, in which sounds are embodied; or

(b) a disc, tape or other device in which sounds are embodied and which is made available by the maker of the film for use in conjunction with the article or thing in which those visual images are embodied.

sufficient acknowledgement, in relation to a work, means an acknowledgement identifying the work by its title or other description and, unless the work is anonymous or pseudonymous or the author has previously agreed or directed that an acknowledgement of his or her name is not to be made, also identifying the author.

technological protection measure means:

(a) an access control technological protection measure; or

(b) a device, product, technology or component (including a computer program) that:

(i) is used in Australia or a qualifying country by, with the permission of, or on behalf of, the owner or the exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter; and

(ii) in the normal course of its operation, prevents, inhibits or restricts the doing of an act comprised in the copyright;

but does not include such a device, product, technology or component to the extent that it:

(iii) if the work or other subject‑matter is a cinematograph film or computer program (including a computer game)—controls geographic market segmentation by preventing the playback in Australia of a non‑infringing copy of the work or other subject‑matter acquired outside Australia; or

(iv) if the work is a computer program that is embodied in a machine or device—restricts the use of goods (other than the work) or services in relation to the machine or device.

For the purposes of this definition, computer program has the same meaning as in section 47AB.

television broadcast means visual images broadcast by way of television, together with any sounds broadcast for reception along with those images.

the Australian Broadcasting Commission means the Australian Broadcasting Commission that was established under the Broadcasting and Television Act 1942.

the Australian Broadcasting Corporation means the Australian Broadcasting Corporation established under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.

the Commonwealth includes the Administration of a Territory.

the Copyright Act, 1911 means the Imperial Act known as the Copyright Act, 1911.

the Copyright Tribunal or the Tribunal means the Copyright Tribunal of Australia provided for by Part VI, and includes a member of that Tribunal exercising powers of that Tribunal.

the Crown includes the Crown in right of a State and the Crown in right of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory and also includes the Administration of a Territory other than the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.

the National Library means the National Library established under the National Library Act 1960‑1967.

the Special Broadcasting Service means the Special Broadcasting Service that was referred to in section 5 of the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991.

the Special Broadcasting Service Corporation means the body corporate preserved and continued in existence as the Special Broadcasting Service Corporation under section 5 of the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991.

to the public means to the public within or outside Australia.

TRIPS Agreement means the Agreement on Trade‑Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights set out in Annex 1C to the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, done at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994.

Note: The English text of the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization is set out in Australian Treaty Series 1995 No. 8.

will includes a codicil.

work means a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work.

work of joint authorship means a work that has been produced by the collaboration of two or more authors and in which the contribution of each author is not separate from the contribution of the other author or the contributions of the other authors.

works collecting society means a body declared to be a collecting society by a declaration that is in force under section 113V and to which subparagraph 113V(4)(a)(i) applies.

writing means a mode of representing or reproducing words, figures or symbols in a visible form, and written has a corresponding meaning.

(1A) Without limiting the meaning of the expression educational purposes in this Act, a copy of the whole or a part of a work or other subject‑matter shall be taken, for the purposes of the provision in which the expression appears, to have been made, used or retained, as the case may be, for the educational purposes of an educational institution if:

(a) it is made or retained for use, or is used, in connection with a particular course of instruction provided by the institution; or

(b) it is made or retained for inclusion, or is included, in the collection of a library of the institution.

(2) Without limiting the meaning of the expression reasonable portion in this Act, where a literary, dramatic or musical work (other than a computer program) is contained in a published edition of that work, being an edition of not less than 10 pages, a copy of part of that work, as it appears in that edition, shall be taken to contain only a reasonable portion of that work if the pages that are copied in the edition:

(a) do not exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the number of pages in that edition; or

(b) in a case where the work is divided into chapters exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the number of pages in that edition but contain only the whole or part of a single chapter of the work.

(2A) Without limiting the meaning of the expression reasonable portion in this Act, if a person makes a reproduction of a part of:

(a) a published literary work (other than a computer program or an electronic compilation, such as a database); or

(b) a published dramatic work;

being a work that is in electronic form, the reproduction is taken to contain only a reasonable portion of the work if:

(d) if the work is divided into chapters—the number of words copied exceeds, in the aggregate, 10% of the number of words in the work, but the reproduction contains only the whole or part of a single chapter of the work.

(2B) If a published literary or dramatic work is contained in a published edition of the work and is separately available in electronic form, a reproduction of a part of the work is taken to contain only a reasonable portion of the work if it is taken to do so either under subsection (2) or (2A), whether or not it does so under both of them.

(2C) If:

(a) a person makes a reproduction of a part of a published literary or dramatic work; and

(b) the reproduction is taken to contain only a reasonable portion of the work under subsection (2) or (2A);

subsection (2) or (2A) does not apply in relation to any subsequent reproduction made by the person of any other part of the same work.

(3) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

(e) a reference to the Crown in right of a State shall be read as including a reference to the Crown in right of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory; and

(g) a reference to the making, by reprographic reproduction, of a copy of a document, or of the whole or a part of a work, shall be read as a reference to the making of a facsimile copy of the document or the whole or that part of the work, being a facsimile copy of any size or form; and

(j) a reference to a microform copy of the whole or a part of a work shall be read as a reference to a copy of the whole or a part of the work produced by miniaturizing the graphic symbols of which the work is composed; and

(k) a reference to a periodical publication shall be read as a reference to an issue of a periodical publication and a reference to articles contained in the same periodical publication shall be read as a reference to articles contained in the same issue of that periodical publication; and

(ma) a reference to a relevant declaration, in relation to the making, in reliance on section 49, of a copy of the whole or a part of a work, shall be read as a reference to:

(i) in a case where the copy is made in reliance on subsection 49(2)—a declaration of the kind referred to in subsection 49(1) that is furnished in relation to the making of the copy; or

(ii) in a case where the copy is made in reliance on subsection 49(2C)—a declaration of the kind referred to in paragraph 49(2C)(b) that is made in relation to the making of the copy; or

(iii) in any case—a declaration of the kind referred to in subsection 49(5) that is made in relation to the making of the copy; and

(n) a reference to a State shall be read as including a reference to the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory and Norfolk Island and a reference to a Territory shall be read as not including a reference to the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory or Norfolk Island.

(3A) For the purposes of this Act, something held in, or forming part of, the collection of any archives covered by paragraph (aa) of the definition of archives in subsection (1) is taken not to be held in, and not to form part of, the collection of the National Archives of Australia.

Note: Paragraph (aa) of the definition of archives covers archival material in the custody of a person other than the National Archives of Australia under an arrangement referred to in section 64 of the Archives Act 1983.

(4) Where:

(a) a collection of documents or other material of historical significance or public interest that is in the custody of a body, whether incorporated or unincorporated, is being maintained by the body for the purpose of conserving and preserving those documents or other material; and

(b) the body does not maintain and operate the collection for the purpose of deriving a profit;

paragraph (b) of the definition of archives in subsection (1) applies to that collection.

Example: Museums and galleries are examples of bodies that could have collections covered by paragraph (b) of the definition of archives.

(5) A reference to a copy of a cinematograph film includes a reference to any form (whether visible or not) of storage of a cinematograph film, or a substantial part of a cinematograph film, (whether or not the copy of the film, or a substantial part of the film, can be reproduced).

(6) A reference to a copy of a sound recording includes a reference to any form (whether visible or not) of storage of the sound recording, or a substantial part of the sound recording, (whether or not the copy of the recording, or a substantial part of the recording, can be reproduced).

10AA Non‑infringing copy of a sound recording

Minimum requirements

(1) A copy of a sound recording is a non‑infringing copy only if it is made by or with the consent of:

(a) the owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording in the country (the copy country) in which the copy was made; or

(b) the owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording in the country (the original recording country) in which the sound recording was made, if the law of the copy country did not provide for copyright or a related right in sound recordings when the sound recording was made; or

(c) the maker of the sound recording, if neither the law of the copy country nor the law of the original recording country (whether those countries are different or not) provided for copyright or a related right in sound recordings when the sound recording was made.

Extra requirements for copies of recordings of works subject to Australian copyright

(2) If the sound recording is of a work that is a literary, dramatic or musical work in which copyright subsists in Australia, the copy is a non‑infringing copy only if:

(a) copyright subsists in the work under the law of the copy country; and

(b) the making of the copy does not infringe the copyright in the work under the law of the copy country; and

To avoid doubt, the requirements of this subsection are additional to those of subsection (1).

Requirements for copy country

(3) The copy country mentioned in subsection (2) must:

(a) be a party to the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works concluded at Berne on 9 September 1886 as revised from time to time; or

(b) be a member of the World Trade Organization and have a law that provides consistently with the TRIPS Agreement for:

(i) the ownership and duration of copyright in literary, dramatic and musical works; and

(ii) the owner of the copyright in the work to have rights relating to the reproduction of the work.

Australian copyright may result from Act or regulations

(4) For the purposes of subsection (2) it does not matter whether the copyright in the work subsists in Australia as a result of this Act or as a result of the regulations made for the purposes of section 184.

10AB Non‑infringing copy of a computer program

A copy of a computer program is a non‑infringing copy only if:

(a) it is made in a qualifying country; and

(b) its making did not constitute an infringement of any copyright in a work under a law of that country.

10AC Non‑infringing copy of an electronic literary or music item

A copy of an electronic literary or music item is a non‑infringing copy only if:

(a) it is made in a qualifying country; and

(b) its making did not constitute an infringement of any copyright in a work, or in a published edition of a work, under a law of that country.

10AD Accessories to imported articles

Accessories

(1) If a person imports into Australia:

(a) an article that has embodied in it a copy of a computer program; or

(b) an article that has embodied in it a copy of an electronic literary or music item; or

a copy of any work or other subject matter (other than a feature film) that is on, embodied in, or included with, the article on its importation is taken to be an accessory to the article.

Note: See also sections 44C and 112C (about the non‑infringement of copyright in works or other subject matter that are accessories to imported articles).

Definition

(2) In this section:

feature film means a cinematograph film that:

(a) is produced wholly or principally:

(i) for exhibition to the public in cinemas or by way of television broadcasting; or

(ii) for sale or rental to the public where it is reasonable to assume that the viewing of the film (without electronic interactive involvement with the film) would be the primary object of any such sale or rental; and

(b) is more than 20 minutes in duration.

Interpretation

(3) This section does not limit the meaning of accessory in subsection 10(1).

11 Residence in a country not affected by temporary absence

For the purposes of this Act, a person who, at a material time, was ordinarily resident in a country (including Australia) but was temporarily absent from that country shall be treated as if he or she had been resident in that country at that time.

12 References to Parliament

A reference in this Act to a Parliament shall be read as a reference to the Parliament of the Commonwealth or of a State or a legislature of a Territory.

13 Acts comprised in copyright

(1) A reference in this Act to an act comprised in the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter shall be read as a reference to any act that, under this Act, the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to do.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the exclusive right to do an act in relation to a work, an adaptation of a work or any other subject‑matter includes the exclusive right to authorize a person to do that act in relation to that work, adaptation or other subject‑matter.

14 Acts done in relation to substantial part of work or other subject‑matter deemed to be done in relation to the whole

(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

(a) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a work or other subject‑matter shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a substantial part of the work or other subject‑matter; and

(b) a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a work shall be read as including a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a substantial part of the work, as the case may be.

(2) This section does not affect the interpretation of any reference in sections 32, 177, 180, 187 and 198 to the publication, or absence of publication, of a work.

15 References to acts done with licence of owner of copyright

For the purposes of this Act, an act shall be deemed to have been done with the licence of the owner of a copyright if the doing of the act was authorized by a licence binding the owner of the copyright.

16 References to partial assignment of copyright

A reference in this Act to a partial assignment of copyright shall be read as a reference to an assignment of copyright that is limited in any way.

17 Statutory employment

For the purposes of this Act, the employment of a person, or the employment of a person as an apprentice, under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State but otherwise than under a contract of service or contract of apprenticeship shall be treated as if that employment were employment under a contract of service or employment under a contract of apprenticeship, as the case may be.

18 Libraries established or conducted for profit

For the purposes of this Act, a library shall not be taken to be established or conducted for profit by reason only that the library is owned by a person carrying on business for profit.

19 References to Copyright Act, 1911

A reference in a provision of this Act to the Copyright Act, 1911, in relation to any time before the commencement of this Act, shall, for the purposes of the application of that provision in relation to a State or a Territory, be read as a reference to the Copyright Act, 1911 as it applied in that State or Territory at that time.

20 Names under which work is published

(1) A reference in this Act to the name or names under which a work was published shall be read as a reference to the name or names specified in the work as the name of the author or the names of the authors of the work.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, a publication of a work under two or more names shall not be taken to be pseudonymous unless all those names are pseudonyms.

21 Reproduction and copying of works and other subject‑matter

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a literary, dramatic or musical work shall be deemed to have been reproduced in a material form if a sound recording or cinematograph film is made of the work, and any record embodying such a recording and any copy of such a film shall be deemed to be a reproduction of the work.

(1A) For the purposes of this Act, a work is taken to have been reproduced if it is converted into or from a digital or other electronic machine‑readable form, and any article embodying the work in such a form is taken to be a reproduction of the work.

Note: The reference to the conversion of a work into a digital or other electronic machine‑readable form includes the first digitisation of the work.

(2) Subsections (1) and (1A) apply in relation to an adaptation of a work in the same way as they apply in relation to a work.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, an artistic work shall be deemed to have been reproduced:

(a) in the case of a work in a two‑dimensional form—if a version of the work is produced in a three‑dimensional form; or

(b) in the case of a work in a three‑dimensional form—if a version of the work is produced in a two‑dimensional form;

and the version of the work so produced shall be deemed to be a reproduction of the work.

(4) The last preceding subsection has effect subject to Division 7 of Part III.

(5) For the purposes of this Act, a computer program is taken to have been reproduced if:

(a) an object code version of the program is derived from the program in source code by any process, including compilation; or

(b) a source code version of the program is derived from the program in object code by any process, including decompilation;

and any such version is taken to be a reproduction of the program.

(6) For the purposes of this Act, a sound recording or cinematograph film is taken to have been copied if it is converted into or from a digital or other electronic machine‑readable form, and any article embodying the recording or film in such a form is taken to be a copy of the recording or film.

Note: The reference to the conversion of a sound recording or cinematograph film into a digital or other electronic machine‑readable form includes the first digitisation of the recording or film.

22 Provisions relating to the making of a work or other subject‑matter

Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works

(1) A reference in this Act to the time when, or the period during which, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work was made shall be read as a reference to the time when, or the period during which, as the case may be, the work was first reduced to writing or to some other material form.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, a literary, dramatic or musical work that exists in the form of sounds embodied in an article or thing shall be deemed to have been reduced to a material form and to have been so reduced at the time when those sounds were embodied in that article or thing.

Sound recordings

(3) For the purposes of this Act:

(a) a sound recording, other than a sound recording of a live performance, shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the first record embodying the recording was produced; and

(b) the maker of the sound recording is the person who owned that record at that time.

(3A) For the purposes of this Act, the makers of a sound recording of a live performance are:

(a) the person or persons who, at the time of the recording, own the record on which the recording is made; and

(b) the performer or performers who performed in the performance (other than a performer who is already covered by paragraph (a)).

Note: A performer might be liable to pay compensation under section 116AAA to a person who owns the record on which the recording is made.

(3B) If:

(a) a sound recording of a live performance is made; and

(b) a performer performs in that performance under the terms of his or her employment by another person (the employer) under a contract of service or apprenticeship;

then, for the purposes of paragraph (3A)(b), the employer is taken to be a maker instead of that performer.

(3C) Subsection (3B) may be excluded or modified by agreement between the performer and the employer.

Cinematograph films

(4) For the purposes of this Act:

(a) a reference to the making of a cinematograph film shall be read as a reference to the doing of the things necessary for the production of the first copy of the film; and

(b) the maker of the cinematograph film is the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the making of the film were undertaken.

Broadcasts and other communications

(5) For the purposes of this Act, a broadcast is taken to have been made by the person who provided the broadcasting service by which the broadcast was delivered.

(6) For the purposes of this Act, a communication other than a broadcast is taken to have been made by the person responsible for determining the content of the communication.

(6A) To avoid doubt, for the purposes of subsection (6), a person is not responsible for determining the content of a communication merely because the person takes one or more steps for the purpose of:

(a) gaining access to what is made available online by someone else in the communication; or

(b) receiving the electronic transmission of which the communication consists.

Example: A person is not responsible for determining the content of the communication to the person of a web page merely because the person clicks on a link to gain access to the page.

Definitions

(7) In this section:

live performance means:

(a) a performance (including an improvisation) of a dramatic work, or part of such a work, including such a performance given with the use of puppets; or

(b) a performance (including an improvisation) of a musical work or part of such a work; or

(c) the reading, recitation or delivery of a literary work, or part of such a work, or the recitation or delivery of an improvised literary work; or

(d) a performance of a dance; or

(e) a performance of a circus act or a variety act or any similar presentation or show; or

(f) a performance of an expression of folklore;

being a live performance, whether in the presence of an audience or otherwise.

performer in a live performance:

(a) means each person who contributed to the sounds of the performance; and

(b) if the performance includes a performance of a musical work—includes the conductor.

sound recording of a live performance means a sound recording, made at the time of the live performance, consisting of, or including, the sounds of the performance.

23 Sound recordings and records

(1) For the purposes of this Act, sounds embodied in a sound‑track associated with visual images forming part of cinematograph film shall be deemed not to be a sound recording.

(2) A reference in this Act to a record of a work or other subject‑matter shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to a record by means of which the work or other subject‑matter can be performed.

24 References to sounds and visual images embodied in an article

For the purposes of this Act, sounds or visual images shall be taken to have been embodied in an article or thing if the article or thing has been so treated in relation to those sounds or visual images that those sounds or visual images are capable, with or without the aid of some other device, of being reproduced from the article or thing.

25 Provisions relating to broadcasting

(1) A reference in this Act to broadcasting shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to broadcasting whether by way of sound broadcasting or of television.

(2) A reference in this Act to the doing of an act by the reception of a television broadcast or sound broadcast shall be read as a reference to the doing of that act by means of receiving a broadcast:

(a) from the transmission by which the broadcast is made; or

(b) from a transmission made otherwise than by way of broadcasting, but simultaneously with the transmission referred to in the last preceding paragraph;

whether the reception of the broadcast is directly from the transmission concerned or from a re‑transmission made by any person from any place.

(3) Where a record embodying a sound recording or a copy of a cinematograph film is used for the purpose of making a broadcast (in this subsection referred to as the primary broadcast), a person who makes a broadcast (in this subsection referred to as the secondary broadcast) by receiving and making a retransmission of:

(a) the transmission by which the primary broadcast was made; or

(b) a transmission made otherwise than by way of broadcasting but simultaneously with the transmission referred to in the last preceding paragraph;

shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed not to have used the record or copy for the purpose of making the secondary broadcast.

(4) In this Act:

(a) a reference to a cinematograph film of a television broadcast shall be read as including a reference to a cinematograph film, or a photograph, of any of the visual images comprised in the broadcast; and

(b) a reference to a copy of a cinematograph film of a television broadcast shall be read as including a reference to a copy of a cinematograph film, or a reproduction of a photograph, of any of those images.

27 Performance

(1) Subject to this section, a reference in this Act to performance shall:

(a) be read as including a reference to any mode of visual or aural presentation, whether the presentation is by the use of reception equipment, by the exhibition of a cinematograph film, by the use of a record or by any other means; and

(b) in relation to a lecture, address, speech or sermon—be read as including a reference to delivery;

and a reference in this Act to performing a work or an adaptation of a work has a corresponding meaning.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the communication of a work or other subject‑matter to the public does not constitute:

(a) performance; or

(b) causing visual images to be seen or sounds to be heard.

(3) Where visual images or sounds are displayed or emitted by any reception equipment to which they are communicated, the operation of any equipment by which the images or sounds are communicated, directly or indirectly, to the reception equipment shall be deemed not to constitute performance or to constitute causing visual images to be seen or sounds to be heard but, in so far as the display or emission of the images or sounds constitutes a performance, or causes the images to be seen or the sounds to be heard, the performance, or the causing of the images to be seen or sounds to be heard, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be effected by the operation of the reception equipment.

(4) Without prejudice to the last two preceding subsections, where a work or an adaptation of a work is performed or visual images are caused to be seen or sounds to be heard by the operation of any equipment referred to in the last preceding subsection or of any equipment for reproducing sounds by the use of a record, being equipment provided by or with the consent of the occupier of the premises where the equipment is situated, the occupier of those premises shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be the person giving the performance or causing the images to be seen or the sounds to be heard, whether he or she is the person operating the equipment or not.

(5) This section does not apply to a performance within the meaning of Part XIA.

28 Performance and communication of works or other subject‑matter in the course of educational instruction

(1) Where a literary, dramatic or musical work:

(a) is performed in class, or otherwise in the presence of an audience; and

(b) is so performed by a teacher in the course of giving educational instruction, not being instruction given for profit, or by a student in the course of receiving such instruction;

the performance shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed not to be a performance in public if the audience is limited to persons who are taking part in the instruction or are otherwise directly connected with the place where the instruction is given.

(2) For the purposes of this section, educational instruction given by a teacher at a place of education that is not conducted for profit shall not be taken to be given for profit by reason only that the teacher receives remuneration for giving the instruction.

(3) For the purposes of this section, a person shall not be taken to be directly connected with a place where instruction is given by reason only that he or she is a parent or guardian of a student who receives instruction at that place.

(4) The last three preceding subsections apply in relation to sound recordings and cinematograph films in like manner as they apply in relation to literary, dramatic and musical works but, in the application of those subsections in relation to such recordings or films, any reference to performance shall be read as a reference to the act of causing the sounds concerned to be heard or the visual images concerned to be seen.

(5) A communication of a literary, dramatic or musical work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film is taken for the purposes of this Act not to be a communication to the public if the communication is made merely to facilitate:

(a) a performance of the work that, because of this section, is not a performance in public; or

(b) an act of causing sounds forming part of the recording to be heard that, because of this section, is not an act of causing the sound recording to be heard in public; or

(c) an act of causing visual images or sounds forming part of the cinematograph film to be seen or heard that, because of this section, is not an act of causing the film to be seen or heard in public.

(6) A communication of a television broadcast or sound broadcast is taken for the purposes of this Act not to be a communication of the broadcast, or of a work or other subject‑matter included in the broadcast, to the public if:

(a) the communication is made merely to facilitate the television broadcast being seen and heard, or the sound broadcast being heard, in class or otherwise in the presence of an audience, in the course of educational instruction that:

(i) is given by a teacher; and

(ii) is not given for profit; and

(b) the audience is limited to persons who are taking part in the instruction or are otherwise directly connected with the place where the instruction is given.

(7) A communication of an artistic work is taken for the purposes of this Act not to be a communication of the work to the public if:

(a) the communication is made merely to facilitate the work being seen in class or otherwise in the presence of an audience, in the course of educational instruction that:

(i) is given by a teacher; and

(ii) is not given for profit; and

(b) the audience is limited to persons who are taking part in the instruction or are otherwise directly connected with the place where the instruction is given.

29 Publication

(1) Subject to this section, for the purposes of this Act:

(a) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or an edition of such a work, shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if, reproductions of the work or edition have been supplied (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public;

(b) a cinematograph film shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if, copies of the film have been sold, let on hire, or offered or exposed for sale or hire, to the public; and

(c) a sound recording shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if, records embodying the recording or a part of the recording have been supplied (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public.

(2) In determining, for the purposes of paragraph (1)(a), whether reproductions of a work or edition have been supplied to the public, section 14 does not apply.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, the performance of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the supplying (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public of records of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the exhibition of an artistic work, the construction of a building or of a model of a building, or the supplying (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public of photographs or engravings of a building, of a model of a building or of a sculpture, does not constitute publication of the work.

(4) A publication that is merely colourable and is not intended to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public shall be disregarded for the purposes of this Act except in so far as it may constitute an infringement of copyright or a breach of a duty under Part IX.

(5) For the purposes of this Act, a publication in Australia or in any other country shall not be treated as being other than the first publication by reason only of an earlier publication elsewhere, if the two publications took place within a period of not more than thirty days.

(6) In determining, for the purposes of any provision of this Act:

(a) whether a work or other subject‑matter has been published;

(b) whether a publication of a work or other subject‑matter was the first publication of the work or other subject‑matter; or

any unauthorized publication or the doing of any other unauthorized act shall be disregarded.

(7) Subject to section 52, a publication or other act shall, for the purposes of the last preceding subsection, be taken to have been unauthorized if, but only if:

(a) copyright subsisted in the work or other subject‑matter and the act concerned was done otherwise than by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright; or

(b) copyright did not subsist in the work or other subject‑matter and the act concerned was done otherwise than by, or with the licence of:

(i) the author or, in the case of a sound recording, cinematograph film or edition of a work, the maker or publisher, as the case may be; or

(ii) persons lawfully claiming under the author, maker or publisher.

(8) Nothing in either of the last two preceding subsections affects any provisions of this Act relating to the acts comprised in a copyright or to acts constituting infringements of copyrights or any provisions of Part IX.

30 Ownership of copyright for particular purposes

In the case of a copyright of which (whether as a result of a partial assignment or otherwise) different persons are the owners in respect of its application to:

(a) the doing of different acts or classes of acts; or

(b) the doing of one or more acts or classes of acts in different countries or at different times;

the owner of the copyright, for any purpose of this Act, shall be deemed to be the person who is the owner of the copyright in respect of its application to the doing of the particular act or class of acts, or to the doing of the particular act or class of acts in the particular country or at the particular time, as the case may be, that is relevant to that purpose, and a reference in this Act to the prospective owner of a future copyright of which different persons are the prospective owners has a corresponding meaning.

30A Commercial rental arrangement

(1) In this Act, the expression commercial rental arrangement, in relation to a work reproduced in a sound recording, signifies an arrangement that has the following features:

(a) however the arrangement is expressed, it is in substance an arrangement under which a copy of the sound recording is made available by a person on terms that it will or may be returned to the person;

(b) the arrangement is made in the course of the conduct of a business;

(i) for payment in money or money’s worth; or

(ii) as part of the provision of a service for which payment in money or money’s worth is to be made.

(2) In this Act, the expression commercial rental arrangement, in relation to a sound recording or a computer program, signifies an arrangement that has the following features:

(a) however the arrangement is expressed, it is in substance an arrangement under which a copy of the sound recording or computer program is made available by a person on terms that it will or may be returned to the person;

(b) the arrangement is made in the course of the conduct of a business;

(i) for payment in money or money’s worth; or

(ii) as part of the provision of a service for which payment in money or money’s worth is to be made.

(3) It is not the intention of the Parliament that a lending arrangement should be regarded as a commercial rental arrangement for the purposes of subsection (1) or (2).

(4) An arrangement is to be regarded as a lending arrangement if, regardless of the way in which the arrangement is expressed, the true nature of the arrangement is that it is an arrangement for the lending of a copy of a sound recording or computer program under which no amount, other than a deposit to secure the return of the copy, is payable.

Part III—Copyright in original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works

Division 1—Nature, duration and ownership of copyright in works

31 Nature of copyright in original works

(1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a work, is the exclusive right:

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do all or any of the following acts:

(i) to reproduce the work in a material form;

(ii) to publish the work;

(iii) to perform the work in public;

(iv) to communicate the work to the public;

(vi) to make an adaptation of the work;

(vii) to do, in relation to a work that is an adaptation of the first‑mentioned work, any of the acts specified in relation to the first‑mentioned work in subparagraphs (i) to (iv), inclusive; and

(b) in the case of an artistic work, to do all or any of the following acts:

(i) to reproduce the work in a material form;

(ii) to publish the work;

(iii) to communicate the work to the public; and

(c) in the case of a literary work (other than a computer program) or a musical or dramatic work, to enter into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of the work reproduced in a sound recording; and

(d) in the case of a computer program, to enter into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of the program.

(2) The generality of subparagraph (1)(a)(i) is not affected by subparagraph (1)(a)(vi).

(3) Paragraph (1)(d) does not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of a machine or device in which a computer program is embodied if the program is not able to be copied in the course of the ordinary use of the machine or device.

(4) The reference in subsection (3) to a device does not include a device of a kind ordinarily used to store computer programs (for example, a floppy disc, a device of the kind commonly known as a CD ROM, or an integrated circuit).

(5) Paragraph (1)(d) does not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement if the computer program is not the essential object of the rental.

(6) Paragraph (1)(c) does not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement if:

(a) the copy of the sound recording concerned was purchased by a person (the record owner) before the commencement of Part 2 of the Copyright (World Trade Organization Amendments) Act 1994; and

(b) the commercial rental arrangement is entered into in the ordinary course of a business conducted by the record owner; and

(c) the record owner was conducting the same business, or another business that consisted of, or included, the making of commercial rental arrangements of the same kind, when the copy was purchased.

(7) Paragraph (1)(d) does not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of a computer program if:

(a) the copy of the computer program was purchased by a person (the program owner) before the commencement of Part 2 of the Copyright (World Trade Organization Amendments) Act 1994; and

(b) the commercial rental arrangement is entered into in the ordinary course of a business conducted by the program owner; and

(c) the program owner was conducting the same business, or another business that consisted of, or included, the making of commercial rental arrangements in respect of computer programs, when the copy was purchased.

32 Original works in which copyright subsists

(1) Subject to this Act, copyright subsists in an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is unpublished and of which the author:

(a) was a qualified person at the time when the work was made; or

(b) if the making of the work extended over a period—was a qualified person for a substantial part of that period.

(2) Subject to this Act, where an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work has been published:

(a) copyright subsists in the work; or

(b) if copyright in the work subsisted immediately before its first publication—copyright continues to subsist in the work;

if, but only if:

(d) the author of the work was a qualified person at the time when the work was first published; or

(e) the author died before that time but was a qualified person immediately before his or her death.

(3) Notwithstanding the last preceding subsection but subject to the remaining provisions of this Act, copyright subsists in:

(a) an original artistic work that is a building situated in Australia; or

(b) an original artistic work that is attached to, or forms part of, such a building.

(4) In this section, qualified person means an Australian citizen or a person resident in Australia.

33 Duration of copyright in original works

(1) This section has effect subject to subsection 32(2) and to section 34.

(2) Subject to this section, copyright that subsists in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work by virtue of this Part continues to subsist until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author of the work died.

(3) If, before the death of the author of a literary work (other than a computer program) or a dramatic or musical work:

(a) the work had not been published;

(b) the work had not been performed in public;

(d) records of the work had not been offered or exposed for sale to the public;

the copyright in the work continues to subsist until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the work is first published, performed in public, or broadcast, or records of the work are first offered or exposed for sale to the public, whichever is the earliest of those events to happen.

(4) A reference in the last preceding subsection to the doing of an act in relation to a work shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to an adaptation of the work.

(5) If, before the death of the author of an engraving, the engraving had not been published, the copyright in the engraving continues to subsist until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the engraving is first published.

34 Duration of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous works

(1) Subject to subsection (2), if the first publication of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is anonymous or pseudonymous, any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part continues to subsist until the end of the period of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a work if, at any time before the end of the period referred to in that subsection, the identity of the author of the work is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.

35 Ownership of copyright in original works

(1) This section has effect subject to Parts VII and X.

(2) Subject to this section, the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part.

(3) The operation of any of the next three succeeding subsections in relation to copyright in a particular work may be excluded or modified by agreement.

(4) If a literary, dramatic or artistic work:

(a) is made by the author under the terms of his or her employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship; and

(b) is so made for the purpose of inclusion in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical;

the following paragraphs apply:

(i) reproduction of the work for the purpose of inclusion in a book; or

(ii) reproduction of the work in the form of a hard copy facsimile (other than a hard copy facsimile made as part of a process of transmission) made from a paper edition of, or from another hard copy facsimile made from a paper edition of, an issue of the newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, but not including reproduction by the proprietor for a purpose connected with the publication of the newspaper, magazine or similar periodical;

(d) except as provided by paragraph (c), the proprietor is the owner of the copyright.

(5) Subject to the last preceding subsection, where:

(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person for the taking of a photograph for a private or domestic purpose, the painting or drawing of a portrait or the making of an engraving by the other person; and

(b) the work is made in pursuance of the agreement;

the first‑mentioned person is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part, but, if at the time the agreement was made that person made known, expressly or by implication, to the author of the work the purpose for which the work was required, the author is entitled to restrain the doing, otherwise than for that purpose, of any act comprised in the copyright in the work.

(6) Where a literary, dramatic or artistic work to which neither of the last two preceding subsections applies, or a musical work, is made by the author in pursuance of the terms of his or her employment by another person under a contract of service or apprenticeship, that other person is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part.

(7) In this section:

hard copy facsimile, in relation to a literary, dramatic or artistic work, means a facsimile which is in a material form and from which the work is visible to a human being without the use of any device.

private or domestic purpose includes a portrait of family members, a wedding party or children.

Division 2—Infringement of copyright in works

36 Infringement by doing acts comprised in the copyright

(1) Subject to this Act, the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Australia, or authorizes the doing in Australia of, any act comprised in the copyright.

(1A) In determining, for the purposes of subsection (1), whether or not a person has authorised the doing in Australia of any act comprised in the copyright in a work, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, the matters that must be taken into account include the following:

(a) the extent (if any) of the person’s power to prevent the doing of the act concerned;

(b) the nature of any relationship existing between the person and the person who did the act concerned;

(c) whether the person took any reasonable steps to prevent or avoid the doing of the act, including whether the person complied with any relevant industry codes of practice.

(2) The next three succeeding sections do not affect the generality of this section.

37 Infringement by importation for sale or hire

(1) Subject to Division 3, the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports an article into Australia for the purpose of:

(a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or hire, the article;

(b) distributing the article:

(i) for the purpose of trade; or

(ii) for any other purpose to an extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright; or

if the importer knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the making of the article would, if the article had been made in Australia by the importer, have constituted an infringement of the copyright.

(2) In relation to an accessory to an article that is or includes a copy of a work, being a copy that was made without the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in the country in which the copy was made, subsection (1) has effect as if the words “the importer knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that” were omitted.

38 Infringement by sale and other dealings

(1) Subject to Division 3, the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, in Australia, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright:

(a) sells, lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire, an article; or

(b) by way of trade exhibits an article in public;

if the person knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the making of the article constituted an infringement of the copyright or, in the case of an imported article, would, if the article had been made in Australia by the importer, have constituted such an infringement.

(2) For the purposes of the last preceding subsection, the distribution of any articles:

(a) for the purpose of trade; or

(b) for any other purpose to an extent that affects prejudicially the owner of the copyright concerned;

shall be taken to be the sale of those articles.

(3) In this section:

article includes a reproduction or copy of a work or other subject‑matter, being a reproduction or copy in electronic form.

39 Infringement by permitting place of public entertainment to be used for performance of work

(1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work is infringed by a person who permits a place of public entertainment to be used for the performance in public of the work, where the performance constitutes an infringement of the copyright in the work.

(2) This section does not apply where the person permitting the place to be so used establishes:

(a) that he or she was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting, that the performance would be an infringement of the copyright; or

(b) that he or she gave the permission gratuitously, or for a consideration that was only nominal or, if more than nominal, did not exceed a reasonable estimate of the expenses to be incurred by him or her by reason of the use of the place for the performance.

(3) In this section, place of public entertainment includes any premises that are occupied principally for purposes other than public entertainment but are from time to time made available for hire for purposes of public entertainment.

39A Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and archives

Where:

(a) a person makes an infringing copy of, or of part of, a work on a machine (including a computer), being a machine installed by or with the approval of the body administering a library or archives on the premises of the library or archives, or outside those premises for the convenience of persons using the library or archives; and

(b) there is affixed to, or in close proximity to, the machine, in a place readily visible to persons using the machine, a notice of the prescribed dimensions and in accordance with the prescribed form;

neither the body administering the library or archives nor the officer in charge of the library or archives shall be taken to have authorized the making of the infringing copy by reason only that the copy was made on that machine.

39B Communication by use of certain facilities

A person (including a carrier or carriage service provider) who provides facilities for making, or facilitating the making of, a communication is not taken to have authorised any infringement of copyright in a work merely because another person uses the facilities so provided to do something the right to do which is included in the copyright.

Division 3—Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in works

40 Fair dealing for purpose of research or study

(1) A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, for the purpose of research or study does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.

(1A) A fair dealing with a literary work (other than lecture notes) does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of, or associated with, an approved course of study or research by an enrolled external student of an educational institution.

(1B) In subsection (1A) the expression lecture notes means any literary work produced for the purpose of the course of study or research by a person lecturing or teaching in or in connection with the course of study or research.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the matters to which regard shall be had, in determining whether a dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, being a dealing by way of reproducing the whole or a part of the work or adaptation, constitutes a fair dealing with the work or adaptation for the purpose of research or study include:

(a) the purpose and character of the dealing;

(b) the nature of the work or adaptation;

(d) the effect of the dealing upon the potential market for, or value of, the work or adaptation; and

(e) in a case where part only of the work or adaptation is reproduced—the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole work or adaptation.

(3) Despite subsection (2), a reproduction, for the purpose of research or study, of all or part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an adaptation of such a work, contained in an article in a periodical publication is taken to be a fair dealing with the work or adaptation for the purpose of research or study.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if another article in the publication is also reproduced for the purpose of different research or a different course of study.

(5) Despite subsection (2), a reproduction, for the purpose of research or study, of not more than a reasonable portion of a work or adaptation that is described in an item of the table and is not contained in an article in a periodical publication is taken to be a fair dealing with the work or adaptation for the purpose of research or study. For this purpose, reasonable portion means the amount described in the item.

Works, adaptations and reasonable portions
Item	Work or adaptation	Amount that is reasonable portion
1	A literary, dramatic or musical work (except a computer program), or an adaptation of such a work, that is contained in a published edition of at least 10 pages	(a) 10% of the number of pages in the edition; or (b) if the work or adaptation is divided into chapters—a single chapter
2	A published literary work in electronic form (except a computer program or an electronic compilation, such as a database), a published dramatic work in electronic form or an adaptation published in electronic form of such a literary or dramatic work	(a) 10% of the number of words in the work or adaptation; or (b) if the work or adaptation is divided into chapters—a single chapter

(6) Subsection (5) applies to a reproduction of a work or adaptation described in both items of the table in that subsection even if the amount of the work or adaptation reproduced is not more than a reasonable portion (as defined in that subsection) on the basis of only one of those items.

(7) If:

(a) a person makes a reproduction of a part of a published literary or dramatic work or published adaptation of a literary or dramatic work; and

(b) the reproduction is of not more than a reasonable portion (as defined in subsection (5)) of the work or adaptation;

subsection (5) does not apply in relation to any subsequent reproduction made by the person of any other part of the same work or adaptation.

(8) Subsections 10(2), (2A), (2B) and (2C) do not affect subsection (5), (6) or (7) of this section.

41 Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review

A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of criticism or review, whether of that work or of another work, and a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made.

41A Fair dealing for purpose of parody or satire

42 Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news

(1) A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if:

(a) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made; or

(b) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news by means of a communication or in a cinematograph film.

(2) The playing of a musical work in the course of reporting news by means of a communication or in a cinematograph film is not a fair dealing with the work for the purposes of this section if the playing of the work does not form part of the news being reported.

43 Reproduction for purpose of judicial proceedings or professional advice

(1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of a judicial proceeding or of a report of a judicial proceeding.

(2) A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of the giving of professional advice by:

(a) a legal practitioner; or

(b) a person registered as a patent attorney under the Patents Act 1990; or

43A Temporary reproductions made in the course of communication

(1) The copyright in a work, or an adaptation of a work, is not infringed by making a temporary reproduction of the work or adaptation as part of the technical process of making or receiving a communication.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to the making of a temporary reproduction of a work, or an adaptation of a work, as part of the technical process of making a communication if the making of the communication is an infringement of copyright.

43B Temporary reproductions of works as part of a technical process of use

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the copyright in a work is not infringed by the making of a temporary reproduction of the work if the reproduction is incidentally made as a necessary part of a technical process of using a copy of the work.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to:

(a) the making of a temporary reproduction of a work if the reproduction is made from:

(i) an infringing copy of the work; or

(ii) a copy of the work where the copy is made in another country and would be an infringing copy of the work if the person who made the copy had done so in Australia; or

(b) the making of a temporary reproduction of a work as a necessary part of a technical process of using a copy of the work if that use constitutes an infringement of the copyright in the work.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to any subsequent use of a temporary reproduction of a work other than as a part of the technical process in which the temporary reproduction was made.

43C Reproducing works in books, newspapers and periodical publications in different form for private use

(1) This section applies if:

(a) the owner of a book, newspaper or periodical publication makes from it a reproduction (the main copy) of a work contained in the book, newspaper or periodical publication; and

(b) the main copy is made for his or her private and domestic use instead of the work as contained in the book, newspaper or periodical publication; and

(c) the main copy embodies the work in a form different from the form in which the work is embodied in the book, newspaper or periodical publication; and

(d) the book, newspaper or periodical publication itself is not an infringing copy of either the work or a published edition of the work; and

(e) at the time the owner makes the main copy, he or she has not made, and is not making, another copy that embodies the work in a form substantially identical to the form of the main copy.

For this purpose, disregard a temporary reproduction of the work incidentally made as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy.

(2) The making of the main copy is not an infringement of copyright in the work or a published edition of the work.

Dealing with main copy may make it an infringing copy

(3) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the main copy is:

(a) sold; or

(b) let for hire; or

(d) distributed for the purpose of trade or otherwise.

Note: If the main copy is dealt with as described in subsection (3), then copyright may be infringed not only by the making of the main copy but also by the dealing with the main copy.

(4) To avoid doubt, paragraph (3)(d) does not apply to a loan of the main copy by the lender to a member of the lender’s family or household for the member’s private and domestic use.

Reproducing work from main copy may infringe copyright

(5) Subsection (2) does not prevent the main copy from being an infringing copy for the purpose of working out whether this section applies again in relation to the making of another reproduction of the work from the main copy.

Disposal of book etc. may make the main copy an infringing copy

(6) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the owner of the book, newspaper or periodical publication disposes of it (in the form from which the main copy was made) to another person.

Status of temporary reproduction

(7) If subsection (2) applies to the making of the main copy only as a result of disregarding the incidental making of a temporary reproduction of the work as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy, then:

(a) if the temporary reproduction is destroyed at the first practicable time during or after the making of the main copy—the making of the temporary reproduction does not infringe copyright in the work or a published edition of the work; or

(b) if the temporary reproduction is not destroyed at that time—the making of the temporary reproduction is taken always to have infringed copyright (if any) subsisting in the work and the published edition of the work from which the main copy was made.

44 Inclusion of works in collections for use by places of education

(1) The copyright in a published literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of a short extract from the work, or, in the case of a published literary, dramatic or musical work, from an adaptation of the work, in a collection of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works contained in a book, sound recording or cinematograph film and intended for use by places of education if:

(a) the collection is described in an appropriate place in the book, on the label of each record embodying the recording or of its container, or in the film, as being intended for use by places of education;

(b) the work or adaptation was not published for the purpose of being used by places of education;

(d) a sufficient acknowledgement of the work or adaptation is made.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply in relation to the copyright in a work if, in addition to the extract concerned, 2 or more other extracts from, or from adaptations of, works (being works in which copyright subsists at the time when the collection is published) by the author of the first‑mentioned work are contained in that collection, or are contained in that collection taken together with every similar collection, if any, of works intended for use by places of education and published by the same publisher within the period of 5 years immediately preceding the publication of the first‑mentioned collection.

44A Importation etc. of books

(1) The copyright in an overseas work first published on or after the commencing day is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports a non‑infringing book into Australia for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 37(1)(a), (b) or (c).

(2) Subject to this section, the copyright in:

(a) an overseas work first published before the commencing day; or

(b) a work first published in Australia, whether before, on or after the commencing day;

is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports a copy (in this subsection called the imported copy) of a hardback or paperback version of a non‑infringing book into Australia for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 37(1)(a), (b) or (c) if:

(c) the person had ordered in writing from the copyright owner, or the owner’s licensee or agent, one or more copies of that version of the book (not being second‑hand copies or more copies than were needed to satisfy the person’s reasonable requirements); and

(d) when the person ordered the imported copy, the original order mentioned in paragraph (c) had not been withdrawn or cancelled by, or with the consent of, the person and:

(i) at least 7 days had elapsed since the person placed the original order and the copyright owner, licensee or agent had not notified the person in writing that the original order would be filled within 90 days after it was placed; or

(ii) at least 90 days had elapsed since the person placed the original order and the copyright owner, licensee or agent had not filled the order.

(3) The copyright in a published work (whether first published before, on or after the commencing day) is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports a single copy of a non‑infringing book into Australia if the importation is for the purpose of filling a written order, or a verifiable telephone order, by a customer of the person and:

(a) in the case of a written order, the order contains a statement, signed by the customer; or

(b) in the case of a telephone order, the customer makes a verifiable statement;

to the effect that the customer does not intend to use the book for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 37(1)(a), (b) or (c).

(4) The copyright in a published work (whether first published before, on or after the commencing day) is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports 2 or more copies of a non‑infringing book into Australia if:

(a) the importation is for the purpose of filling a written order, or a verifiable telephone order, placed with the person by or on behalf of a library, other than a library conducted for the profit (direct or indirect) of a person or organisation; and

(b) in the case of a written order—the order contains a statement, signed by the person placing the order, to the effect that the library does not intend to use any of the books for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 37(1)(a), (b) or (c); and

(c) in the case of a telephone order—the person placing the order makes a verifiable statement to the effect referred to in paragraph (b); and

(d) the number of copies so imported is not more than the number of copies so ordered.

(5) Without limiting the ways in which a telephone order under subsection (3) or (4), or a statement under paragraph (3)(b) or (4)(c) relating to such an order, may be verified, such an order or statement is, for the purposes of this section, taken to be verifiable if the person who takes the order, or to whom the statement is made, makes a written note of the details of the order or statement when, or immediately after, the order is placed, or the statement is made, as the case may be.

(6) Where:

(a) a book is imported into Australia for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 37(1)(a), (b) or (c); and

(b) the importation does not, under this section, constitute an infringement of copyright in a published work;

the use of the book for any such purpose does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work and subsection 38(1) does not apply to the book.

(7) Subsection (2) does not apply to the importation of a copy of a hardback version of a non‑infringing book into Australia if the copyright owner, or his or her licensee or agent, is able to supply in Australia enough copies of a paperback version of the book to fill any reasonable order.

(8) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(d), a copyright owner, licensee or agent is not taken to have filled an order by a person for one or more copies of a version of a book unless and until the copyright owner, licensee or agent sends the copy, or all of the copies, as the case requires, to the person.

(9) In this section:

book does not include:

(a) a book whose main content is one or more musical works, with or without any related literary, dramatic or artistic work; or

(b) a manual sold with computer software for use in connection with that software; or

commencing day means the day on which the Copyright Amendment Act 1991 commences.

overseas work means a work:

(a) that was first published in a country other than Australia; and

(b) that was not published in Australia within 30 days after its first publication in that other country.

Note: A work may, for the purposes of this Act, be first published in Australia if it is published in Australia within 30 days of an earlier publication elsewhere. For the meaning of first publication, see section 29 and, in particular, subsection 29(5).

44B Reproduction of writing on approved label for containers for chemical product

The reproduction on a label on a container for a chemical product of any writing appearing on an approved label is not an infringement of any copyright subsisting under this Part in relation to that writing.

44BA Acts done in relation to certain medicine

(1) The following acts are not an infringement of any copyright subsisting under this Part in a work that is product information approved under section 25AA of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 in relation to medicine:

(a) an act that is done under that Act and that is in respect of product information in relation to:

(i) restricted medicine; or

(ii) medicine in respect of which the applicant for the registration of that medicine under that Act has been given a notice of the kind referred to in subparagraph 25(1)(da)(ii) of that Act; or

(iii) medicine in respect of which subsection 25AA(2) or (3) of that Act applies;

(b) an act that is ancillary or incidental to an act referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) The following acts are not an infringement of any copyright subsisting under this Part in a work that is product information approved under section 25AA of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 in relation to medicine:

(a) supplying, in Australia, some or all of any product information that is approved under that section in relation to medicine;

(b) reproducing, in Australia, some or all of the information referred to in paragraph (a);

(d) communicating, in Australia, some or all of the information referred to in paragraph (a);

(e) adapting, in Australia, some or all of the information referred to in paragraph (a);

to the extent that the supply, reproduction, publication, communication or adaptation is for a purpose related to the safe and effective use of the medicine referred to in paragraph (a).

(3) An act done in Australia that is ancillary or incidental to a supply, reproduction, publication, communication or adaptation referred to in subsection (2) is not an infringement of any copyright subsisting under this Part in the work referred to in subsection (2).

(4) For the purposes of this section, medicine, product information and restricted medicine have the same meanings as in the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989.

44BB Copyright subsisting in works shared for healthcare or related purposes

(1) The copyright in a work is not infringed by an act comprised in the copyright in the work if:

(a) the act is done, or authorised to be done:

(i) for a purpose for which the collection, use or disclosure of health information is required or authorised under the My Health Records Act 2012; or

(ii) in circumstances in which a permitted general situation exists under item 1 of the table in subsection 16A(1) of the Privacy Act 1988 (serious threat to life, health or safety), or would exist if the act were done, or authorised to be done, by an entity that is an APP entity for the purposes of that Act; or

(iii) in circumstances in which a permitted health situation exists under section 16B of the Privacy Act 1988, or would exist if the act were done, or authorised to be done, by an entity that is an organisation for the purposes of that Act; or

(iv) for any other purpose relating to healthcare, or the communication or management of health information, prescribed by the regulations; and

(b) either:

(i) the work is substantially comprised of health information; or

(ii) the work allows for the storage, retrieval or use of health information and it is reasonably necessary to do the act, or authorise it to be done, in circumstances that would otherwise infringe copyright in the work.

(2) In this section:

healthcare has the same meaning as in the My Health Records Act 2012.

health information has the same meaning as in the My Health Records Act 2012.

44C Copyright subsisting in accessories etc. to imported articles

(1) The copyright in a work a copy of which is, or is on, or embodied in, a non‑infringing accessory to an article is not infringed by importing the accessory with the article.

Note: See the definition of accessory in subsection 10(1) and see also section 10AD for an expanded meaning of accessory in relation to certain imported articles.

(2) Section 38 does not apply to a copy of a work, being a copy that is, or is on, or embodied in, a non‑infringing accessory to an article, if the importation of the accessory is not an infringement of copyright in the work.

44D Import of non‑infringing copy of sound recording does not infringe copyright in works recorded

(1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work is not infringed by a person who:

(a) imports into Australia a non‑infringing copy of a sound recording of the work; or

(b) does an act described in section 38 involving an article that is a non‑infringing copy of a sound recording of the work and has been imported into Australia by anyone.

Note: In a civil action for infringement of copyright, a copy of a sound recording is presumed not to be a non‑infringing copy of the sound recording unless the defendant proves it is. See section 130A.

(2) This section applies to a copy of a sound recording only if, when the copy is imported into Australia, the sound recording has been published:

(a) in Australia; or

(b) in another country (the publication country) by or with the consent of:

(i) the owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording in the publication country; or

(ii) the owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording in the country (the original recording country) in which the sound recording was made, if the law of the publication country did not provide for copyright or a related right in sound recordings when publication occurred; or

(iii) the maker of the sound recording, if neither the law of the publication country nor the law of the original recording country (whether those countries are different or not) provided for copyright or a related right in sound recordings when publication occurred.

Note: Subsection 29(6) deals with unauthorised publication.

(3) In subsection (2):

owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording means the owner at the time publication of the sound recording occurred.

(4) The definition of article in section 38 does not affect this section.

44E Importation and sale etc. of copies of computer programs

(1) The copyright in a literary work:

(a) that is a computer program; and

(b) that has been published in Australia or a qualifying country;

is not infringed by a person who:

(d) does an act mentioned in section 38 involving an article that has embodied in it a non‑infringing copy of the program and that has been imported into Australia by anyone.

Note: Section 130B deals with the burden of proof a defendant bears in a civil action for infringement of copyright.

(2) The definition of article in section 38 does not affect this section.

44F Importation and sale etc. of copies of electronic literary or music items

(1) The copyright in a work:

(a) that is, or is part of, an electronic literary or music item; and

(b) that has been published in Australia or a qualifying country;

is not infringed by a person who:

(c) imports into Australia an article that has embodied in it a non‑infringing copy of the electronic literary or music item; or

(d) does an act mentioned in section 38 involving an article that has embodied in it a non‑infringing copy of the electronic literary or music item and that has been imported into Australia by anyone.

Note: Section 130C deals with the burden of proof a defendant bears in a civil action for infringement of copyright.

(2) The definition of article in section 38 does not affect this section.

Division 4—Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in literary, dramatic and musical works

45 Reading or recitation in public or for a broadcast

The reading or recitation in public, or the inclusion in a sound broadcast or television broadcast of a reading or recitation, of an extract of reasonable length from a published literary or dramatic work, or from an adaptation of such a work, does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if a sufficient acknowledgement of the work is made.

46 Performance at premises where persons reside or sleep

Where a literary, dramatic or musical work, or an adaptation of such a work, is performed in public, by the operation of reception equipment or by the use of a record, at premises where persons reside or sleep, as part of the amenities provided exclusively for residents or inmates of the premises or for those residents or inmates and their guests, the performance does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.

47 Reproduction for purpose of broadcasting

(1) Where the broadcasting by a person of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an adaptation of such a work, would not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work, but the making by the person of a sound recording or a cinematograph film of the work or adaptation would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by the making by the person of such a recording or film solely for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply in relation to a recording or film if a record embodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than:

(a) the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or

(b) the making of further records embodying the recording or further copies of the film for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in such circumstances.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a recording or film where a record embodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation by a person who is not the maker of the recording or film unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the work such amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to the owner such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the making of the recording or film.

(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in the last preceding subsection is liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the undertaking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the work and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the owner.

(5) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply in relation to a recording or film unless, before the expiration of the period of 12 months commencing on the day on which any of the records embodying the recording or any of the copies of the film is first used for broadcasting the work or adaptation in accordance with that subsection, or before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the maker of the recording or film and the owner of the copyright in the work, all the records embodying the recording or all the copies of the film are destroyed or are transferred, with the consent of the Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia, to the care (within the meaning of the Archives Act 1983) of the National Archives of Australia.

(6) The Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia must not consent to the transfer to the care of the National Archives of Australia in accordance with subsection (5) of a record embodying a recording or of a copy of a film unless he or she has certified that the recording or film is of an exceptional documentary character.

(7) In this section:

broadcasting does not include simulcasting.

47AA Reproduction for the purpose of simulcasting

(1) If the broadcasting of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an adaptation of such a work, would not for any reason constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work, but the making of a sound recording or a cinematograph film of the work or adaptation would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by the making of such a recording or film solely for the purpose of simulcasting the work or adaptation in digital form.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a recording or film if a record embodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than:

(a) the simulcasting of the work or adaptation in circumstances that do not for any reason constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or

(b) the making of further records embodying the recording or further copies of the film for the purpose of simulcasting the work or adaptation in such circumstances.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a recording or film unless all records embodying the recording, or all copies of the film, made under that subsection are destroyed on or before the relevant date specified in the regulations.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), the regulations may specify different dates in relation to different classes of sound recordings or cinematograph films.

Division 4A—Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in computer programs

47AB Meaning of computer program

In this Division:

computer program includes any literary work that is:

(a) incorporated in, or associated with, a computer program; and

(b) essential to the effective operation of a function of that computer program.

47B Reproduction for normal use or study of computer programs

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the work if:

(a) the reproduction is incidentally and automatically made as part of the technical process of running a copy of the program for the purposes for which the program was designed; and

(b) the running of the copy is done by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the making of a reproduction of a computer program:

(a) from an infringing copy of the computer program; or

(b) contrary to an express direction or licence given by, or on behalf of, the owner of the copyright in the computer program to the owner or licensee of the copy from which the reproduction is made when the owner or licensee of that copy acquired it.

(3) Subject to subsection (4), the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the work if:

(a) the reproduction is incidentally and automatically made as part of the technical process of running a copy of the program for the purpose of studying the ideas behind the program and the way in which it functions; and

(b) the running of the copy is done by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply to the making of a reproduction of a computer program from an infringing copy of the computer program.

(5) In this section:

reproduction, in relation to a computer program, does not include a version of the program of the kind referred to in paragraph 21(5)(b).

47C Back‑up copy of computer programs

(1) Subject to subsection (4), the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the work if:

(a) the reproduction is made by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy (the original copy) from which the reproduction is made; and

(b) the reproduction is made for use only by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the original copy; and

(i) to enable the owner or licensee of the original copy to use the reproduction in lieu of the original copy and to store the original copy;

(ii) to enable the owner or licensee of the original copy to store the reproduction for use in lieu of the original copy if the original copy is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable;

(iii) to enable the owner or licensee of the original copy to use the reproduction in lieu of the original copy, or of another reproduction made under this subsection, if the original copy, or the other reproduction, is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.

(2) Subject to subsection (4), the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program, and in any work or other subject‑matter held together with the program on the same computer system, is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the program, or of such a work or other subject‑matter if:

(a) the reproduction is made by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy (the original copy) from which the reproduction is made; and

(b) the making of the reproduction is part of the normal back‑up copying of data for security purposes.

(3) Subsection (1) applies in relation to a reproduction of a work made for a purpose referred to in subparagraph (1)(c)(iii) whether or not other reproductions of the work have previously been made for the same purpose from the same copy.

(4) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to the making of a reproduction of a computer program:

(a) from an infringing copy of the computer program; or

(b) if the owner of the copyright in the computer program has so designed the program that copies of it cannot be made without modifying the program; or

(c) if a licence to use the original copy, given by, or on behalf of, the owner of the copyright in the computer program to the owner of the original copy when the owner of that copy acquired it, has expired or been terminated.

(5) For the purposes of this section, a reference to a copy of a computer program is a reference to any article in which the computer program is reproduced in a material form.

(6) In this section:

reproduction, in relation to a computer program, does not include a version of the program of the kind referred to in paragraph 21(5)(b).

47D Reproducing computer programs to make interoperable products

(1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction or adaptation of the work if:

(a) the reproduction or adaptation is made by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy of the program (the original program) used for making the reproduction or adaptation; and

(b) the reproduction or adaptation is made for the purpose of obtaining information necessary to enable the owner or licensee, or a person acting on behalf of the owner or licensee, to make independently another program (the new program), or an article, to connect to and be used together with, or otherwise to interoperate with, the original program or any other program; and

(c) the reproduction or adaptation is made only to the extent reasonably necessary to obtain the information referred to in paragraph (b); and

(d) to the extent that the new program reproduces or adapts the original program, it does so only to the extent necessary to enable the new program to connect to and be used together with, or otherwise to interoperate with, the original program or the other program; and

(e) the information referred to in paragraph (b) is not readily available to the owner or licensee from another source when the reproduction or adaptation is made.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the making of a reproduction or adaptation of a computer program from an infringing copy of the computer program.

47E Reproducing computer programs to correct errors

(1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making, on or after 23 February 1999, of a reproduction or adaptation of the work if:

(a) the reproduction or adaptation is made by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy of the program (the original copy) used for making the reproduction or adaptation; and

(b) the reproduction or adaptation is made for the purpose of correcting an error in the original copy that prevents it from operating (including in conjunction with other programs or with hardware):

(i) as intended by its author; or

(ii) in accordance with any specifications or other documentation supplied with the original copy; and

(c) the reproduction or adaptation is made only to the extent reasonably necessary to correct the error referred to in paragraph (b); and

(d) when the reproduction or adaptation is made, another copy of the program that does operate as mentioned in paragraph (b) is not available to the owner or licensee within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the making of a reproduction or adaptation of a computer program from an infringing copy of the computer program.

47F Reproducing computer programs for security testing

(1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a literary work that is a computer program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction or adaptation of the work if:

(a) the reproduction or adaptation is made by, or on behalf of, the owner or licensee of the copy of the program (the original copy) used for making the reproduction or adaptation; and

(b) the reproduction or adaptation is made for the purpose of:

(i) testing in good faith the security of the original copy, or of a computer system or network of which the original copy is a part; or

(ii) investigating, or correcting, in good faith a security flaw in, or the vulnerability to unauthorised access of, the original copy, or of a computer system or network of which the original copy is a part; and

(c) the reproduction or adaptation is made only to the extent reasonably necessary to achieve a purpose referred to in paragraph (b); and

(d) the information resulting from the making of the reproduction or adaptation is not readily available to the owner or licensee from another source when the reproduction or adaptation is made.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the making of a reproduction or adaptation of a computer program from an infringing copy of the computer program.

47G Unauthorised use of copies or information

(1) If:

(a) a reproduction or adaptation of a literary work that is a computer program is made under a prescribed provision; and

(b) the reproduction or adaptation, or any information derived from it, is, without the consent of the owner of the copyright in the computer program, used, or sold or otherwise supplied to a person, for a purpose other than a purpose specified in the prescribed provision;

the prescribed provision does not apply, and is taken never to have applied, to the making of the reproduction or adaptation.

(2) For the purposes of this section, sections 47B, 47C, 47D, 47E and 47F are prescribed provisions.

47H Agreements excluding operation of certain provisions

An agreement, or a provision of an agreement, that excludes or limits, or has the effect of excluding or limiting, the operation of subsection 47B(3), or section 47C, 47D, 47E or 47F, has no effect.

Division 4B—Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in artistic works

47J Reproducing photograph in different format for private use

(1) This section applies if:

(a) the owner of a photograph (the original photograph) makes a reproduction (the main copy) of it for his or her private and domestic use instead of the original photograph; and

(b) the original photograph itself is not an infringing copy of a work or published edition of a work; and

(i) the original photograph is in hardcopy form and the main copy is in electronic form; or

(ii) the original photograph is in electronic form and the main copy is in hardcopy form; and

(d) at the time the owner makes the main copy, he or she has not made, and is not making, another reproduction of the original photograph that embodies the original photograph in a form substantially identical to the form of the main copy.

For this purpose, disregard a temporary reproduction of the original photograph incidentally made as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy.

(2) The making of the main copy is not an infringement of copyright:

(a) in the original photograph; or

(b) in a work, or published edition of a work, included in the original photograph.

Dealing with main copy may make it an infringing copy

(3) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the main copy is:

(a) sold; or

(b) let for hire; or

(d) distributed for the purpose of trade or otherwise.

Note: If the main copy is dealt with as described in subsection (3), then copyright may be infringed not only by the making of the main copy but also by the dealing with the main copy.

(4) To avoid doubt, paragraph (3)(d) does not apply to a loan of the main copy by the lender to a member of the lender’s family or household for the member’s private and domestic use.

Reproducing main copy may infringe copyright

(5) Subsection (2) does not prevent the main copy from being an infringing copy for the purpose of working out whether this section applies again in relation to the making of a reproduction of the main copy.

Disposal of original may make the main copy an infringing copy

(6) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the owner of the original photograph disposes of it to another person.

Status of temporary reproduction

(7) If subsection (2) applies to the making of the main copy only as a result of disregarding the incidental making of a temporary reproduction of the original photograph as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy, then:

(b) if the temporary reproduction is not destroyed at that time—the making of the temporary reproduction is taken always to have infringed copyright (if any) subsisting in the original photograph or a work, or published edition of a work, included in the original photograph.

Division 5—Copying of works in libraries or archives

48 Interpretation

In this Division, a reference to an article contained in a periodical publication shall be read as a reference to anything (other than an artistic work) appearing in such a publication.

48A Copying by Parliamentary libraries for members of Parliament

The copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done, for the sole purpose of assisting a person who is a member of a Parliament in the performance of the person’s duties as such a member, by an authorized officer of a library, being a library the principal purpose of which is to provide library services for members of that Parliament.

49 Reproducing and communicating works by libraries and archives for users

(1) A person may furnish to the officer in charge of a library or archives:

(a) a request in writing to be supplied with a reproduction of an article, or a part of an article, contained in a periodical publication or of the whole or a part of a published work other than an article contained in a periodical publication, being a periodical publication or a published work held in the collection of a library or archives; and

(b) a declaration signed by him or her stating:

(i) that he or she requires the reproduction for the purpose of research or study and will not use it for any other purpose; and

(ii) that he or she has not previously been supplied with a reproduction of the same article or other work, or the same part of the article or other work, as the case may be, by an authorized officer of the library or archives.

(2) Subject to this section, where a request and declaration referred to in subsection (1) are furnished to the officer in charge of a library or archives, an authorized officer of the library or archives may, unless the declaration contains a statement that to his or her knowledge is untrue in a material particular, make, or cause to be made, the reproduction to which the request relates and supply the reproduction to the person who made the request.

Note: The reproduction could be made from another reproduction of the article or published work in the collection of the library or archives that was made without infringing copyright because of subsection 113H(1) (Preservation).

(2A) A person may make to an authorized officer of a library or archives:

(a) a request to be supplied with a reproduction of an article, or part of an article, contained in a periodical publication, or of the whole or a part of a published work other than an article contained in a periodical publication, being a periodical publication or a published work held in the collection of a library or archives; and

(b) a declaration to the effect that:

(i) the person requires the reproduction for the purpose of research or study and will not use it for any other purpose;

(ii) the person has not previously been supplied with a reproduction of the same article or other work, or the same part of the article or other work, as the case may be, by an authorized officer of the library or archives; and

(iii) by reason of the remoteness of the person’s location, the person cannot conveniently furnish to the officer in charge of the library or archives a request and declaration referred to in subsection (1) in relation to the reproduction soon enough to enable the reproduction to be supplied to the person before the time by which the person requires it.

(2B) A request or declaration referred to in subsection (2A) is not required to be made in writing.

(2C) Subject to this section, where:

(a) a request and declaration referred to in subsection (2A) are made by a person to an authorized officer of a library or archives; and

(b) the authorized officer makes a declaration setting out particulars of the request and declaration made by the person and stating that:

(i) the declaration made by the person, so far as it relates to the matters specified in subparagraphs (2A)(b)(i) and (ii), does not contain a statement that, to the knowledge of the authorized officer, is untrue in a material particular; and

(ii) the authorized officer is satisfied that the declaration made by the person is true so far as it relates to the matter specified in subparagraph (2A)(b)(iii);

an authorized officer of the library or archives may make, or cause to be made, the reproduction to which the request relates and supply the reproduction to the person.

(3) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a reproduction to which a request under subsection (1) or (2A) relates, subsection (2) or (2C), as the case may be, does not apply in relation to the request if the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the reproduction.

(4) Subsection (2) or (2C) does not apply in relation to a request for a reproduction of, or parts of, 2 or more articles contained in the same periodical publication unless the articles are requested for the same research or course of study.

(5) Subsection (2) or (2C) does not apply to a request for a reproduction of the whole of a work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication), or to a reproduction of a part of such a work that contains more than a reasonable portion of the work unless:

(a) the work forms part of the library or archives collection; and

(b) before the reproduction is made, an authorized officer has, after reasonable investigation, made a declaration stating that he or she is satisfied that a reproduction (not being a second‑hand reproduction) of the work cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(5AA) For the purposes of subsection (5), if the characteristics of the work are such that subsection 10(2) or (2A) is relevant to the question whether the reproduction contains only a reasonable portion of the work, then that question is to be determined solely by reference to subsection 10(2) or (2A) and not by reference to the ordinary meaning of reasonable portion.

(5AB) For the purposes of paragraph (5)(b), in determining whether a reproduction (not being a second‑hand reproduction) of the work cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price, the authorized officer must take into account:

(a) the time by which the person requesting the reproduction requires it; and

(b) the time within which a reproduction (not being a second‑hand reproduction) of the work at an ordinary commercial price could be delivered to the person; and

(c) whether an electronic reproduction of the work can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(5A) If an article contained in a periodical publication, or a published work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication) is acquired, in electronic form, as part of a library or archives collection, the officer in charge of the library or archives may make it available online within the premises of the library or archives in such a manner that users cannot, by using any equipment supplied by the library or archives:

(a) make an electronic reproduction of the article or work; or

(b) communicate the article or work.

(6) The copyright in an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making, in relation to a request under subsection (1) or (2A), of a reproduction of the article, or of a part of the article, in accordance with subsection (2) or (2C), as the case may be, unless the reproduction is supplied to a person other than the person who made the request.

(7) The copyright in a published work other than an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making, in relation to a request under subsection (1) or (2A), of a reproduction of the work, or of a part of the work, in accordance with subsection (2) or (2C), as the case may be, unless the reproduction is supplied to a person other than the person who made the request.

(7A) Subsections (6) and (7) do not apply to the making under subsection (2) or (2C) of an electronic reproduction of:

(a) an article, or a part of an article, contained in a periodical publication; or

(b) the whole or part of a published work, other than such an article;

in relation to a request under this section for communication to the person who made the request unless:

(c) before or when the reproduction is communicated to the person, the person is notified in accordance with the regulations:

(i) that the reproduction has been made under this section and that the article or work might be subject to copyright protection under this Act; and

(ii) about such other matters (if any) as are prescribed; and

(d) as soon as practicable after the reproduction is communicated to the person, the reproduction made under subsection (2) or (2C) and held by the library or archives is destroyed.

(7B) It is not an infringement of copyright in an article contained in a periodical publication, or of copyright in a published work, to communicate it in accordance with subsection (2), (2C) or (5A).

(8) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (6) or (7) in such cases as are specified in the regulations.

(9) In this section:

archives means an archives all or part of whose collection is accessible to members of the public.

library means a library all or part of whose collection is accessible to members of the public directly or through interlibrary loans.

supply includes supply by way of a communication.

Note: Under section 203F, it is an offence to make a false or misleading declaration for the purposes of this section. Sections 203A and 203G create offences relating to the keeping of declarations made for the purposes of this section.

50 Reproducing and communicating works by libraries or archives for other libraries or archives

(1) The officer in charge of a library may request, or cause another person to request, the officer in charge of another library to supply the officer in charge of the first‑mentioned library with a reproduction of an article, or a part of an article, contained in a periodical publication, or of the whole or a part of a published work other than an article contained in a periodical publication, being a periodical publication or a published work held in the collection of a library:

(a) for the purpose of including the reproduction in the collection of the first‑mentioned library;

(aa) in a case where the principal purpose of the first‑mentioned library is to provide library services for members of a Parliament—for the purpose of assisting a person who is a member of that Parliament in the performance of the person’s duties as such a member; or

(b) for the purpose of supplying the reproduction to a person who has made a request for the reproduction under section 49.

(2) Subject to this section, where a request is made by or on behalf of the officer in charge of a library to the officer in charge of another library under subsection (1), an authorized officer of the last‑mentioned library may make, or cause to be made, the reproduction to which the request relates and supply the reproduction to the officer in charge of the first‑mentioned library.

Note: The reproduction could be made from another reproduction of the article or published work in the collection of the other library that was made without infringing copyright because of subsection 113H(1) (Preservation).

(3) Where, under subsection (2), an authorized officer of a library makes, or causes to be made, a reproduction of the whole or part of a work (including an article contained in a periodical publication) and supplies it to the officer in charge of another library in accordance with a request made under subsection (1):

(a) the reproduction shall, for all purposes of this Act, be deemed to have been made on behalf of an authorized officer of the other library for the purpose for which the reproduction was requested; and

(b) an action shall not be brought against the body administering that first‑mentioned library, or against any officer or employee of that library, for infringement of copyright by reason of the making or supplying of that reproduction.

(4) Subject to this section, if a reproduction of the whole or a part of an article contained in a periodical publication, or of any other published work, is, by virtue of subsection (3), taken to have been made on behalf of an authorised officer of a library, the copyright in the article or other work is not infringed:

(a) by the making of the reproduction; or

(b) if the work is supplied under subsection (2) by way of a communication—by the making of the communication.

(5) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (4) in such cases as are specified in the regulations.

(6) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a reproduction to which a request under subsection (1) relates, subsection (3) does not apply in relation to the request if the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the reproduction.

(7) Where:

(a) a reproduction (in this subsection referred to as the relevant reproduction) of, or of a part of, an article, or of the whole or a part of another work, is supplied under subsection (2) to the officer in charge of a library; and

(b) a reproduction of the same article or other work, or of the same part of the article or other work, as the case may be, has previously been supplied under subsection (2) for the purpose of inclusion in the collection of the library;

subsection (4) does not apply to or in relation to the relevant reproduction unless, as soon as practicable after the request under subsection (1) relating to the relevant reproduction is made, an authorized officer of the library makes a declaration:

(c) setting out particulars of the request (including the purpose for which the relevant reproduction was requested); and

(d) stating that the reproduction referred to in paragraph (b) has been lost, destroyed or damaged, as the case requires.

(7A) If:

(a) a reproduction is made of the whole of a work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication) or of a part of such a work, being a part that contains more than a reasonable portion of the work; and

(b) the work from which the reproduction is made is in hardcopy form; and

subsection (4) does not apply in relation to the reproduction unless:

(d) in a case where the principal purpose of the library is to provide library services for members of a Parliament—the reproduction is so supplied for the purpose of assisting a person who is a member of that Parliament in the performance of the person’s duties as such a member; or

(e) as soon as practicable after the request under subsection (1) relating to the reproduction is made, an authorized officer of the library makes a declaration:

(i) setting out particulars of the request (including the purpose for which the reproduction was requested); and

(ii) stating that, after reasonable investigation, the authorized officer is satisfied that a copy (not being a second‑hand copy) of the work cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(7B) If:

(a) a reproduction is made of the whole of a work (including an article contained in a periodical publication) or of a part of such a work, whether or not the part contains more than a reasonable portion of the work; and

(b) the work from which the reproduction is made is in electronic form; and

subsection (4) does not apply in relation to the reproduction unless:

(e) as soon as practicable after the request under subsection (1) relating to the reproduction is made, an authorized officer of the library makes a declaration:

(i) setting out particulars of the request (including the purpose for which the reproduction was requested); and

(ii) if the reproduction is of the whole, or of more than a reasonable portion, of a work other than an article—stating that, after reasonable investigation, the authorised officer is satisfied that the work cannot be obtained in electronic form within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price; and

(iii) if the reproduction is of a reasonable portion, or less than a reasonable portion, of a work other than an article—stating that, after reasonable investigation, the authorised officer is satisfied that the portion cannot be obtained in electronic form, either separately or together with a reasonable amount of other material, within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price; and

(iv) if the reproduction is of the whole or of a part of an article—stating that, after reasonable investigation, the authorised officer is satisfied that the article cannot be obtained on its own in electronic form within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(7BA) For the purposes of subsections (7A) and (7B), if the characteristics of the work are such that subsection 10(2) or (2A) is relevant to the question whether the reproduction contains only a reasonable portion of the work, then that question is to be determined solely by reference to subsection 10(2) or (2A) and not by reference to the ordinary meaning of reasonable portion.

(7BB) For the purposes of subparagraphs (7A)(e)(ii) and (7B)(e)(ii), (iii) and (iv), in determining whether a copy of the work, the work, the portion of the work or the article (as appropriate) cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price, the authorized officer must take into account:

(a) the time by which the person requesting the reproduction under section 49 requires the reproduction; and

(b) the time within which a reproduction (not being a second‑hand reproduction) of the work at an ordinary commercial price could be delivered to the person; and

(c) whether the copy, work, portion or article can be obtained in electronic form within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

(7C) If:

(a) a reproduction is made in electronic form by or on behalf of an authorised officer of a library of the whole of a work (including an article contained in a periodical publication) or of a part of such a work; and

(b) the reproduction is supplied under subsection (2) to the officer in charge of another library;

subsection (3) does not apply in relation to the reproduction unless, as soon as practicable after the reproduction is supplied to the other library the reproduction made for the purpose of the supply and held by the first‑mentioned library is destroyed.

(8) Subsection (4) does not apply to a reproduction or communication of all or part of 2 or more articles that are contained in the same periodical publication and that have been requested for the same purpose unless:

(a) the purpose is the one described in paragraph (1)(aa) (assisting a member of a Parliament perform his or her duties); or

(b) the purpose is the one described in paragraph (1)(b) (supplying a reproduction to a person requesting it under section 49 for research or study) and the reproduction of the articles was requested under section 49 for the same research or course of study.

(10) In this section:

library means:

(a) a library all or part of whose collection is accessible to members of the public directly or through interlibrary loans; or

(b) a library whose principal purpose is to provide library services for members of a Parliament; or

supply includes supply by way of a communication.

51 Reproducing and communicating unpublished works in libraries or archives

(1) Where, at a time more than 50 years after the end of the calendar year in which the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work died, copyright subsists in the work but:

(a) the work has not been published; and

(b) a reproduction of the work, or, in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the manuscript of the work, is kept in the collection of a library or archives where it is, subject to any regulations governing that collection, open to public inspection;

the copyright in the work is not infringed:

(c) by the making or communication of a reproduction of the work by a person for the purposes of research or study or with a view to publication; or

(d) by the making or communication of a reproduction of the work by, or on behalf of, the officer in charge of the library or archives if the reproduction is supplied (whether by way of communication or otherwise) to a person who satisfies the officer in charge of the library or archives that the person requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study, or with a view to publication, and that the person will not use it for any other purpose.

(2) If the manuscript, or a reproduction, of an unpublished thesis or other similar literary work is kept in a library of a university or other similar institution, or in an archives, the copyright in the thesis or other work is not infringed by the making or communication of a reproduction of the thesis or other work by or on behalf of the officer in charge of the library or archives if the reproduction is supplied (whether by communication or otherwise) to a person who satisfies an authorized officer of the library or archives that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study.

51AA Reproducing and communicating works in care of National Archives of Australia

(1) The copyright in a work that is kept in the collection of an archives covered by subparagraph (a)(i) or paragraph (aa) of the definition of archives in subsection 10(1), where it is open to public inspection, is not infringed by the making or communication by, or on behalf of, the officer in charge of the archives:

(a) of a single working copy of the work; or

(b) of a single reference copy of the work for supply to the central office of the National Archives of Australia; or

(c) on the written request for a reference copy of the work by an officer of the National Archives of Australia in a regional office of the Archives, where the officer in charge is satisfied that a reference copy of the work has not been previously supplied to that regional office—of a single reference copy of the work for supply to that regional office; or

(d) where the officer in charge is satisfied that a reference copy of the work supplied to a regional office of the National Archives of Australia is lost, damaged or destroyed and an officer of the Archives in that regional office makes a written request for a replacement copy of the work—of a single replacement copy of the work for supply to that regional office; or

(e) where the officer in charge is satisfied that a reference copy of the work supplied to the central office of the National Archives of Australia is lost, damaged or destroyed—of a single replacement copy of the work for supply to that central office.

(2) In this section:

reference copy, in relation to a work, means a reproduction of the work made from a working copy for supply to the central office, or to a regional office, of the National Archives of Australia for use by that office in providing access to the work to members of the public.

replacement copy, in relation to a work, means a reproduction of the work made from a working copy for the purpose of replacing a reference copy of the work that is lost, damaged or destroyed.

working copy, in relation to a work, means a reproduction of the work made for the purpose of enabling the National Archives of Australia to retain the copy and use it for making reference copies and replacement copies of the work.

52 Publication of unpublished works kept in libraries or archives

(1) Where:

(a) a published literary, dramatic or musical work (in this section referred to as the new work) incorporates the whole or a part of a work (in this section referred to as the old work) to which subsection 51(1) applied immediately before the new work was published;

(b) before the new work was published, the prescribed notice of the intended publication of the work had been given; and

(c) immediately before the new work was published, the identity of the owner of the copyright in the old work was not known to the publishers of the new work;

then, for the purposes of this Act, the first publication of the new work, and any subsequent publication of the new work whether in the same or in an altered form, shall, in so far as it constitutes a publication of the old work, be deemed not to be an infringement of the copyright in the old work or an unauthorized publication of the old work.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply to a subsequent publication of the new work incorporating a part of the old work that was not included in the first publication of the new work unless:

(a) subsection 51(1) would, but for this section, have applied to that part of the old work immediately before that subsequent publication;

(b) before that subsequent publication, the prescribed notice of the intended publication had been given; and

(c) immediately before that subsequent publication, the identity of the owner of the copyright in the old work was not known to the publisher of that subsequent publication.

(3) If a work, or part of a work, has been published and, because of this section, the publication is taken not to be an infringement of the copyright in the work, the copyright in the work is not infringed by a person who, after the publication took place:

(a) broadcasts the work, or that part of the work; or

(b) electronically transmits the work, or that part of the work (other than in a broadcast) for a fee payable to the person who made the transmission; or

(d) makes a record of the work, or that part of the work.

53 Application of Division to illustrations accompanying articles and other works

Where an article, thesis or literary, dramatic or musical work is accompanied by artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating the article, thesis or other work (in this section referred to as the illustrations), the preceding sections of this Division apply as if:

(a) where any of those sections provides that the copyright in the article, thesis or work is not infringed—the reference to that copyright included a reference to any copyright in the illustrations; and

(b) a reference in section 49, section 50 or section 51 to a reproduction of the article, thesis or work included a reference to a reproduction of the article, thesis or work together with a reproduction of the illustrations; and

(c) a reference in section 49 or section 50 to a reproduction of a part of the article or work included a reference to a reproduction of that part of the article or work together with a reproduction of the illustrations that were provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating that part; and

(d) a reference in section 52 to the doing of any act in relation to the work included a reference to the doing of that act in relation to the work together with the illustrations.

Division 6—Recording of musical works

54 Interpretation

(1A) In this Division:

record means a disc, tape, paper or other device in which sounds are embodied.

(1) For the purposes of this Division:

(a) a reference to a musical work shall be read as a reference to the work in its original form or to an adaptation of the work;

(b) a reference to the owner of the copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to the person who is entitled to authorize the making in, and the importation into, Australia of records of the work; and

(c) a reference to sale of a record by retail or to retail sale of a record shall be read as not including a reference to:

(i) sale for a consideration not consisting wholly of money; or

(ii) sale by a person not ordinarily carrying on the business of making or selling records.

(2) For the purposes of this Division, where a musical work is comprised partly in one record and partly in another record or other records, all the records shall be treated as if they constituted a single record.

(3) A reference in this Division to a record of a musical work does not include a reference to a sound‑track associated with visual images forming part of a cinematograph film.

(4) Subject to subsection (5), this Division applies to a record of a part of a musical work as it applies to a record of the whole work.

(5) Section 55:

(a) does not apply to a record of a whole work unless the previous record referred to in paragraph 55(1)(a) was a record of the whole work; and

(b) does not apply to a record of a part of a work unless that previous record was a record of that part of the work.

Original form

(6) The definition of original form in subsection 10(1) does not apply in this Division.

55 Conditions upon which manufacturer may make records of musical work

(1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a musical work is not infringed by a person (in this section referred to as the manufacturer) who makes, in Australia, a record of the work if:

(a) a record of the work:

(i) has previously been made in, or imported into, Australia for the purpose of retail sale and was so made or imported by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the work;

(ii) has previously been made in Australia for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale and was so made by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the work;

(iii) has previously been made in, or imported into, a country other than Australia for the purpose of retail sale, being a country that, at the time of the previous making or importation, was specified in the regulations to be a country in relation to which this Division applies, and was so made or imported by, or with the licence of, the person who was, under the law of that country, the owner of the copyright in the work; or

(iv) has previously been made in a country other than Australia for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale, being a country that, at the time of the previous making, was specified in the regulations to be a country in relation to which this Division applies, and was so made by, or with the licence of, the person who was, under the law of that country, the owner of the copyright in the work;

(b) before the making of the record, the prescribed notice of the intended making of the record was given to the owner of the copyright;

(c) the manufacturer intends to sell the record by retail, or to supply it for the purpose of its being sold by retail by a person other than the manufacturer, or intends to use it for making other records that are to be so sold or supplied; and

(d) where the record is so sold or supplied by the manufacturer:

(i) the sale or supply is made with the licence of the owner of the copyright; and

(ii) the prescribed royalty is paid to the owner of the copyright in the manner agreed between the manufacturer and the owner of the copyright or, failing such agreement, determined by the Copyright Tribunal under section 152B.

(3) Subparagraph (1)(d)(i) does not apply in relation to a record of a work (other than a work that was made for the purpose of being performed, or has been performed, in association with a dramatic work or has been included in a cinematograph film) if the sale or supply is made after the expiration of the prescribed period after the earliest of the following dates:

(a) the date of the first making in, or the date of the first importation into, Australia of a previous record of the work in circumstances referred to in subparagraph (1)(a)(i) or (ii);

(b) the date of the first supplying (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public in a country referred to in subparagraph (1)(a)(iii) or (iv) of a previous record of the work made in, or imported into, that country in circumstances referred to in that subparagraph.

(4) Regulations prescribing a period for the purposes of the last preceding subsection may prescribe different periods in relation to different classes of records.

(5) If, apart from this subsection, the amount of royalty payable in respect of a record under this section would be less than one cent, that amount of royalty is one cent.

(6) In this section:

prescribed royalty, in relation to a record of a musical work, means:

(a) such amount of royalty as is agreed between the manufacturer and the owner of the copyright in the work or, failing such agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal under section 152A; or

(b) if no such agreement or determination is in force—an amount equal to 6.25% of the retail selling price of the record.

57 Provisions relating to royalty where 2 or more works are on the one record

Where a record comprises 2 or more musical works, whether or not there is any other matter comprised in the record:

(a) if the record includes a work in which copyright does not subsist or works in which copyrights do not subsist the royalty payable in respect of the record is, subject to the next succeeding paragraph, the amount that bears to the amount that, but for this section, would be the amount of the royalty the same proportion as the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist bears to the total number of works in the record; and

(b) if the record includes 2 or more works in which copyrights subsist:

(i) subject to this Division, the royalty payable in respect of the record shall not be less than One cent in respect of each work in the record in which copyright subsists; and

(ii) if the owners of the copyrights in the works in the record in which copyrights subsist are different persons there shall be paid to the owner of the copyright in each work, in respect of that work, an amount ascertained by dividing the amount of the royalty payable in respect of the record by the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist.

59 Conditions upon which manufacturer may include part of a literary or dramatic work in a record of a musical work

(1) Where:

(a) a person makes in Australia a record comprising the performance of a musical work in which words are sung, or are spoken incidentally to or in association with the music, whether or not there is any other matter comprised in the record;

(b) copyright does not subsist in that work or, if copyright so subsists, the requirements specified in subsection 55(1) are complied with in relation to that copyright;

(d) a record of the musical work in which those words, or words substantially the same as those words, were sung, or were spoken incidentally to or in association with the music:

(i) has previously been made in, or imported into, Australia for the purpose of retail sale and was so made or imported by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work;

(ii) has previously been made in Australia for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale and was so made by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work;

(e) the like notice was given to the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work as is required by paragraph 55(1)(b) to be given to the owner of the copyright (if any) in the musical work and there is paid to the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work such amount (if any) as is ascertained in accordance with this section;

the making of the record does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work.

(2) Where copyright does not subsist in the musical work, the amount to be paid in respect of the literary or dramatic work is an amount equal to the royalty that, but for this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical work if copyright had subsisted in the musical work.

(3) Where copyright subsists in the musical work as well as in the literary or dramatic work:

(a) if the copyrights in those works are owned by the same person—an amount is not payable in respect of the literary or dramatic work; or

(b) if the copyrights in those works are owned by different persons—the royalty that, but for this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical work shall be apportioned between them in such manner as they agree, or, in default of the agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of either of them.

(4) Where the owner of the copyright in a musical work and the owner of the copyright in a literary or dramatic work do not agree on the manner in which an amount is to be apportioned between them but the person who made the record gives an undertaking in writing to each owner to pay to him or her the portion of that amount that the Tribunal determines to be payable to him or her, then:

(a) paragraph 55(1)(d) and paragraph (1)(e) of this section have effect as if the payments referred to in those paragraphs had been made; and

(b) the person who made the record is liable, when the amount to which an undertaking relates is determined, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright to whom the undertaking was given and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from that person as a debt due to the owner.

60 Records made partly for retail sale and partly for gratuitous disposal

Where a person makes, in Australia, a number of records embodying the same sound recording, being a recording of a musical work or of a musical work and of words consisting or forming part of a literary or dramatic work, with the intention of:

(a) selling by retail, or supplying for sale by retail by another person, a substantial proportion of the records (in this section referred to as the records made for retail sale); and

(b) disposing gratuitously of the remainder of the records or supplying the remainder of the records for gratuitous disposal by another person;

this Division applies in relation to the records other than the records made for retail sale as if:

(c) those records had been made with the intention of selling them by retail or of supplying them for sale by retail by another person;

(d) the gratuitous disposal of those records by the maker of the records, or the supplying of those records by the maker of the records for gratuitous disposal by another person, were a sale of the records by retail; and

(e) the retail selling price of those records were the same as the retail selling price of the records made for retail sale.

61 Making inquiries in relation to previous records

Where:

(a) a person makes inquiries, as prescribed, for the purpose of ascertaining whether a record of a musical work, or a record of a musical work in which words consisting or forming part of a literary or dramatic work were sung or spoken, has previously been made in, or imported into, Australia by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the musical work or in the literary or dramatic work, as the case may be, for the purpose of retail sale or for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale; and

(b) an answer to those inquiries is not received within the prescribed period;

a record of that musical work, or a record of that work in which those words were sung or spoken, as the case may be, shall, for the purposes of the application of this Division:

(d) in relation to a person who makes records of the musical work, or records of that work in which those words or substantially the same words are sung or spoken, for the purpose of supplying those records to the person who made the inquiries in pursuance of an agreement entered into between those persons for the making of the records;

be taken to have been previously made in, or imported into, Australia with the licence of the owner of that copyright for the purpose of retail sale or for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale, as the case may be.

64 Sections 55 and 59 to be disregarded in determining whether an infringement has been committed by the importation of records

For the purpose of any provision of this Act relating to imported articles, in determining whether the making of a record made outside Australia would have constituted an infringement of copyright if the record had been made in Australia by the importer, sections 55 and 59 shall be disregarded.

Division 7—Acts not constituting infringements of copyright in artistic works

65 Sculptures and certain other works in public places

(1) This section applies to sculptures and to works of artistic craftsmanship of the kind referred to in paragraph (c) of the definition of artistic work in section 10.

(2) The copyright in a work to which this section applies that is situated, otherwise than temporarily, in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work or by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.

66 Buildings and models of buildings

The copyright in a building or a model of a building is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the building or model or by the inclusion of the building or model in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.

67 Incidental filming or televising of artistic works

Without prejudice to the last two preceding sections, the copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast if its inclusion in the film or broadcast is only incidental to the principal matters represented in the film or broadcast.

68 Publication of artistic works

The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the publication of a painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematograph film if, by virtue of section 65, section 66 or section 67, the making of that painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or film did not constitute an infringement of the copyright.

70 Reproduction for purpose of including work in television broadcast

(1) Where the inclusion of an artistic work in a television broadcast made by a person would not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of copyright in the work but the making by the person of a cinematograph film of the work would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by the making by the person of such a film solely for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply in relation to a film if a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than:

(a) the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast in circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or

(b) the making of further copies of the film for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in such a broadcast.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a film where a copy of the film is used for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast made by a person who is not the maker of the film unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the work such amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to the owner such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the making of the film.

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a film unless, before the expiration of the period of 12 months commencing on the day on which any of the copies of the film is first used for including the work in a television broadcast in accordance with that subsection, or before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the maker of the film and the owner of the copyright in the work, all the copies of the film are destroyed or are transferred, with the consent of the Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia, to the care (within the meaning of the Archives Act 1983) of the National Archives of Australia.

(6) The Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia must not consent to the transfer to the care of the National Archives of Australia in accordance with subsection (5) of a copy of a film unless he or she has certified that the film is of an exceptional documentary character.

72 Reproduction of part of work in later work

(1) The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the making of a later artistic work by the same author if, in making the later work, the author does not repeat or imitate the main design of the earlier work.

(2) The last preceding subsection has effect notwithstanding that part of the earlier work is reproduced in the later work and that, in reproducing the later work, the author used a mould, cast, sketch, plan, model or study made for the purposes of the earlier work.

73 Reconstruction of buildings

(1) Where copyright subsists in a building, the copyright is not infringed by a reconstruction of that building.

(2) Where a building has been constructed in accordance with architectural drawings or plans in which copyright subsists and has been so constructed by, or with the licence of, the owner of that copyright, that copyright is not infringed by a later reconstruction of the building by reference to those drawings or plans.

Division 8—Designs

74 Corresponding design

(1) In this Division:

corresponding design, in relation to an artistic work, means visual features of shape or configuration which, when embodied in a product, result in a reproduction of that work, whether or not the visual features constitute a design that is capable of being registered under the Designs Act 2003.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1):

embodied in, in relation to a product, includes woven into, impressed on or worked into the product.

75 Copyright protection where corresponding design registered

Subject to section 76, where copyright subsists in an artistic work (whether made before the commencement of this section or otherwise) and a corresponding design is or has been registered under the Designs Act 1906 or the Designs Act 2003 on or after that commencement, it is not an infringement of that copyright to reproduce the work by embodying that, or any other, corresponding design in a product.

76 False registration of industrial designs under the Designs Act 2003

(1) This section applies if:

(a) proceedings (copyright proceedings) are brought under this Act in relation to an artistic work in which copyright subsists; and

(b) a corresponding design was registered under the Designs Act 2003; and

(d) it is established in the copyright proceedings that:

(i) none of the persons who are registered owners of the registered design are entitled persons in relation to the design; and

(ii) none of those persons were registered with the knowledge of the owner of the copyright in the artistic work.

(2) Subject to subsection (3), for the purposes of the copyright proceedings:

(a) the design is taken never to have been registered under the Designs Act 2003; and

(b) section 75 does not apply in relation to anything done in respect of the design; and

(3) Ignore subsection (2) if it is established in the copyright proceedings that the act to which the proceedings relate was done:

(a) by an assignee of, or under a licence granted by, the registered owner of the registered design; and

(b) in good faith relying on the registration and without notice of any proceedings (whether or not before a court) to revoke the registration or to rectify the entry in the Register of Designs in relation to the design.

77 Application of artistic works as industrial designs without registration of the designs

(1) This section applies where:

(a) copyright subsists in an artistic work (other than a building or a model of a building, or a work of artistic craftsmanship) whether made before the commencement of this section or otherwise;

(b) a corresponding design is or has been applied industrially, whether in Australia or elsewhere, and whether before or after the commencement of this section, by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the place of industrial application; and

(c) at any time on or after the commencement of this section, products to which the corresponding design has been so applied (the products made to the corresponding design) are sold, let for hire or offered or exposed for sale or hire, whether in Australia or elsewhere; and

(d) at that time, the corresponding design is not registrable under the Designs Act 2003 or has not been registered under that Act or under the Designs Act 1906.

(1A) This section also applies if:

(a) a complete specification that discloses a product made to the corresponding design; or

(b) a representation of a product made to the corresponding design and included in a design application;

is published in Australia, whether or not paragraphs (1)(b) and (c) are satisfied in relation to the corresponding design.

(2) It is not an infringement of the copyright in the artistic work to reproduce the work, on or after the day on which:

(a) products made to the corresponding design are first sold, let for hire or offered or exposed for sale or hire; or

(b) a complete specification that discloses a product made to the corresponding design is first published in Australia; or

(c) a representation of a product made to the corresponding design and included in a design application is first published in Australia;

by embodying that, or any other, corresponding design in a product.

(3) This section does not apply in relation to any articles or products in respect of which, at the time when they were sold, let for hire or offered or exposed for sale or hire, the corresponding design concerned was excluded from registration by regulations made under the Designs Act 1906 or the Designs Act 2003, and, for the purposes of any proceedings under this Act, a design shall be conclusively presumed to have been so excluded if:

(a) before the commencement of the proceedings, an application for the registration of the design under the Designs Act 1906 in respect of those articles, or under the Designs Act 2003 in respect of those products, had been refused;

(b) the reason, or one of the reasons, given for the refusal was that the design was excluded from registration under that Act by regulations made under that Act; and

(4) The regulations may specify the circumstances in which a design is, for the purposes of this section, to be taken to be applied industrially.

(5) In this section:

building or model of a building does not include a portable building such as a shed, a pre‑constructed swimming pool, a demountable building or similar portable building.

complete specification has the same meaning as in the Patents Act 1990.

design application has the same meaning as in the Designs Act 2003.

representation, in relation to a design, has the same meaning as
in the Designs Act 2003.

77A Certain reproductions of an artistic work do not infringe copyright

(1) It is not an infringement of copyright in an artistic work to reproduce the artistic work, or communicate that reproduction, if:

(a) the reproduction is derived from a three‑dimensional product that embodies a corresponding design in relation to the artistic work; and

(b) the reproduction is in the course of, or incidental to:

(i) making a product (the non‑infringing product), if the making of the product did not, or would not, infringe the copyright in the artistic work because of the operation of this Division; or

(ii) selling or letting for hire the non‑infringing product, or offering or exposing the non‑infringing product for sale or hire.

(2) It is not an infringement of copyright in an artistic work to make a cast or mould embodying a corresponding design in relation to the artistic work, if:

(a) the cast or mould is for the purpose of making products; and

(b) the making of the products would not infringe copyright because of the operation of this Division.

Division 9—Works of joint authorship

78 References to all of joint authors

Subject to this Division, a reference in this Act to the author of a work shall, unless otherwise expressly provided by this Act, be read, in relation to a work of joint authorship, as a reference to all the authors of the work.

79 References to any one or more of joint authors

The references in section 32, and in subsection 34(2) to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work of joint authorship, be read as references to any one or more of the authors of the work.

80 References to whichever of joint authors died last

The references in sections 33 and 51 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work of joint authorship other than a work to which the next succeeding section applies, be read as references to the author who died last.

81 Works of joint authorship published under pseudonyms

(1) This section applies to a work of joint authorship that was first published under 2 or more names of which one was a pseudonym or 2 or more (but not all) were pseudonyms.

(2) This section also applies to a work of joint authorship that was first published under 2 or more names all of which were pseudonyms if, at any time within 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published, the identity of one or more (but not all) of the authors was generally known or could be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.

(3) The references in section 33 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a work to which this section applies, be read as references to the author whose identity was disclosed or, if the identity of 2 or more of the authors was disclosed, as references to whichever of those authors died last.

(4) For the purposes of this section, the identity of an author shall be deemed to have been disclosed if:

(a) one of the names under which the work was published was the name of that author; or

(b) the identity of that author is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.

82 Copyright to subsist in joint works without regard to any author who is an unqualified person

(1) Subsection 35(2) has effect, in relation to a work of joint authorship of which one of the authors is an unqualified person, or 2 or more (but not all) of the authors are unqualified persons, as if the author or authors, other than unqualified persons, had alone been the author or authors, as the case may be, of the work.

(2) For the purposes of the last preceding subsection, a person is an unqualified person in relation to a work where, if he or she had alone been the author of the work, copyright would not have subsisted in the work by virtue of this Part.

83 Inclusion of joint works in collections for use in places of education

The reference in subsection 44(2) to other extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by the author of the extract concerned:

(a) shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by the author of the extract concerned in collaboration with any other person; or

(b) if the extract concerned is from, or from an adaptation of, a work of joint authorship shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from adaptations of, works by any one or more of the authors of the extract concerned, or by any one or more of those authors in collaboration with any other person.

Part IV—Copyright in subject‑matter other than works

Division 1—Preliminary

84 Definitions

In this Part:

live performance means:

(a) a performance (including an improvisation) of a dramatic work, or part of such a work, including such a performance given with the use of puppets; or

(b) a performance (including an improvisation) of a musical work or part of such a work; or

(c) the reading, recitation or delivery of a literary work, or part of such a work, or the recitation or delivery of an improvised literary work; or

(d) a performance of a dance; or

(e) a performance of a circus act or a variety act or any similar presentation or show; or

(f) a performance of an expression of folklore;

being a live performance, whether in the presence of an audience or otherwise.

performer in a live performance:

(a) means each person who contributed to the sounds of the performance; and

(b) if the performance includes a performance of a musical work—includes the conductor.

qualified person means:

(a) an Australian citizen or a person (other than a body corporate) resident in Australia; or

(b) a body corporate incorporated under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State.

sound recording of a live performance means a sound recording, made at the time of the live performance, consisting of, or including, the sounds of the performance.

Division 2—Nature of copyright in subject‑matter other than works

85 Nature of copyright in sound recordings

(1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a sound recording, is the exclusive right to do all or any of the following acts:

(a) to make a copy of the sound recording;

(b) to cause the recording to be heard in public;

(d) to enter into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of the recording.

(2) Paragraph (1)(d) does not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of a sound recording if:

(a) the copy of the sound recording was purchased by a person (the record owner) before the commencement of Part 2 of the Copyright (World Trade Organization Amendments) Act 1994; and

(b) the commercial rental arrangement is entered into in the ordinary course of a business conducted by the record owner; and

(c) the record owner was conducting the same business, or another business that consisted of, or included, the making of commercial rental arrangements in respect of copies of sound recordings, when the copy was purchased.

86 Nature of copyright in cinematograph films

For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a cinematograph film, is the exclusive right to do all or any of the following acts:

(a) to make a copy of the film;

(b) to cause the film, in so far as it consists of visual images, to be seen in public, or, in so far as it consists of sounds, to be heard in public;

87 Nature of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts

For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a television broadcast or sound broadcast, is the exclusive right:

(a) in the case of a television broadcast in so far as it consists of visual images—to make a cinematograph film of the broadcast, or a copy of such a film;

(b) in the case of a sound broadcast, or of a television broadcast in so far as it consists of sounds—to make a sound recording of the broadcast, or a copy of such a sound recording; and

(c) in the case of a television broadcast or of a sound broadcast—to re‑broadcast it or communicate it to the public otherwise than by broadcasting it.

88 Nature of copyright in published editions of works

For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in relation to a published edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or of two or more literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, is the exclusive right to make a facsimile copy of the edition.

Division 3—Subject‑matter, other than works, in which copyright subsists

89 Sound recordings in which copyright subsists

(1) Subject to this Act, copyright subsists in a sound recording of which the maker was a qualified person at the time when the recording was made.

(2) Without prejudice to the last preceding subsection, copyright subsists, subject to this Act, in a sound recording if the recording was made in Australia.

(3) Without prejudice to the last two preceding subsections, copyright subsists, subject to this Act, in a published sound recording if the first publication of the recording took place in Australia.

90 Cinematograph films in which copyright subsists

(1) Subject to this Act, copyright subsists in a cinematograph film of which the maker was a qualified person for the whole or a substantial part of the period during which the film was made.

(2) Without prejudice to the last preceding subsection, copyright subsists, subject to this Act, in a cinematograph film if the film was made in Australia.

(3) Without prejudice to the last two preceding subsections, copyright subsists, subject to this Act, in a published cinematograph film if the first publication of the film took place in Australia.

91 Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts in which copyright subsists

Subject to this Act, copyright subsists in a television broadcast or sound broadcast made from a place in Australia:

(a) under the authority of a licence or a class licence under the Broadcasting Services Act 1992; or

(b) by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation or the Special Broadcasting Service Corporation.

92 Published editions of works in which copyright subsists

(1) Subject to this Act, copyright subsists in a published edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or of 2 or more literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, where:

(a) the first publication of the edition took place in Australia; or

(b) the publisher of the edition was a qualified person at the date of the first publication of the edition.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply to an edition that reproduces a previous edition of the same work or works.

Division 4—Duration of copyright in subject‑matter other than works

93 Duration of copyright in sound recordings

Copyright subsisting in a sound recording by virtue of this Part continues to subsist until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the recording is first published.

94 Duration of copyright in cinematograph films

(1) Copyright subsisting in a cinematograph film by virtue of subsection 90(1) or (2) continues to subsist until the film is published and, after the publication of the film, until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the film was first published.

(2) Copyright subsisting in a cinematograph film by virtue only of subsection 90(3) continues to subsist until the end of 70 years after the end of the calendar year in which the film was first published.

95 Duration of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts

(1) Copyright subsisting in a television broadcast or sound broadcast by virtue of this Part continues to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the broadcast was made.

(2) In so far as a television broadcast or sound broadcast is a repetition (whether the first or a subsequent repetition) of a previous television broadcast or sound broadcast to which section 91 applies, and is made by broadcasting visual images or sounds embodied in any article or thing:

(a) if it is made before the expiration of the period of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the previous broadcast was made—any copyright subsisting in it expires at the expiration of that period; and

(b) if it is made after the expiration of that period—copyright does not subsist in it by virtue of this Part.

96 Duration of copyright in published editions of works

Copyright subsisting in a published edition of a work or works
by virtue of this Part continues to subsist until the expiration of 25 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the edition was first published.

Division 5—Ownership of copyright in subject‑matter other than works

Subdivision A—Ownership of copyright in subject‑matter other than works

97 Ownership of copyright in sound recordings

(1) This section has effect subject to Parts VII and X.

(2) Subject to subsection (3), the maker of a sound recording is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the recording by virtue of this Part.

(2A) If there is more than one owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance, the owners own the copyright as tenants in common in equal shares.

(3) Where:

(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person for the making of a sound recording by the other person; and

(b) the recording is made in pursuance of the agreement;

the first‑mentioned person is, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the owner of any copyright subsisting in the recording by virtue of this Part.

98 Ownership of copyright in cinematograph films

(1) This section has effect subject to Parts VII and X.

(2) Subject to the next succeeding subsection, the maker of a cinematograph film is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the film by virtue of this Part.

(3) Where:

(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person for the making of a cinematograph film by the other person; and

(b) the film is made in pursuance of the agreement;

the first‑mentioned person is, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the owner of any copyright subsisting in the film by virtue of this Part.

(4) If the film is not a commissioned film, then the reference in subsection (2) to the maker of the film includes a reference to each director of the film.

(5) If a director directed the film under the terms of his or her employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship with another person (the employer), then, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the employer is to be substituted for the director for the purposes of subsection (4).

(6) If a person becomes an owner of the copyright:

(a) because of the operation of subsection (4); or

(b) because of the operation of subsections (4) and (5);

then the person becomes the owner of the copyright only so far as the copyright consists of the right to include the film in a retransmission of a free‑to‑air broadcast.

(7) In this section:

commissioned film means a film made as mentioned in paragraphs (3)(a) and (b).

director has the same meaning as in Part IX.

retransmission means a retransmission (as defined in section 10) to which Part VC applies.

99 Ownership of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts

Subject to Parts VII and X, the maker of a television broadcast or sound broadcast is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the broadcast.

100 Ownership of copyright in published editions of works

Subject to Parts VII and X, the publisher of an edition of a work or works is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the edition by virtue of this Part.

Subdivision B—Specific provisions relating to the ownership of copyright in pre‑commencement sound recordings of live performances

100AA Application

This Subdivision applies to a sound recording of a live performance if:

(a) copyright subsists in the recording on the day on which this section commences; and

(b) at least one person would become a maker of the recording under paragraph 100AD(1)(b) or subsection 100AD(2).

100AB Definitions

In this Subdivision:

former owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance means a person mentioned in paragraph 100AD(1)(a).

new owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance means the following people:

(a) a person who becomes a maker of a sound recording under paragraph 100AD(1)(b);

(b) if subsection 100AD(2) applies—an employer who becomes a maker of a sound recording under that subsection.

Note: Other expressions used in this Subdivision are defined in section 84.

100AC Application of sections 100AD and 100AE

Sections 100AD and 100AE have effect subject to Parts VII and X.

100AD Makers of pre‑commencement sound recordings of live performances

(1) For the purpose of section 100AE, the makers of a sound recording of a live performance are:

(a) the person or persons who, immediately before the commencement of this section, owned the copyright subsisting in the recording; and

(b) the performer or performers who performed in the performance (other than a performer who is already covered by paragraph (a)).

Employer may be a maker of the sound recording

(2) If:

(a) a sound recording of a live performance was made; and

(b) a performer performed in that performance under the terms of his or her employment by another person (the employer) under a contract of service or apprenticeship;

then, for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b), the employer is taken to be a maker instead of that performer.

(3) Subsection (2) may be excluded or modified by an agreement (whether made before or after the live performance) between the performer and the employer.

100AE Ownership of pre‑commencement copyright in sound recordings of live performances

Ownership of the copyright

(1) On and after the day on which this section commences, all makers of a sound recording of a live performance are owners of any copyright subsisting in the recording by virtue of this Part.

Division of the ownership of the copyright

(2) The former owners of the copyright and the new owners of the copyright each own half of the copyright as tenants in common in 2 equal shares.

(3) The former owners own their half of the copyright in the same proportions as the whole copyright was owned by them immediately before the commencement of this section.

(4) The new owners own their half of the copyright as tenants in common in equal shares.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) do not limit section 196.

(6) Subsection (3) does not otherwise affect the terms on which the former owners own their half of the copyright.

(7) If a new owner is not alive on the day on which this section commences, then, for the purposes of subsections (2) and (4), that owner is replaced by the person to whom the copyright would have devolved if the new owner had owned the copyright immediately before his or her death. If the copyright would have devolved to more than one person, those persons are to be treated as a single new owner for the purposes of subsections (2) and (4).

100AF Former owners may continue to do any act in relation to the copyright

(1) On and after the day on which this section commences, a former owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance may:

(a) do an act comprised in the copyright; or

(b) do any other act in relation to the copyright;

as if each new owner of the copyright had granted a licence or permission (however described) to the former owner to do the act.

Note: However, the former owner may still need to obtain the consent of other former owners of the copyright before doing the act.

(2) Subsection (1) applies to:

(a) the former owner’s licensees and successors in title; and

(b) any persons who are authorised by the former owner; and

in the same way as it applies to the former owner.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) may be excluded or modified by an agreement (whether made before or after this section commences) between the former owner and a new owner.

100AG Actions by new owners of copyright

If a new owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance brings an action under this Act in respect of the copyright, the new owner is not entitled to the remedies listed in the table.

Actions under this Act
Item	In this case...	the new owner is not entitled to:
1	the action is for an infringement of the copyright under section 115	(a) damages (other than additional damages); or (b) an account of profits
2	the action is for conversion or detention under section 116	(a) damages (other than additional damages); or (b) an account of profits; or (c) any other pecuniary remedy (other than costs); or (d) delivery up of an infringing copy
2A	the action is brought under section 116AN, 116AO or 116AP	(a) damages (other than additional damages); or (b) an account of profits; or (c) destruction or delivery up of a circumvention device
3	the action is brought under section 116B or 116C	(a) damages (other than additional damages); or (b) an account of profits

100AH References to the owner of the copyright in a sound recording

A new owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance is taken not to be the owner of the copyright for the purposes of the following provisions:

(a) sections 107, 108 and 109 (in Part IV);

(b) sections 119 and 133 (in Part V);

(c) the definitions of licence and licensor in subsection 136(1), and sections 150, 151, 152, 153E, 153F, 153G, 159 and 163A (in Part VI);

(d) section 183 (in Part VII).

Note: A new owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance is not an eligible rights holder under subsection 113V(9), nor a relevant copyright owner under section 135ZZI or 135ZZZF.

Division 6—Infringement of copyright in subject‑matter other than works

100A Interpretation

In this Division, audio‑visual item means a sound recording, a cinematograph film, a sound broadcast or a television broadcast.

101 Infringement by doing acts comprised in copyright

(1) Subject to this Act, a copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Australia, or authorizes the doing in Australia of, any act comprised in the copyright.

(1A) In determining, for the purposes of subsection (1), whether or not a person has authorised the doing in Australia of any act comprised in a copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part without the licence of the owner of the copyright, the matters that must be taken into account include the following:

(a) the extent (if any) of the person’s power to prevent the doing of the act concerned;

(b) the nature of any relationship existing between the person and the person who did the act concerned;

(c) whether the person took any other reasonable steps to prevent or avoid the doing of the act, including whether the person complied with any relevant industry codes of practice.

(2) The next two succeeding sections do not affect the generality of the last preceding subsection.

(3) Subsection (1) applies in relation to an act done in relation to a sound recording whether the act is done by directly or indirectly making use of a record embodying the recording.

(4) Subsection (1) applies in relation to an act done in relation to a television broadcast or a sound broadcast whether the act is done by the reception of the broadcast or by making use of any article or thing in which the visual images and sounds comprised in the broadcast have been embodied.

102 Infringement by importation for sale or hire

(1) Subject to sections 112A, 112C, 112D and 112DA, a copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports an article into Australia for the purpose of:

(a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or hire, the article;

(b) distributing the article:

(i) for the purpose of trade; or

(ii) for any other purpose to an extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright; or

(2) In relation to an accessory to an article that is or includes a copy of subject‑matter in which copyright subsists by virtue of this Part, being a copy that was made without the licence of the owner of the copyright in the country in which the copy was made, subsection (1) has effect as if the words “the importer knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that” were omitted.

103 Infringement by sale and other dealings

(1) Subject to sections 112A, 112C, 112D and 112DA, a copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is infringed by a person who, in Australia, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright:

(a) sells, lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire, an article; or

(b) by way of trade exhibits an article in public;

(2) For the purposes of the last preceding subsection, the distribution of any articles:

(a) for the purpose of trade; or

(b) for any other purpose to an extent that affects prejudicially the owner of the copyright concerned;

shall be taken to be the sale of those articles.

(3) In this section:

article includes a reproduction or copy of a work or other subject‑matter, being a reproduction or copy in electronic form.

103A Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review

A fair dealing with an audio‑visual item does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the item or in any work or other audio‑visual item included in the item if it is for the purpose of criticism or review, whether of the first‑mentioned audio‑visual item, another audio‑visual item or a work, and a sufficient acknowledgement of the first‑mentioned audio‑visual item is made.

103AA Fair dealing for purpose of parody or satire

103B Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news

(1) A fair dealing with an audio‑visual item does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the item or in any work or other audio‑visual item included in the item if:

(a) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and a sufficient acknowledgement of the first‑mentioned audio‑visual item is made; or

(b) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news by means of a communication or in a cinematograph film.

103C Fair dealing for purpose of research or study

(1) A fair dealing with an audio‑visual item does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the item or in any work or other audio‑visual item included in the item if it is for the purpose of research or study.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the matters to which regard shall be had in determining whether a dealing with an audio‑visual item constitutes a fair dealing for the purpose of research or study include:

(a) the purpose and character of the dealing;

(b) the nature of the audio‑visual item;

(d) the effect of the dealing upon the potential market for, or value of, the audio‑visual item; and

(e) in a case where part only of the audio‑visual item is
copied—the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole item.

104 Acts done for purposes of judicial proceeding

A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is not infringed by anything done:

(a) for the purpose of a judicial proceeding or a report of a judicial proceeding; or

(b) for the purpose of seeking professional advice from:

(i) a legal practitioner; or

(ii) a person registered as a patent attorney under the Patents Act 1990; or

(iii) a person registered as a trade marks attorney under the Trade Marks Act 1995; or

(i) a legal practitioner; or

(ii) a person registered as a patent attorney under the Patents Act 1990; or

(iii) a person registered as a trade marks attorney under the Trade Marks Act 1995.

104A Acts done by Parliamentary libraries for members of Parliament

A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is not infringed by anything done, for the sole purpose of assisting a person who is a member of a Parliament in the performance of the person’s duties as such a member, by an authorized officer of a library, being a library the principal purpose of which is to provide library services for members of that Parliament.

104B Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and archives

If:

(a) a person makes an infringing copy of, or of part of, an audio‑visual item or a published edition of a work on a machine (including a computer), being a machine installed by or with the approval of the body administering a library or archives on the premises of the library or archives, or outside those premises for the convenience of persons using the library or archives; and

neither the body administering the library or archives, nor the officer in charge of the library or archives, is taken to have authorised the making of the infringing copy merely because the copy was made on that machine.

104C Copyright subsisting in sound recordings and cinematograph films shared for healthcare or related purposes

(1) The copyright in a cinematograph film or a sound recording is not infringed by an act comprised in the copyright in the film or recording if:

(a) the act is done, or authorised to be done:

(i) for a purpose for which the collection, use or disclosure of health information is required or authorised under the My Health Records Act 2012; or

(ii) in circumstances in which a permitted general situation exists under item 1 of the table in subsection 16A(1) of the Privacy Act 1988 (serious threat to life, health or safety), or would exist if the entity doing the thing were an APP entity for the purposes of that Act; or

(iii) in circumstances in which a permitted health situation exists under section 16B of the Privacy Act 1988, or would exist if the entity doing the thing were an organisation for the purposes of that Act; or

(iv) for any other purpose relating to healthcare, or the communication or management of health information, prescribed by the regulations; and

(b) either:

(i) the film or recording is substantially comprised of health information; or

(ii) the film or recording allows for the storage, retrieval or use of health information and it is reasonably necessary to do the act, or authorise it to be done, in circumstances that would otherwise infringe copyright in the work.

(2) In this section:

healthcare has the same meaning as in the My Health Records Act 2012.

health information has the same meaning as in the My Health Records Act 2012.

105 Copyright in certain recordings not infringed by causing recordings to be heard in public or broadcast

Copyright subsisting in a sound recording by virtue only of subsection 89(3) is not infringed by the causing of the recording to be heard in public or by the broadcasting of the recording.

106 Causing sound recording to be heard at guest house or club

(1) Where a sound recording is caused to be heard in public:

(a) at premises where persons reside or sleep, as part of the amenities provided exclusively for residents or inmates of the premises or for those residents or inmates and their guests; or

(b) as part of the activities of, or for the benefit of, a registered charity;

the act of causing the recording to be so heard does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the recording.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply:

(a) in relation to premises of a kind referred to in paragraph (a) of that subsection, if a specific charge is made for admission to the part of the premises where the recording is to be heard; or

(b) in relation to a registered charity of a kind referred to in paragraph (b) of that subsection, if a charge is made for admission to the place where the recording is to be heard and any of the proceeds of the charge are applied otherwise than for the purposes of the registered charity.

(3) A reference in the last preceding subsection to a specific charge, or a charge, made for admission includes a reference to a specific charge, or a charge, made partly for admission and partly for other purposes.

107 Making of a copy of the sound recording for purpose of broadcasting

(1) Where the broadcasting by a person of a sound recording would not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the recording but the making by the person of a copy of the sound recording would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the recording is not infringed by the making by the person of a copy of the sound recording in association with other matter solely for the purpose of the broadcasting of the recording in association with the other matter.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording if the copy is used for a purpose other than:

(a) the broadcasting of the recording in circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the recording; or

(b) the making of further copies of the sound recording for the purpose of the broadcasting of the recording in such circumstances.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording where the copy is used for the purpose of the broadcasting of the recording by a person who is not the maker of the copy unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the recording such amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to the owner such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the making of the copy.

(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in the last preceding subsection is liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the undertaking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the recording and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the owner.

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording unless, before the expiration of the period of 12 months commencing on the day on which any of the copies made in accordance with that subsection is first used for broadcasting the recording in accordance with that subsection, or before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the maker of the copy and the owner of the copyright in the recording, all the copies made in accordance with that subsection are destroyed or are transferred, with the consent of the Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia, to the care (within the meaning of the Archives Act 1983) of the National Archives of Australia.

(6) The Director‑General of the National Archives of Australia must not consent to the transfer to the care of the National Archives of Australia in accordance with subsection (5) of a copy of a sound recording unless he or she has certified that the recording is of an exceptional documentary character.

(7) In this section:

broadcasting does not include simulcasting.

108 Copyright in published recording not infringed by public performance if equitable remuneration paid

(1) The copyright in a sound recording that has been published is not infringed by a person who causes the recording to be heard in public if:

(a) the person has paid to the owner of the copyright in the recording such amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to the owner such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the causing of the recording to be heard in public; and

(b) in the case of a recording that was first published outside Australia—the recording has been published in Australia or the prescribed period after the date of the first publication of the recording has expired.

(2) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in the last preceding subsection is liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the undertaking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the recording and the owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the owner.

(3) Regulations prescribing a period for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) may prescribe different periods in relation to different classes of sound recordings.

109 Copyright in published sound recording not infringed by broadcast in certain circumstances

(1) Subject to this section, the copyright in a published sound recording is not infringed by the making of a broadcast (other than a broadcast transmitted for a fee payable to the person who made the broadcast) of that recording if:

(a) where there is no order of the Tribunal in force under section 152 applying to the maker of that broadcast in relation to the time when that broadcast was made—the maker of that broadcast has given an undertaking in writing to the person who is the owner of the copyright in that recording to pay to the owner such amounts (if any) as may be specified in, or determined in accordance with, an order of the Tribunal made under that section in respect of the broadcasting by the maker, during a period within which that broadcast was made, of published sound recordings in which the copyrights are owned by that person and which include that recording; or

(b) where there is an order of the Tribunal in force under that section applying to the maker of that broadcast in relation to the time when that broadcast was made:

(i) the copyright in that recording is owned by a person who is specified in the order as one of the persons among whom the amount specified in, or determined in accordance with, the order is to be divided and the maker of the broadcast makes payments to the person in accordance with the order; or

(ii) the copyright in that recording is owned by a person who is not so specified in the order.

(2) The last preceding subsection does not apply in relation to a broadcast of a sound recording if the broadcast was made in accordance with an agreement between the maker of the broadcast and the owner of the copyright in the recording.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a broadcast of a sound recording that has not been published in Australia if the broadcast was made before the expiration of the prescribed period after the date of the first publication of the recording.

(4) Regulations prescribing a period for the purposes of the last preceding subsection may prescribe different periods in relation to different classes of sound recordings.

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a broadcast of a sound recording that has not been published in Australia if:

(a) the recording consists of, or includes, a musical work in which copyright subsists;

(b) the musical work was made for the purpose of being performed, or has been performed, in association with a dramatic work or has been included in a cinematograph film; and

(6) For the purposes of paragraph (5)(c), a supplying of records of a musical work shall be disregarded if the supplying was done otherwise than by, or with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the work.

109A Copying sound recordings for private and domestic use

(1) This section applies if:

(a) the owner of a copy (the earlier copy) of a sound recording makes another copy (the later copy) of the sound recording using the earlier copy; and

(b) the sole purpose of making the later copy is the owner’s private and domestic use of the later copy with a device that:

(i) is a device that can be used to cause sound recordings to be heard; and

(ii) he or she owns; and

(c) the earlier copy was not made by downloading over the internet a digital recording of a radio broadcast or similar program; and

(d) the earlier copy is not an infringing copy of the sound recording, a broadcast or a literary, dramatic or musical work included in the sound recording.

(2) The making of the later copy does not infringe copyright in the sound recording, or in a literary, dramatic or musical work or other subject‑matter included in the sound recording.

(3) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the earlier copy or the later copy is:

(a) sold; or

(b) let for hire; or

(d) distributed for the purpose of trade or otherwise; or

(e) used for causing the sound recording to be heard in public; or

(f) used for broadcasting the sound recording.

Note: If the earlier or later copy is dealt with as described in subsection (3), then copyright may be infringed not only by the making of the later copy but also by a dealing with the later copy.

(4) To avoid doubt, paragraph (3)(d) does not apply to a loan of the earlier copy or the later copy by the lender to a member of the lender’s family or household for the member’s private and domestic use.

110 Provisions relating to cinematograph films

(1) Where the visual images forming part of a cinematograph film consist wholly or principally of images that, at the time when they were first embodied in an article or thing, were means of communicating news, the copyright in the film is not infringed by the causing of the film to be seen or heard, or to be both seen and heard, in public after the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the principal events depicted in the film occurred.

(2) Where, by virtue of this Part, copyright has subsisted in a cinematograph film, a person who, after that copyright has expired, causes the film to be seen or heard, or to be seen and heard, in public does not, by so doing, infringe any copyright subsisting by virtue of Part III in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work.

(3) Where the sounds that are embodied in a sound‑track associated with the visual images forming part of a cinematograph film are also embodied in a record, other than such a sound‑track or a record derived directly or indirectly from such a sound‑track, the copyright in the cinematograph film is not infringed by any use made of that record.

110AA Copying cinematograph film in different format for private use

(1) This section applies if:

(a) the owner of videotape embodying a cinematograph film in analog form makes a copy (the main copy) of the film in electronic form for his or her private and domestic use instead of the videotape; and

(b) the videotape itself is not an infringing copy of the film or of a broadcast, sound recording, work or published edition of a work; and

(c) at the time the owner makes the main copy, he or she has not made, and is not making, another copy that embodies the film in an electronic form substantially identical to the electronic form in which the film is embodied in the main copy.

For this purpose, disregard a temporary copy of the film incidentally made as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy.

(2) The making of the main copy is not an infringement of copyright in the cinematograph film or in a work or other subject‑matter included in the film.

Dealing with main copy may make it an infringing copy

(3) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the main copy is:

(a) sold; or

(b) let for hire; or

(d) distributed for the purpose of trade or otherwise.

Note: If the main copy is dealt with as described in subsection (3), then copyright may be infringed not only by the making of the main copy but also by the dealing with the main copy.

(4) To avoid doubt, paragraph (3)(d) does not apply to a loan of the main copy by the lender to a member of the lender’s family or household for the member’s private and domestic use.

Disposal of videotape may make the main copy an infringing copy

(5) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if the owner of the videotape disposes of it to another person.

Status of temporary copy

(6) If subsection (2) applies to the making of the main copy only as a result of disregarding the incidental making of a temporary copy of the film as a necessary part of the technical process of making the main copy, then:

(a) if the temporary copy is destroyed at the first practicable time during or after the making of the main copy—the making of the temporary copy does not infringe copyright in the film or in any work or other subject‑matter included in the film; or

(b) if the temporary copy is not destroyed at that time—the making of the temporary copy is taken always to have infringed copyright (if any) subsisting in the film and in any work or other subject‑matter included in the film.

110A Copying and communicating unpublished sound recordings and cinematograph films in libraries or archives

Where, at a time more than 50 years after the time at which, or the expiration of the period during which, a sound recording or cinematograph film was made, copyright subsists in the sound recording or cinematograph film but:

(a) the sound recording or cinematograph film has not been published; and

(b) a record embodying the sound recording, or a copy of the cinematograph film, is kept in the collection of a library or archives where it is, subject to any regulations governing that collection, accessible to the public;

the copyright in the sound recording or cinematograph film and in any work or other subject‑matter included in the sound recording or cinematograph film is not infringed:

(c) by the making of a copy or the communication of the sound recording or cinematograph film by a person for the purpose of research or study or with a view to publication; or

(d) by the making of a copy or the communication of the sound recording or cinematograph film by, or on behalf of, the officer in charge of the library or archives if the copy is supplied or communicated to a person who satisfies the officer that he or she requires the copy for the purpose of research or study, or with a view to publication and that he or she will not use it for any other purpose.

110C Making of a copy of a sound recording or cinematograph film for the purpose of simulcasting

(1) If the broadcasting of a sound recording or a cinematograph film would not for any reason constitute an infringement of the copyright in the recording or film, but the making of a copy of the recording or film would, apart from this section, constitute an infringement of the copyright, the copyright is not infringed by the making of a copy of the recording or film if:

(a) the recording or film from which the copy is made is in analog form; and

(b) the copy is made solely for the purpose of simulcasting the recording or film in digital form.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a copy of a recording or film if the copy is used for a purpose other than:

(a) the simulcasting of the recording or film in circumstances that do not for any reason constitute an infringement of the copyright in the recording or film; or

(b) the making of further copies of the recording or film for the purpose of simulcasting the recording or film in such circumstances.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a copy of a recording or film unless all copies of the recording or film made under that subsection are destroyed on or before the relevant date specified in the regulations.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), the regulations may specify different dates in relation to different classes of sound recordings or cinematograph films.

111 Recording broadcasts for replaying at more convenient time

(1) This section applies if a person makes a cinematograph film or sound recording of a broadcast solely for private and domestic use by watching or listening to the material broadcast at a time more convenient than the time when the broadcast is made.

Note: Subsection 10(1) defines broadcast as a communication to the public delivered by a broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992.

Making the film or recording does not infringe copyright

(2) The making of the film or recording does not infringe copyright in the broadcast or in any work or other subject‑matter included in the broadcast.

Note: Even though the making of the film or recording does not infringe that copyright, that copyright may be infringed if a copy of the film or recording is made.

Dealing with embodiment of film or recording

(3) Subsection (2) is taken never to have applied if an article or thing embodying the film or recording is:

(a) sold; or

(b) let for hire; or

(d) distributed for the purpose of trade or otherwise; or

(e) used for causing the film or recording to be seen or heard in public; or

(f) used for broadcasting the film or recording.

Note: If the article or thing embodying the film or recording is dealt with as described in subsection (3), then copyright may be infringed not only by the making of the article or thing but also by the dealing with the article or thing.

(4) To avoid doubt, paragraph (3)(d) does not apply to a loan of the article or thing by the lender to a member of the lender’s family or household for the member’s private and domestic use.

111A Temporary copy made in the course of communication

(1) A copyright subsisting under this Part is not infringed by making a temporary copy of an audio‑visual item as part of the technical process of making or receiving a communication.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to the making of a temporary copy of an audio‑visual item as part of the technical process of making a communication if the making of the communication is an infringement of copyright.

111B Temporary copy of subject‑matter as part of a technical process of use

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the copyright in a subject‑matter is not infringed by the making of a temporary copy of the subject‑matter if the temporary copy is incidentally made as a necessary part of a technical process of using a copy of the subject‑matter.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to:

(a) the making of a temporary copy of a subject‑matter if the temporary copy is made from:

(i) an infringing copy of the subject‑matter; or

(ii) a copy of the subject‑matter where the copy is made in another country and would be an infringing copy of the subject‑matter if the person who made the copy had done so in Australia; or

(b) the making of a temporary copy of a subject‑matter as a necessary part of a technical process of using a copy of the subject‑matter if that use constitutes an infringement of the copyright in the subject‑matter.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to any subsequent use of a temporary copy of a subject‑matter other than as a part of the technical process in which the temporary copy was made.

112 Reproductions of editions of work

The copyright in a published edition of a work or works is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the whole or a part of that edition if that reproduction is made in the course of:

(a) where the edition contains one work only:

(i) a dealing with that work, being a dealing that does not, by virtue of section 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 or 113E, infringe copyright in that work; or

(ii) a use of the whole or a part of that work, being a use that, because of section 49, 50, 113F, 113H, 113J, 113K, 113M, 113P or 182A, does not infringe copyright in that work; or

(b) where the edition contains more than one work:

(i) a dealing with one of those works or dealings with some or all of those works, being a dealing that does not, or dealings that do not, by virtue of section 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 or 113E, infringe copyright in that work or those works; or

(ii) a use of a whole or a part of one of those works, or a use of the whole or parts of some or all of those works, being a use that, because of section 49, 50, 113F, 113H, 113J, 113K, 113M, 113P or 182A, does not infringe copyright in that work or those works.

112A Importation and sale etc. of books

(1) The copyright in an overseas edition first published on or after the commencing day, is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports a non‑infringing book into Australia for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 102(1)(a), (b) or (c).

(2) Subject to this section, the copyright in:

(a) an overseas edition first published before the commencing day; or

(b) a published edition of a work, being an edition first published in Australia, whether before, on or after the commencing day;

(d) when the person ordered the imported copy, the original order mentioned in paragraph (c) had not been withdrawn or cancelled by, or with the consent of, the person and:

(ii) at least 90 days had elapsed since the person placed the original order and the copyright owner, licensee or agent had not filled the order.

(3) The copyright in a published edition of a work (whether the edition was first published before, on or after the commencing day) is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports a single copy of a non‑infringing book into Australia if the importation is for the purpose of filling a written order, or a verifiable telephone order, by a customer of the person and:

(a) in the case of a written order, the order contains a statement, signed by the customer; or

(b) in the case of a telephone order, the customer makes a verifiable statement;

to the effect that the customer does not intend to use the book for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 102(1)(a), (b) or (c).

(4) The copyright in a published edition of a work (whether the edition was first published before, on or after the commencing day) is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports 2 or more copies of a non‑infringing book into Australia if:

(c) in the case of a telephone order—the person placing the order makes a verifiable statement to the effect referred to in paragraph (b); and

(d) the number of copies so imported is not more than the number of copies so ordered.

(6) Where:

(a) a book is imported into Australia for a purpose mentioned in paragraph 102(1)(a), (b) or (c); and

(b) the importation does not, under this section, constitute an infringement of copyright in a published edition of a work;

the use of the book for any such purpose does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the edition and subsection 103(1) does not apply to the book.

(9) In this section:

book does not include:

(a) a book whose main content is one or more musical works, with or without any related literary, dramatic or artistic work; or

(b) a manual sold with computer software for use in connection with that software; or

commencing day means the day on which the Copyright Amendment Act 1991 commences.

overseas edition means a published edition of a work, being an edition:

(a) that was first published in a country other than Australia; and

(b) that was not published in Australia within 30 days after its first publication in that other country.

Note: An edition of a work may, for the purposes of this Act, be first published in Australia if it is published in Australia within 30 days of an earlier publication elsewhere. For the meaning of first publication, see section 29 and, in particular, subsection 29(5).

112B Reproduction of writing on approved label for containers for chemical product

The reproduction on a label on a container for a chemical product of any writing appearing on an approved label is not an infringement of any copyright subsisting under section 92 in relation to that writing.

112C Copyright subsisting in accessories etc. to imported articles

(1) The copyright in:

(a) a published edition of a work a reproduction of which is on, or embodied in, a non‑infringing accessory to an article; or

(b) a cinematograph film a copy of which is a non‑infringing accessory to an article; or

is not infringed by importing the accessory with the article.

Note: See the definition of accessory in subsection 10(1) and see also section 10AD for an expanded meaning of accessory in relation to certain imported articles.

(2) Section 103 does not apply to:

(a) a reproduction of a published edition of a work, being a reproduction that is on, or embodied in, a non‑infringing accessory to an article; or

(b) a copy of a cinematograph film, being a copy that is a non‑infringing accessory to an article; or

if the importation of the accessory is not an infringement of copyright in the edition, film or recording, as the case may be.

(3) The definition of article in section 103 does not affect this section.

112D Import of non‑infringing copy of a sound recording does not infringe copyright in the sound recording

(1) The copyright in a sound recording is not infringed by a person who:

(a) imports into Australia a non‑infringing copy of the sound recording; or

(b) does an act described in section 103 involving an article that is a non‑infringing copy of the sound recording and has been imported into Australia by anyone.

(2) This section applies to a copy of a sound recording only if, when the copy is imported into Australia, the sound recording has been published:

(a) in Australia; or

(b) in another country (the publication country) by or with the consent of:

(i) the owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording in the publication country; or

Note: Subsection 29(6) deals with unauthorised publication.

(3) In subsection (2):

owner of the copyright or related right in the sound recording means the owner at the time publication of the sound recording occurred.

(4) The definition of article in section 103 does not affect this section.

112DA Importation and sale etc. of copies of electronic literary or music items

(1) If, in relation to a published edition of a work:

(a) the work is, or is part of, an electronic literary or music item; and

(b) the edition has been published in Australia or a qualifying country;

then the copyright in the published edition is not infringed by a person who:

(c) imports into Australia an article that has embodied in it a non‑infringing copy of the electronic literary or music item; or

(d) does an act mentioned in section 103 involving an article that has embodied in it a non‑infringing copy of the electronic literary or music item and that has been imported into Australia by anyone.

Note: Section 130C deals with the burden of proof a defendant bears in a civil action for infringement of copyright.

(2) The definition of article in section 103 does not affect this section.

112E Communication by use of certain facilities

A person (including a carrier or carriage service provider) who provides facilities for making, or facilitating the making of, a communication is not taken to have authorised any infringement of copyright in an audio‑visual item merely because another person uses the facilities so provided to do something the right to do which is included in the copyright.

Division 7—Miscellaneous

113 Copyrights to subsist independently

(1) Subject to subsection 110(2), where copyright subsists in any subject‑matter by virtue of this Part, nothing in this Part shall be taken to affect the operation of Part III in relation to any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work from which that subject‑matter is wholly or partly derived, and any copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is in addition to, and independent of, any copyright subsisting by virtue of Part III.

(2) The subsistence of copyright under any provision of this Part does not affect the operation of any other provision of this Part under which copyright can subsist.

113A Agents may act on behalf of groups of performers

(1) This section applies in respect of all members of a group of performers who have an interest in the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance.

(2) All members of the group are taken to have granted a licence or permission (however described) to a person:

(a) to do an act comprised in the copyright; or

(b) to do any other act in relation to the copyright;

if an agent of the group, acting within the scope of his or her actual or apparent authority, has granted a licence or permission to the person to do the act.

Note: The person may still need to obtain the licence or permission of other owners of the copyright before doing the act.

113B Consent to the use of a sound recording of a live performance

A person is taken to have been granted a licence or permission (however described) by a performer to use a sound recording of a live performance if:

(a) the performer has given his or her consent to recording the performance for a particular purpose; and

(b) the recording is used for that purpose in accordance with the terms of the consent.

Note: The person may still need to obtain the consent of the other owners of the copyright in the sound recording of the live performance before using the sound recording.

113C Use of published sound recordings when owners cannot be found etc.

(1) An owner (the first owner) of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance that is a published sound recording is taken to have been granted a licence or permission (however described) by another owner of the copyright to do an act comprised in the copyright, or to do any other act in relation to the copyright, if:

(a) the first owner has entered into an agreement with another person to do the act; and

(b) the first owner, after making reasonable inquiries, cannot discover the identity or location of the other owner or a person representing the other owner.

Note: The first owner may still need to obtain a licence or permission from any other owners of the copyright in the sound recording of the live performance.

(2) If the first owner does the act, then the first owner must hold the other owner’s share of any amount received in respect of it on trust for 4 years after the day on which the agreement is entered into (unless the amount is distributed to, or on behalf of, the other owner before then).

(3) If during the 4 year period, the other owner is identified and located, the first owner must distribute the amount held on trust to, or on behalf of, the other owner. If at the end of the 4 year period, the other owner remains unidentified or is not located, the first owner may retain the amount.

(4) After initially making reasonable inquiries, the first owner is not required to continue making reasonable inquiries during the 4 year period.

(5) The other owner cannot prevent the first owner doing the act comprised in the copyright during the term of the agreement if the other owner is identified or located.

Part IVA—Uses that do not infringe copyright

Division 1—Simplified outline of this Part

113D Simplified outline of this Part

The following do not infringe copyright in any copyright material:

(a) certain use by or for persons with a disability;

(b) certain use for the purposes of libraries, archives and key cultural institutions;

Note 1: Other provisions of this Act, including Parts III, IV, VC, VII and X, provide that certain other use of copyright material does not infringe copyright.

Note 2: A person may circumvent an access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act that, under this Part, does not infringe copyright (if the act is prescribed by regulations made for the purposes of paragraph 116AN(9)(c)).

Division 2—Access by or for persons with a disability

113E Fair dealing for purpose of access by persons with a disability

(1) A fair dealing with copyright material does not infringe copyright in the material if the dealing is for the purpose of one or more persons with a disability having access to copyright material (whether the dealing is by any of those persons or by another person).

(2) The matters to which regard must be had, in determining whether the dealing is a fair dealing for the purposes of this section, include the following matters:

(a) the purpose and character of the dealing;

(b) the nature of the copyright material;

(d) if only part of the material is dealt with—the amount and substantiality of the part dealt with, taken in relation to the whole material.

113F Use of copyright material by organisations assisting persons with a disability

An organisation assisting persons with a disability, or a person acting on behalf of such an organisation, does not infringe copyright in copyright material by using the material if:

(a) the use is for the sole purpose of assisting one or more persons with a disability to access the material in a format that the person or persons require because of the disability (whether the access is provided by or on behalf of the organisation or by another body or person); and

(b) the organisation, or the person acting on behalf of the organisation, is satisfied that the material (or a relevant part of the material) cannot be obtained in that format within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

Division 3—Libraries and archives

Subdivision A—Public libraries, parliamentary libraries and archives

113G Libraries

This Subdivision applies to a library if:

(a) all or part of the collection comprising the library is accessible to members of the public directly or through interlibrary loans; or

(b) the principal purpose of the library is to provide library services for members of a Parliament.

Note 1: For references to a Parliament, see section 12.

Note 2: This Subdivision also applies to archives (within the meaning of section 10).

113H Preservation

(1) An authorized officer of a library or archives does not infringe copyright in copyright material by using the material if:

(a) the use is for the purpose of preserving the collection comprising that or another library or archives; and

(b) either or both of the following subparagraphs apply:

(i) the authorized officer’s library or archives holds the material in original form;

(ii) the authorized officer is satisfied that a copy of the material cannot be obtained in a version or format that is required for that purpose, consistent with best practice for preserving such collections.

(2) An authorized officer of a library or archives does not infringe copyright in copyright material (the preservation copy) by making the preservation copy available to be accessed at the library or archives if:

(a) subsection (1) applied to the making of the preservation copy because it was done for the purpose of preserving the collection comprising the library or archives; and

(b) the preservation copy is in electronic form; and

(c) the body administering the library or archives takes reasonable steps to ensure that a person who accesses the preservation copy at the library or archives does not infringe copyright in the preservation copy.

Note: Other uses of the preservation copy might not infringe copyright because of other provisions of this Act, such as section 49 (Reproducing and communicating works by libraries and archives for users).

113J Research

(1) An authorized officer of a library or archives does not infringe copyright in copyright material by using the material if:

(a) the material forms part of the collection comprising the library or archives; and

(b) the library or archives holds the material in original form; and

(2) An authorized officer of a library or archives does not infringe copyright in copyright material (the research copy) by making the research copy available to be accessed at the library or archives if:

(a) subsection (1) applied to the making of the research copy because it was done for the purpose of research carried out at the library or archives; and

(b) the research copy is in electronic form; and

(c) the body administering the library or archives takes reasonable steps to ensure that a person who accesses the research copy at the library or archives does not infringe copyright in the research copy.

Note: Other uses of the research copy might not infringe copyright because of other provisions of this Act, such as section 49 (Reproducing and communicating works by libraries and archives for users).

113K Administration of the collection

An authorized officer of a library or archives does not infringe copyright in copyright material by using the material if the use is for purposes directly related to the care or control of the collection comprising the library or archives.

Subdivision B—Key cultural institutions

113L Meaning of key cultural institution

A library or archives is a key cultural institution if the body administering it:

(a) has, under a law of the Commonwealth or a State or Territory, the function of developing and maintaining the collection comprising the library or archives; or

(b) is prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this paragraph.

113M Preservation

(1) An authorized officer of a key cultural institution does not infringe copyright in copyright material by using the material if:

(a) the material forms part of the collection comprising the key cultural institution; and

(b) the authorized officer is satisfied that the material is of historical or cultural significance to Australia; and

(d) either or both of the following subparagraphs apply:

(i) the key cultural institution holds the material in original form;

Note: If the use of the copyright material does not meet the requirements of this subsection, the authorized officer might be able to rely on subsection 113H(1) instead.

(2) An authorized officer of a key cultural institution does not infringe copyright in copyright material (the preservation copy) by making the preservation copy available to be accessed at the key cultural institution if:

(a) subsection (1) applied to the making of the preservation copy because it was done for the purpose of preserving copyright material that formed part of the collection comprising the key cultural institution; and

(b) the preservation copy is in electronic form; and

(c) the body administering the key cultural institution takes reasonable steps to ensure that a person who accesses the preservation copy at the key cultural institution does not infringe copyright in the preservation copy.

Division 4—Educational institutions—statutory licence

113N Simplified outline of this Division

An educational institution may copy or communicate certain copyright material for educational purposes if the body administering the educational institution agrees to pay equitable remuneration to a collecting society.

113P Copying and communicating works and broadcasts

Works

(1) The body administering an educational institution does not infringe copyright in a work by copying or communicating the whole or a part of the work if:

(a) a remuneration notice that applies to the educational institution and the work is in force under section 113Q; and

(b) the work is not:

(i) a computer program; or

(ii) a compilation of computer programs; or

(iii) a work included in a broadcast; and

(i) the educational institution; or

(ii) another educational institution, if a remuneration notice that applies to the other educational institution and the work is in force under section 113Q; and

(d) the amount of the work copied or communicated does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the owner of the copyright; and

(e) the copying or communicating complies with:

(i) any relevant agreement between the relevant works collecting society and the body administering the educational institution; and

(ii) any relevant determination made by the Copyright Tribunal under subsection (4) of this section.

Broadcasts

(2) The body administering an educational institution does not infringe copyright in copyright material by copying, or communicating a copy of, the whole or a part of a broadcast if:

(a) a remuneration notice that applies to the educational institution and the material is in force under section 113Q; and

(b) the material is:

(i) the broadcast; or

(ii) a work, sound recording or cinematograph film included in the broadcast; and

(i) the educational institution; or

(ii) another educational institution, if a remuneration notice that applies to the other educational institution and the material is in force under section 113Q; and

(d) the copying or communicating complies with:

(i) any relevant agreement between the broadcasts collecting society and the body administering the educational institution; and

(ii) any relevant determination made by the Copyright Tribunal under subsection (4) of this section.

(3) For the purposes of Part XIA, each performer in a performance is taken to have authorised the copying, or the communicating a copy, of the whole or a part of:

(a) a broadcast of the performance; or

(b) the content of a broadcast of the performance;

if subsection (2) applies to the copying or communicating.

Note: The effect of this subsection is that no right of action and no offence occurs, in respect of the copy or communication, under Part XIA (Performers’ protection).

Questions determined by Copyright Tribunal

(4) The Copyright Tribunal may determine a question relating to copying or communicating mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) if:

(a) the relevant collecting society and the body administering the relevant educational institution fail to determine the question by agreement under subparagraph (1)(e)(i) or (2)(d)(i); and

(b) the society or the body applies to the Tribunal to have the Tribunal determine the question.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the application.

Copies and communications subsequently used for other purposes

(5) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) do not apply, and are taken never to have applied, to copying, or communicating a copy, by a body administering an educational institution if the copy is, with the consent of the body:

(a) used for a purpose other than the educational purposes of an educational institution; or

(b) given to the body administering another educational institution, if no remuneration notice that applies to the other educational institution and the relevant copyright material is in force under section 113Q; or

Content of certain broadcasts

(6) This section applies to the content of a broadcast in the same way as this section applies to a broadcast if the content of the broadcast was:

(a) electronically transmitted using the internet at the same time, or at substantially the same time, as the broadcast; or

(b) if the broadcast is a free‑to‑air broadcast—made available online by the broadcaster of the broadcast at the same time as, or after, the broadcast.

113Q Remuneration notices

(1) A remuneration notice is a written notice:

(a) that the body administering an educational institution gives to a collecting society; and

(b) by which the body undertakes:

(i) to pay to the society equitable remuneration for licensed copying or communicating; and

(ii) to give to the society reasonable assistance to enable the society to collect and distribute that equitable remuneration.

Note: For equitable remuneration, see section 113R.

(2) Copying or communicating mentioned in subsection 113P(1) or (2) is licensed copying or communicating if the copying or communicating does not infringe copyright only because of section 113P.

(3) A remuneration notice that a body gives to a collecting society under this section applies to:

(a) an educational institution that the body administers; and

(b) copyright material for which the society is the collecting society.

Note: See paragraph 113V(4)(a).

(4) However, the notice does not apply to a work to which paragraph 113P(1)(b) applies if the society is not the works collecting society for the eligible rights holder who owns the copyright in the work.

Note: See paragraph 113V(4)(b).

When remuneration notice is in force

(5) A remuneration notice given under this section:

(a) comes into force on:

(i) the day on which the notice is given to the relevant collecting society; or

(ii) a later day specified in the notice; and

(b) remains in force until it is revoked.

(6) The body administering an educational institution may, at any time, revoke a remuneration notice the body gave to a collecting society under this section. The body revokes the remuneration notice by giving notice in writing to the society. The revocation takes effect:

(a) at the end of the period of 3 months starting on the day the notice of revocation is given to the society; or

(b) on a later day specified in the notice of revocation.

113R Equitable remuneration

(1) The amount of the equitable remuneration that, by a remuneration notice given to a collecting society under section 113Q, the body administering an educational institution undertakes to pay for licensed copying or communicating is the amount:

(a) agreed between the society and the body; or

(b) determined by the Copyright Tribunal under subsection (2).

(2) The Copyright Tribunal may determine the amount of the equitable remuneration if:

(a) the society and the body fail to determine the amount by agreement under paragraph (1)(a); and

(b) the society or the body apply to the Tribunal to have the Tribunal determine the amount.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the application.

(3) A determination of the Tribunal under subsection (2) may be expressed to have effect in relation to copying or communicating done before the day on which the determination is made.

113S Educational institutions must assist collecting society

(1) If a remuneration notice that applies to an educational institution is in force under section 113Q, the relevant collecting society may, in writing (the entry notice), notify the body administering the educational institution that the society wishes, on a day specified in the notice, to enter the premises of the educational institution for the purpose of reviewing the body’s compliance with:

(a) the remuneration notice; and

(b) any relevant agreements and determinations mentioned in paragraph 113P(1)(e) or (2)(d).

(2) A person authorised in writing by the collecting society may enter the premises of the educational institution for the purpose mentioned in subsection (1) after the collecting society gives the entry notice to the body.

(3) Entry onto premises under subsection (2) may only occur:

(a) during ordinary working hours of the educational institution; and

(b) on the day specified in the entry notice, which must not be earlier than 7 days after the day on which the entry notice is given.

(4) The Copyright Tribunal may determine a question relating to entry onto premises of an educational institution under this section if:

(a) the relevant collecting society and the body administering the educational institution fail to determine the question by agreement; and

(b) the society or the body applies to the Tribunal to have the Tribunal determine the question.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the application.

(5) The body administering an educational institution must:

(a) ensure that a person who enters the premises of the educational institution under subsection (2) is provided with all reasonable and necessary facilities and assistance for the effective review of the body’s compliance with the remuneration notice, agreements and determinations mentioned in paragraphs (1)(a) and (b); and

(b) comply with any determinations of the Copyright Tribunal made under subsection (4).

(6) A body administering an educational institution commits an offence if the body contravenes subsection (5).

Penalty: 5 penalty units.

113T Voluntary licences

(1) Nothing in this Division affects the right of the owner of the copyright in copyright material to grant a licence authorising any use of that material by the body administering an educational institution.

(2) Nothing in this Division affects the right of a performer in a performance (within the meaning of Part XIA) to authorise the body administering an educational institution:

(a) to make, or cause to be made, a sound recording or a cinematograph film of the performance; and

(b) to communicate, or cause to be communicated, that recording or film.

113U Persons acting on behalf of bodies administering educational institutions

A reference in this Division (other than the first reference in subsection 113S(6)) to the body administering an educational institution includes a reference to a person acting on behalf of the body.

Division 5—Collecting societies

Subdivision A—Declaration of collecting society

113V Declaration of collecting society

Applications

(1) A body may apply, in writing, to the Minister to be declared to be:

(a) the works collecting society for:

(i) all eligible rights holders; or

(ii) specified classes of eligible rights holders; or

(b) the broadcasts collecting society.

Declarations

(2) After receiving the application, the Minister must do one of the following:

(a) declare the body to be a collecting society;

(b) refuse to declare the body to be a collecting society;

(i) refer the application to the Copyright Tribunal in the way prescribed by the regulations; and

(ii) notify the body of the referral.

(3) The Copyright Tribunal may declare the body to be a collecting society if the Minister refers the application to the Tribunal under paragraph (2)(c). The Registrar must notify the Minister of the declaration.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the referral.

(4) A declaration of the body to be a collecting society under this section must declare the body to be a collecting society:

(a) for either:

(i) works to which paragraph 113P(1)(b) applies; or

(ii) copyright material to which paragraph 113P(2)(b) applies; and

(b) for:

(i) if subparagraph (a)(i) of this subsection applies—specified classes of eligible rights holders; or

(ii) in either case—all eligible rights holders.

(5) The Minister must, by notifiable instrument, give notice of a declaration made under this section.

Existing collecting societies

(6) If:

(a) a body is declared to be the works collecting society for an eligible rights holder; and

(b) another body is later declared to be the works collecting society for the eligible rights holder;

the first declaration ceases to be in effect on the day (the cessation day) before the second declaration commences, to the extent the first declaration relates to the eligible rights holder.

(7) If:

(a) a remuneration notice given to the first body under section 113Q:

(i) is in force on the cessation day; and

(ii) applies to a work; and

(b) the eligible rights holder owns the copyright in the work;

the notice ceases to be in force on the cessation day, to the extent the notice applies to the work.

(8) A body cannot be declared to be the broadcasts collecting society while another body is declared to be the broadcasts collecting society.

Eligible rights holders

(9) In this Act:

eligible rights holder means:

(a) for a works collecting society—the owner of the copyright in a work; or

(b) for the broadcasts collecting society—any of the following:

(i) the owner of the copyright in a work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film (other than a new owner of the copyright in a sound recording of a live performance within the meaning of section 100AB);

(ii) a performer in a performance (within the meaning of Part XIA).

113W Requirements for declaration of collecting society

The Minister and the Copyright Tribunal must not declare a body to be a collecting society for eligible rights holders under section 113V unless:

(a) the body is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated under a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory relating to companies; and

(b) all of those eligible rights holders, or their agents, are entitled to become its members; and

(d) its rules contain such other provisions as are prescribed by the regulations, being provisions necessary to ensure that the interests of the collecting society’s members who are eligible rights holders or their agents are protected adequately, including provisions about:

(i) the collection of amounts of equitable remuneration payable under remuneration notices given to the society under section 113Q; and

(ii) the payment of the administrative costs of the society out of amounts collected by it; and

(iii) the distribution of amounts collected by it; and

(iv) the holding on trust by the society of amounts for eligible rights holders who are not its members; and

(v) access to records of the society by its members.

113X Revocation of declaration

(1) Subsection (2) applies if the Minister is satisfied that a body declared to be a collecting society under section 113V:

(a) is not functioning adequately as the collecting society; or

(b) is not acting in accordance with its rules or in the best interests of those of its members who are eligible rights holders or their agents; or

(d) has refused or failed, without reasonable excuse, to comply with section 113Z or 113ZA.

(2) The Minister may:

(a) revoke the declaration; or

(b) refer to the Copyright Tribunal, in the way prescribed by the regulations, the question whether the declaration should be revoked.

(3) The Tribunal may revoke the declaration if:

(a) the Minister refers the question to the Copyright Tribunal under paragraph (2)(b); and

(b) the Tribunal is satisfied that paragraph (1)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies to the body.

The Registrar must notify the Minister of the revocation.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the referral.

(4) A revocation under this section must specify the day on which it takes effect.

(5) The Minister must, by notifiable instrument, give notice of a revocation under this section.

(6) Subsection 33(3) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 does not apply in relation to a power under section 113V of this Act to make a declaration.

Subdivision B—Operation of collecting society

113Y Scope of this Subdivision

This Subdivision applies to:

(a) a works collecting society; or

(b) the broadcasts collecting society.

113Z Annual report and accounts

(1) The collecting society must, as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year:

(a) prepare a report of its operations during that financial year; and

(b) send a copy of the report to the Minister, for presentation to the Parliament.

(2) The collecting society must keep accounting records correctly recording and explaining the transactions of the society (including any transactions as trustee) and the financial position of the society.

(3) The accounting records must be kept in such a manner as will enable true and fair accounts of the society to be prepared from time to time and those accounts to be conveniently and properly audited.

(4) The collecting society must:

(a) as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year, cause its accounts to be audited by an auditor who is not a member of the society; and

(b) must send to the Minister a copy of its accounts as so audited.

(5) The collecting society must give its members reasonable access to copies of all reports and audited accounts prepared under this section.

(6) This section does not affect any obligations of a collecting society relating to the preparation and lodging of annual returns or accounts under the law under which it is incorporated.

113ZA Amendment of rules

The collecting society must, within 21 days after it alters its rules, send a copy of the rules as so altered to the Minister, together with a statement setting out:

(a) the effect of the alteration; and

(b) the reasons why it was made.

113ZB Review of distribution arrangement by Copyright Tribunal

(1) The collecting society or a member of the society may apply to the Copyright Tribunal for review of the arrangement adopted, or proposed to be adopted, by the society for distributing amounts it collects in a period.

Note: Section 153A sets out the procedure of the Copyright Tribunal in dealing with the application.

(2) After an application is made under subsection (1), the Tribunal must make an order:

(a) confirming the arrangement; or

(b) varying the arrangement; or

(c) substituting for the arrangement another arrangement for distributing amounts the collecting society collects in the period.

(3) If the Tribunal makes an order varying the arrangement or substituting for it another arrangement, the arrangement reflecting the Tribunal’s order:

(a) has effect as if it had been adopted in accordance with the society’s rules; and

(b) does not affect a distribution started before the order was made.

113ZC Operation of collecting society rules

Division 4 and this Division apply to the collecting society despite anything in the rules of the society, but nothing in those Divisions affects the rules so far as they can operate together with those Divisions.

Part V—Remedies and offences

Division 1—Preliminary

114 Interpretation

(1) In this Part, action means a proceeding of a civil nature between parties, and includes a counterclaim.

(2) In the application of this Part in relation to a counterclaim, references to the plaintiff and to the defendant shall be read as references to the defendant and to the plaintiff, respectively.

Division 2—Actions by owner of copyright

115 Actions for infringement

(1) Subject to this Act, the owner of a copyright may bring an action for an infringement of the copyright.

(2) Subject to this Act, the relief that a court may grant in an action for an infringement of copyright includes an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit) and either damages or an account of profits.

(3) Where, in an action for infringement of copyright, it is established that an infringement was committed but it is also established that, at the time of the infringement, the defendant was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting, that the act constituting the infringement was an infringement of the copyright, the plaintiff is not entitled under this section to any damages against the defendant in respect of the infringement, but is entitled to an account of profits in respect of the infringement whether any other relief is granted under this section or not.

(4) Where, in an action under this section:

(a) an infringement of copyright is established; and

(b) the court is satisfied that it is proper to do so, having regard to:

(i) the flagrancy of the infringement; and

(ia) the need to deter similar infringements of copyright; and

(ib) the conduct of the defendant after the act constituting the infringement or, if relevant, after the defendant was informed that the defendant had allegedly infringed the plaintiff’s copyright; and

(ii) whether the infringement involved the conversion of a work or other subject‑matter from hardcopy or analog form into a digital or other electronic machine‑readable form; and

(iii) any benefit shown to have accrued to the defendant by reason of the infringement; and

(iv) all other relevant matters;

the court may, in assessing damages for the infringement, award such additional damages as it considers appropriate in the circumstances.

Consideration for relief for electronic commercial infringement

(5) Subsection (6) applies to a court hearing an action for infringement of copyright if the court is satisfied that:

(a) the infringement (the proved infringement) occurred (whether as a result of the doing of an act comprised in the copyright, the authorising of the doing of such an act or the doing of another act); and

(b) the proved infringement involved a communication of a work or other subject‑matter to the public; and

(c) because the work or other subject‑matter was communicated to the public, it is likely that there were other infringements (the likely infringements) of the copyright by the defendant that the plaintiff did not prove in the action; and

(d) taken together, the proved infringement and likely infringements were on a commercial scale.

(6) The court may have regard to the likelihood of the likely infringements (as well as the proved infringement) in deciding what relief to grant in the action.

(7) In determining for the purposes of paragraph (5)(d) whether, taken together, the proved infringement and the likely infringements were on a commercial scale, the following matters are to be taken into account:

(a) the volume and value of any articles that:

(i) are infringing copies that constitute the proved infringement; or

(ii) assuming the likely infringements actually occurred, would be infringing copies constituting those infringements;

(b) any other relevant matter.

(8) In subsection (7):

article includes a reproduction or copy of a work or other subject‑matter, being a reproduction or copy in electronic form.

115A Injunctions against carriage service providers providing access to online locations outside Australia

(1) The Federal Court of Australia may, on application by the owner of a copyright, grant an injunction referred to in subsection (2) if the Court is satisfied that:

(a) a carriage service provider provides access to an online location outside Australia; and

(b) the online location infringes, or facilitates an infringement of, the copyright; and

(c) the primary purpose of the online location is to infringe, or to facilitate the infringement of, copyright (whether or not in Australia).

(2) The injunction is to require the carriage service provider to take reasonable steps to disable access to the online location.

Parties

(3) The parties to an action under subsection (1) are:

(a) the owner of the copyright; and

(b) the carriage service provider; and

(c) the person who operates the online location if, but only if, that person makes an application to be joined as a party to the proceedings.

Service

(4) The owner of the copyright must notify:

(a) the carriage service provider; and

(b) the person who operates the online location;

of the making of an application under subsection (1), but the Court may dispense, on such terms as it sees fit, with the notice required to be sent under paragraph (b) if the Court is satisfied that the owner of the copyright is unable, despite reasonable efforts, to determine the identity or address of the person who operates the online location, or to send notices to that person.

Matters to be taken into account

(5) In determining whether to grant the injunction, the Court may take the following matters into account:

(a) the flagrancy of the infringement, or the flagrancy of the facilitation of the infringement, as referred to in paragraph (1)(c);

(b) whether the online location makes available or contains directories, indexes or categories of the means to infringe, or facilitate an infringement of, copyright;

(d) whether access to the online location has been disabled by orders from any court of another country or territory on the ground of or related to copyright infringement;

(e) whether disabling access to the online location is a proportionate response in the circumstances;

(f) the impact on any person, or class of persons, likely to be affected by the grant of the injunction;

(g) whether it is in the public interest to disable access to the online location;

(h) whether the owner of the copyright complied with subsection (4);

(i) any other remedies available under this Act;

(j) any other matter prescribed by the regulations;

(k) any other relevant matter.

Affidavit evidence

(6) For the purposes of the proceedings, section 134A (affidavit evidence) applies as if the reference in paragraph 134A(f) to a particular act included a reference to a class of acts.

Rescinding and varying injunctions

(7) The Court may:

(a) limit the duration of; or

(b) upon application, rescind or vary;

an injunction granted under this section.

(8) An application under subsection (7) may be made by:

(a) any of the persons referred to in subsection (3); or

(b) any other person prescribed by the regulations.

Costs

(9) The carriage service provider is not liable for any costs in relation to the proceedings unless the provider enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings.

116 Rights of owner of copyright in respect of infringing copies

(1) The owner of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter may bring an action for conversion or detention in relation to:

(a) an infringing copy; or

(b) a device (including a circumvention device) used or intended to be used for making infringing copies.

(1A) In an action for conversion or detention, a court may grant to the owner of the copyright all or any of the remedies that are available in such an action as if:

(a) the owner of the copyright had been the owner of the infringing copy since the time the copy was made; or

(b) the owner of the copyright had been the owner of the device since the time when it was used or intended to be used for making infringing copies.

(1B) Any relief granted by a court in an action for conversion or detention is in addition to any relief that the court may grant under section 115.

(1C) A court is not to grant any relief to the owner of the copyright in an action for conversion or detention if the relief that the court has granted or proposes to grant under section 115 is, in the opinion of the court, a sufficient remedy.

(1D) In deciding whether to grant relief in an action for conversion or detention and in assessing the amount of damages payable, the court may have regard to the following:

(a) the expenses incurred by the defendant, being a person who marketed or otherwise dealt with the infringing copy, in manufacturing or acquiring the infringing copy;

(b) whether the expenses were incurred before or after the infringing copy was sold or otherwise disposed of by the defendant;

(1E) If the infringing copy is an article of which only part consists of material that infringes copyright, the court, in deciding whether to grant relief and in assessing the amount of damages payable, may also have regard to the following:

(a) the importance to the market value of the article of the material that infringes the copyright;

(b) the proportion the material that infringes copyright bears to the article;

(2) A plaintiff is not entitled by virtue of this section to any damages or to any other pecuniary remedy, other than costs, if it is established that, at the time of the conversion or detention:

(a) the defendant was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting, that copyright subsisted in the work or other subject‑matter to which the action relates;

(b) where the articles converted or detained were infringing copies—the defendant believed, and had reasonable grounds for believing, that they were not infringing copies; or

(c) where an article converted or detained was a device used or intended to be used for making articles—the defendant believed, and had reasonable grounds for believing, that the articles so made or intended to be made were not or would not be, as the case may be, infringing copies.

116AAA Compensation for acquisition of property

(1) This section applies if, apart from this section, subsections 22(3A) and 97(2) and (2A) would result in the acquisition of property from a maker of a sound recording of a live performance by a performer in the performance otherwise than on just terms.

(2) There is payable to the maker by the performer such amount of compensation as is agreed on between those persons, or, failing agreement, as is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.

(3) Any damages or compensation recovered or other remedy given in a proceeding that is commenced otherwise than under this section is to be taken into account in assessing compensation payable in a proceeding that is commenced under this section and that arises out of the same event or transaction.

(4) Any compensation payable in a proceeding that is commenced under this section is to be taken into account in assessing any damages or compensation or other remedy to be awarded in a proceeding that is commenced otherwise than under this section and that arises out of the same event or transaction.

(5) In this section:

acquisition of property has the same meaning as in paragraph 51(xxxi) of the Constitution.

just terms has the same meaning as in paragraph 51(xxxi) of the Constitution.

maker of a sound recording of a live performance means a person mentioned in paragraph 22(3A)(a).

performer in a live performance means the following people:

(a) a person who becomes a maker of a sound recording under paragraph 22(3A)(b);

(b) if subsection 22(3B) applies—an employer who becomes a maker of a sound recording under that subsection.

Division 2AA—Limitation on remedies available against carriage service providers

Subdivision A—Preliminary

116AA Purpose of this Division

(1) The purpose of this Division is to limit the remedies that are available against carriage service providers for infringements of copyright that relate to the carrying out of certain online activities by carriage service providers. A carriage service provider must satisfy certain conditions to take advantage of the limitations.

Note 1: Subdivision B contains a description of the relevant activities.

Note 2: Subdivision C contains details of the limitations on remedies.

Note 3: Subdivision D sets out the conditions that must be satisfied for a carriage service provider to take advantage of the limitations. The limitations are automatic if a carriage service provider complies with the relevant conditions.

(2) This Division does not limit the operation of provisions of this Act outside this Division in relation to determining whether copyright has been infringed.

116AB Definitions

In this Division:

caching means the reproduction of copyright material on a system or network controlled or operated by or for a carriage service provider in response to an action by a user in order to facilitate efficient access to that material by that user or other users.

industry code means:

(a) an industry code that:

(i) meets any prescribed requirements; and

(ii) is registered under Part 6 of the Telecommunications Act 1997; or

(b) an industry code developed in accordance with the regulations.

Subdivision B—Relevant activities

116AC Category A activity

A carriage service provider carries out a Category A activity by providing facilities or services for transmitting, routing or providing connections for copyright material, or the intermediate and transient storage of copyright material in the course of transmission, routing or provision of connections.

116AD Category B activity

A carriage service provider carries out a Category B activity by caching copyright material through an automatic process. The carriage service provider must not manually select the copyright material for caching.

116AE Category C activity

A carriage service provider carries out a Category C activity by storing, at the direction of a user, copyright material on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the carriage service provider.

116AF Category D activity

A carriage service provider carries out a Category D activity by referring users to an online location using information location tools or technology.

Subdivision C—Limitations on remedies

116AG Limitations on remedies

Relevant conditions must be satisfied

(1) A carriage service provider must satisfy the relevant conditions set out in Subdivision D before the limitations in this section apply.

General limitations

(2) For infringements of copyright that occur in the course of carrying out any of the categories of activities set out in Subdivision B, a court must not grant relief against a carriage service provider that consists of:

(a) damages or an account of profits; or

(b) additional damages; or

Category specific limitations

(3) For an infringement of copyright that occurs in the course of the carrying out of a Category A activity, the relief that a court may grant against a carriage service provider is limited to one or more of the following orders:

(a) an order requiring the carriage service provider to take reasonable steps to disable access to an online location outside Australia;

(b) an order requiring the carriage service provider to terminate a specified account.

(4) For an infringement of copyright that occurs in the course of the carrying out of a Category B, C or D activity, the relief that a court may grant against a carriage service provider is limited to one or more of the following orders:

(a) an order requiring the carriage service provider to remove or disable access to infringing copyright material, or to a reference to infringing copyright material;

(b) an order requiring the carriage service provider to terminate a specified account;

Relevant matters

(5) In deciding whether to make an order of a kind referred to in subsection (3) or (4), a court must have regard to:

(a) the harm that has been caused to the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright; and

(b) the burden that the making of the order will place on the carriage service provider; and

(d) the effectiveness of the order; and

(e) whether some other comparably effective order would be less burdensome.

The court may have regard to other matters it considers relevant.

Subdivision D—Conditions

116AH Conditions

(1) This table sets out the conditions for each of the categories of activities.

Conditions
Item	Activity	Conditions
1	All categories	1. The carriage service provider must adopt and reasonably implement a policy that provides for termination, in appropriate circumstances, of the accounts of repeat infringers. 2. If there is a relevant industry code in force—the carriage service provider must comply with the relevant provisions of that code relating to accommodating and not interfering with standard technical measures used to protect and identify copyright material.
2	Category A	1. Any transmission of copyright material in carrying out this activity must be initiated by or at the direction of a person other than the carriage service provider. 2. The carriage service provider must not make substantive modifications to copyright material transmitted. This does not apply to modifications made as part of a technical process.
3	Category B	1. If the copyright material that is cached is subject to conditions on user access at the originating site, the carriage service provider must ensure that access to a significant part of the cached copyright material is permitted only to users who have met those conditions. 2. If there is a relevant industry code in force—the carriage service provider must comply with the relevant provisions of that code relating to: (a) updating the cached copyright material; and (b) not interfering with technology used at the originating site to obtain information about the use of the copyright material. 3. The service provider must expeditiously remove or disable access to cached copyright material upon notification in the prescribed form that the material has been removed or access to it has been disabled at the originating site. 4. The carriage service provider must not make substantive modifications to the cached copyright material as it is transmitted to subsequent users. This does not apply to modifications made as part of a technical process.
4	Category C	1. The carriage service provider must not receive a financial benefit that is directly attributable to the infringing activity if the carriage service provider has the right and ability to control the activity. 2. The carriage service provider must expeditiously remove or disable access to copyright material residing on its system or network upon receipt of a notice in the prescribed form that the material has been found to be infringing by a court. 2A. The carriage service provider must act expeditiously to remove or disable access to copyright material residing on its system or network if the carriage service provider: (a) becomes aware that the material is infringing; or (b) becomes aware of facts or circumstances that make it apparent that the material is likely to be infringing. The carriage service provider does not, in an action relating to this Division, bear any onus of proving a matter referred to in paragraph (a) or (b). 3. The carriage service provider must comply with the prescribed procedure in relation to removing or disabling access to copyright material residing on its system or network.
5	Category D	1. The carriage service provider must not receive a financial benefit that is directly attributable to the infringing activity if the carriage service provider has the right and ability to control the activity. 2. The carriage service provider must expeditiously remove or disable access to a reference residing on its system or network upon receipt of a notice in the prescribed form that the copyright material to which it refers has been found to be infringing by a court. 2A. The carriage service provider must act expeditiously to remove or disable access to a reference residing on its system or network if the carriage service provider: (a) becomes aware that the copyright material to which it refers is infringing; or (b) becomes aware of facts or circumstances that make it apparent that the copyright material to which it refers is likely to be infringing. The carriage service provider does not, in an action relating to this Division, bear any onus of proving a matter referred to in paragraph (a) or (b). 3. The carriage service provider must comply with the prescribed procedure in relation to removing or disabling a reference residing on its system or network.

(2) Nothing in the conditions is to be taken to require a carriage service provider to monitor its service or to seek facts to indicate infringing activity except to the extent required by a standard technical measure mentioned in condition 2 in table item 1 in the table in subsection (1).

(3) In deciding, for the purposes of condition 1 in table items 4 and 5 in the table in subsection (1), whether a financial benefit is otherwise directly attributable to the infringing activity referred to in that condition, a court must have regard to:

(a) industry practice in relation to the charging of services by carriage service providers, including charging based on level of activity; and

(b) whether the financial benefit was greater than the benefit that would usually result from charging in accordance with accepted industry practice.

The court may have regard to other matters it considers relevant.

(4) An act done by a carriage service provider in complying with the prescribed procedure referred to in condition 3 in table item 4 in the table in subsection (1) does not constitute a failure to satisfy condition 2A in that item.

116AI Evidence of compliance with conditions

If a carriage service provider, in an action relating to this Division, points to evidence, as prescribed, that suggests that the carriage service provider has complied with a condition, the court must presume, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the carriage service provider has complied with the condition.

Subdivision E—Regulations

116AJ Regulations

(1) The regulations may provide that a carriage service provider is not liable for damages or any other civil remedy as a result of action taken in good faith to comply with a condition.

(2) The regulations may provide civil remedies for conduct by relevant parties in relation to conditions.

(3) The regulations may prescribe offences for conduct by persons issuing notices under the regulations, and prescribe penalties for offences against those regulations. The penalties must not exceed 50 penalty units.

Note: If a body corporate is convicted of an offence against regulations made under this section, subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914 allows a court to impose fines of up to 5 times the penalty stated above.

Division 2A—Actions in relation to technological protection measures and electronic rights management information

Subdivision A—Technological protection measures

116AK Definitions

In this Subdivision, computer program has the same meaning as in section 47AB.

116AL Interaction of this Subdivision with Part VAA

This Subdivision does not apply to encoded broadcasts (within the meaning of Part VAA).

116AM Geographical application

(1) This Subdivision applies to acts done in Australia.

(2) This section does not, by implication, affect the interpretation of any other provision of this Act.

116AN Circumventing an access control technological protection measure

(1) An owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter may bring an action against a person if:

(a) the work or other subject‑matter is protected by an access control technological protection measure; and

(b) the person does an act that results in the circumvention of the access control technological protection measure; and

Exception—permission

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if the person has the permission of the copyright owner or exclusive licensee to circumvent the access control technological protection measure.

Exception—interoperability

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program (the original program) that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the original program; and

(iia) relates to elements of the original program that will not be readily available to the person when the circumvention occurs; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with the original program or any other program.

Exception—encryption research

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable:

(i) the person; or

(ii) if the person is a body corporate—an employee of the person;

to do an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a work or other subject‑matter that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of identifying and analysing flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technology; and

(i) engaged in a course of study at an educational institution in the field of encryption technology; or

(ii) employed, trained or experienced in the field of encryption technology; and

(d) the person or employee:

(i) has obtained permission from the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright to do the act; or

(ii) has made, or will make, a good faith effort to obtain such permission.

In this subsection, encryption technology means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulas or algorithms.

Exception—computer security testing

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program that is not an infringing copy; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the computer program; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of testing, investigating or correcting the security of a computer, computer system or computer network; and

(iv) will be done with the permission of the owner of the computer, computer system or computer network.

Exception—online privacy

(6) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a work or other subject‑matter that is not an infringing copy; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of identifying and disabling an undisclosed capability to collect or disseminate personally identifying information about the online activities of a natural person; and

(iv) will not affect the ability of the person or any other person to gain access to the work or other subject‑matter or any other work or subject‑matter.

Exception—law enforcement and national security

(7) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to anything lawfully done for the purposes of:

(a) law enforcement; or

(b) national security; or

by or on behalf of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, or an authority of one of those bodies.

Exception—libraries etc.

(8) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act; and

(b) the person is:

(i) a library (other than a library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individual or individuals); or

(ii) a body mentioned in paragraph (a) of the definition of archives in subsection 10(1), or in subsection 10(4); or

(iii) an educational institution; and

(c) the act will be done for the sole purpose of making an acquisition decision in relation to the work or other subject‑matter; and

(d) the work or other subject‑matter will not be otherwise available to the person when the act is done.

Note: A library that is owned by a person conducting a business for profit might not itself be conducted for profit (see section 18).

Exception—prescribed acts

(9) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the person circumvents the access control technological protection measure to enable the person to do an act; and

(b) the act will not infringe the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter; and

Note: For the making of regulations prescribing the doing of an act by a person, see section 249.

Burden of proof

(10) The defendant bears the burden of establishing the matters referred to in subsections (2) to (9).

116AO Manufacturing etc. a circumvention device for a technological protection measure

(1) An owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter may bring an action against a person if:

(a) the person does any of the following acts with a device:

(i) manufactures it with the intention of providing it to another person;

(ii) imports it into Australia with the intention of providing it to another person;

(iii) distributes it to another person;

(iv) offers it to the public;

(v) provides it to another person;

(vi) communicates it to another person; and

(b) the person knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the device is a circumvention device for a technological protection measure; and

Exception ‑ no promotion, advertising etc.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the device is a circumvention device for the technological protection measure only because it was promoted, advertised or marketed as having the purpose of circumventing the technological protection measure; and

(b) both of the following apply:

(i) the person did not do such promoting, advertising or marketing;

(ii) the person did not direct or request (expressly or impliedly) another person to do such promoting, advertising or marketing.

Exception—interoperability

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the circumvention device will be used to circumvent the technological protection measure to enable the doing of an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program (the original program) that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the original program; and

(iia) relates to elements of the original program that will not be readily available to the person doing the act when the circumvention occurs; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with the original program or any other program.

Exception—encryption research

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the technological protection measure is an access control technological protection measure; and

(b) the circumvention device will be used to circumvent the access control technological protection measure to enable a person (the researcher) to do an act; and

(i) relates to a copy of a work or other subject‑matter that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of identifying and analysing flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technology; and

(d) the researcher is:

(i) engaged in a course of study at an educational institution in the field of encryption technology; or

(ii) employed, trained or experienced in the field of encryption technology; and

(e) the researcher:

(i) has obtained permission from the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright to do the act; or

(ii) has made, or will make, a good faith effort to obtain such permission.

In this subsection, encryption technology means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulas or algorithms.

Exception—computer security testing

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the technological protection measure is an access control technological protection measure; and

(b) the circumvention device will be used to circumvent the access control technological protection measure to enable the doing of an act; and

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program that is not an infringing copy; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the computer program; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of testing, investigating or correcting the security of a computer, computer system or computer network; and

(iv) will be done with the permission of the owner of the computer, computer system or computer network.

Exception—law enforcement and national security

(6) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to anything lawfully done for the purposes of:

(a) law enforcement; or

(b) national security; or

by or on behalf of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, or an authority of one of those bodies.

Burden of proof

(7) The defendant bears the burden of establishing the matters referred to in subsections (2) to (6).

116AP Providing etc. a circumvention service for a technological protection measure

(1) An owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter may bring an action against a person if:

(a) the person:

(i) provides a service to another person; or

(ii) offers a service to the public; and

(b) the person knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the service is a circumvention service for a technological protection measure; and

Exception ‑ no promotion, advertising etc.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the service is a circumvention service for the technological protection measure only because it was promoted, advertised or marketed as having the purpose of circumventing the technological protection measure; and

(b) both of the following apply:

(i) the person did not do such promoting, advertising or marketing;

(ii) the person did not direct or request (expressly or impliedly) another person to do such promoting, advertising or marketing.

Exception—interoperability

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the circumvention service will be used to circumvent a technological protection measure to enable the doing of an act; and

(b) the act:

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program (the original program) that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the original program; and

(iia) relates to elements of the original program that will not be readily available to the person doing the act when the circumvention occurs; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with the original program or any other program.

Exception—encryption research

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the technological protection measure is an access control technological protection measure; and

(b) the circumvention service will be used to circumvent the access control technological protection measure to enable a person (the researcher) to do an act; and

(i) relates to a copy of a work or other subject‑matter that is not an infringing copy and that was lawfully obtained; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of identifying and analysing flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technology; and

(d) the researcher is:

(i) engaged in a course of study at an educational institution in the field of encryption technology; or

(ii) employed, trained or experienced in the field of encryption technology; and

(e) the researcher:

(i) has obtained permission from the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright to do the act; or

(ii) has made, or will make, a good faith effort to obtain such permission.

In this subsection, encryption technology means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulas or algorithms.

Exception—computer security testing

(5) Subsection (1) does not apply to the person if:

(a) the technological protection measure is an access control technological protection measure; and

(b) the circumvention service will be used to circumvent the access control technological protection measure to enable the doing of an act; and

(i) relates to a copy of a computer program that is not an infringing copy; and

(ii) will not infringe the copyright in the computer program; and

(iii) will be done for the sole purpose of testing, investigating or correcting the security of a computer, computer system or computer network; and

(iv) will be done with the permission of the owner of the computer, computer system or computer network.

Exception—law enforcement and national security

(6) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to anything lawfully done for the purposes of:

(a) law enforcement; or

(b) national security; or

by or on behalf of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, or an authority of one of those bodies.

Burden of proof

(7) The defendant bears the burden of establishing the matters referred to in subsections (2) to (6).

116AQ Remedies in actions under this Subdivision

(1) Without limiting the relief that a court may grant in an action under this Subdivision, the relief may include:

(a) an injunction, subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit; and

(b) damages or an account of profits; and

(c) if the doing of an act, which is the subject of the action, involved a circumvention device—an order that the circumvention device be destroyed or dealt with as specified in the order.

(2) In assessing damages, the court may award such additional damages as it considers appropriate, having regard to:

(a) the flagrancy of the defendant’s acts that are the subject of the action; and

(b) the need to deter similar acts; and

(c) the conduct of the defendant after the acts or, if relevant, after the defendant was informed that the defendant had allegedly done an act that would be the subject of an action under this Subdivision; and

(d) any benefit shown to have accrued to the defendant as a result of those acts; and

(e) any other relevant matters.

(3) If:

(a) an action has been commenced against a person under this Subdivision; and

(b) the doing of an act by the person, which is the subject of the action, involved a device; and

the court may order that the device be delivered up to the court upon such conditions as the court considers appropriate.

(4) This section does not, by implication, affect the interpretation of any other provision of this Act.

Subdivision B—Electronic rights management information

116B Removal or alteration of electronic rights management information

(1) This section applies if:

(a) either:

(i) a person removes, from a copy of a work or other subject‑matter in which copyright subsists, any electronic rights management information that relates to the work or other subject‑matter; or

(ii) a person alters any electronic rights management information that relates to a work or other subject‑matter in which copyright subsists; and

(b) the person does so without the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright; and

(c) the person knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the removal or alteration would induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter.

(2) If this section applies, the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright may bring an action against the person.

(3) In an action under subsection (2), it must be presumed that the defendant knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the removal or alteration to which the action relates would have the effect referred to in paragraph (1)(c) unless the defendant proves otherwise.

116C Distribution to the public etc. of works whose electronic rights management information has been removed or altered

(1) This section applies if:

(a) a person does any of the following acts in relation to a work or other subject‑matter in which copyright subsists without the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright:

(i) distributes a copy of the work or other subject‑matter to the public;

(ii) imports into Australia a copy of the work or other subject‑matter for distribution to the public;

(iii) communicates a copy of the work or other subject‑matter to the public; and

(b) either:

(i) any electronic rights management information that relates to the work or other subject‑matter has been removed from the copy of the work or subject‑matter; or

(ii) any electronic rights management information that relates to the work or other subject‑matter has been altered; and

(c) the person knew that the electronic rights management information had been so removed or altered without the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright; and

(d) the person knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the act referred to in paragraph (a) that was done by the person would induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the work or other subject‑matter.

(2) If this section applies, the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright may bring an action against the person.

(3) In an action under subsection (2), it must be presumed that the defendant:

(a) had the knowledge referred to in paragraph (1)(c); and

(b) knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the doing of the act to which the action relates would have the effect referred to in paragraph (1)(d);

unless the defendant proves otherwise.

116CA Distribution and importation of electronic rights management information that has been removed or altered

(1) This section applies if:

(a) a person does either of the following acts in relation to electronic rights management information that relates to a work or other subject‑matter in which copyright subsists:

(i) distributes the electronic rights management information;

(ii) imports into Australia the electronic rights management information for distribution; and

(b) the person does so without the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright; and

(i) the information has been removed from a copy of the work or subject‑matter without the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright; or

(ii) the information has been removed from a copy of the work or subject‑matter with the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright but the information has been altered without that permission; and

(d) the person knew that the information had been removed or altered without that permission; and

(e) the person knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the act referred to in paragraph (a) that was done by the person would induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of the copyright.

(2) If this section applies, the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright may bring an action against the person.

(3) In an action under subsection (2), it must be presumed that the defendant:

(a) had the knowledge referred to in paragraph (1)(d); and

(b) knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the doing of the act to which the action relates would have the effect referred to in paragraph (1)(e);

unless the defendant proves otherwise.

116CB Exception relating to national security and law enforcement

Sections 116B to 116CA do not apply in respect of anything lawfully done for the purposes of law enforcement or national security by or on behalf of:

(a) the Commonwealth or a State or Territory; or

(b) an authority of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

116D Remedies in actions under this Subdivision

(1) The relief that a court may grant in an action under this Subdivision includes an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit) and either damages or an account of profits.

(2) If, in an action under this Subdivision, the court is satisfied that it is proper to do so, having regard to:

(a) the flagrancy of the defendant’s actions that are the subject of the action; and

(b) any benefit shown to have accrued to the defendant as a result of those acts; and

the court may, in assessing damages, award such additional damages as it considers appropriate in the circumstances.

Division 3—Proceedings where copyright is subject to exclusive licence

117 Interpretation

In this Division:

if the licence had been an assignment means if, instead of the licence, there had been granted (subject to conditions corresponding as nearly as practicable with those subject to which the licence was granted) an assignment of the copyright in respect of its application to the doing, at the places and times authorized by the licence, of the acts so authorized.

the other party means:

(a) in relation to the owner of the copyright—the exclusive licensee; and

(b) in relation to the exclusive licensee—the owner of the copyright.

118 Application

This Division applies to proceedings in relation to a copyright in respect of which an exclusive licence has been granted and is in force at the time of the events to which the proceedings relate.

119 Rights of exclusive licensee

Subject to the succeeding sections of this Division:

(a) except against the owner of the copyright, the exclusive licensee has the same rights of action as he or she would have, and is entitled to the same remedies as he or she would be entitled to, by virtue of section 115 or 115A if the licence had been an assignment, and those rights and remedies are concurrent with the rights and remedies of the owner of the copyright under that section;

(b) except against the owner of the copyright, the exclusive licensee has the same rights of action as he or she would have, and is entitled to the same remedies as he or she would be entitled to, by virtue of section 116 if the licence had been an assignment; and

(c) the owner of the copyright does not have any rights of action that he or she would not have, and is not entitled to any remedies that he or she would not be entitled to, by virtue of section 116 if the licence had been an assignment.

120 Joinder of owner or exclusive licensee as a party

(1) Where:

(a) an action is brought by the owner of the copyright or by the exclusive licensee; and

(b) the action, in so far as it is brought under section 115 or 115A, relates, in whole or in part, to an infringement in respect of which the owner and the licensee have concurrent rights of action under that section;

the owner or licensee, as the case may be, is not entitled, except with the leave of the court, to proceed with the action, in so far as it is brought under that section and relates to that infringement, unless the other party is joined as a plaintiff in the action or added as a defendant.

(2) This section does not affect the granting of an interlocutory injunction on the application of the owner of the copyright or of the exclusive licensee.

121 Defences available against exclusive licensee

In an action brought by the exclusive licensee by virtue of this Division, a defence under this Act that would have been available to a defendant in the action if the action had been brought by the owner of the copyright is available to that defendant as against the exclusive licensee.

122 Assessment of damages where exclusive licence granted

Where an action to which section 120 applies is brought and the owner of the copyright and the exclusive licensee are not both plaintiffs in the action, the court, in assessing damages in respect of an infringement of a kind referred to in that section, shall:

(a) if the plaintiff is the exclusive licensee—take into account any liabilities, in respect of royalties or otherwise, to which the licence is subject; and

(b) whether the plaintiff is the owner of the copyright or the exclusive licensee—take into account any pecuniary remedy already awarded to the other party under section 115 in respect of that infringement, or any right of action exercisable by the other party under that section in respect of that infringement, as the case requires.

123 Apportionment of profits between owner and exclusive licensee

Where:

(a) an action, in so far as it is brought under section 115, relates, in whole or in part, to an infringement in respect of which the owner of the copyright and the exclusive licensee have concurrent rights of action under that section; and

(b) in that action, whether the owner of the copyright and the exclusive licensee are both parties or not, an account of profits is directed to be taken in respect of that infringement;

then, subject to any agreement of which the court is aware by which the application of those profits is determined as between the owner of the copyright and the exclusive licensee, the court shall apportion the profits between them in such a manner as the court considers just and shall give such directions as the court considers appropriate for giving effect to that apportionment.

Note: However, not all owners of the copyright are entitled to an account of profits: see section 100AG.

124 Separate actions in relation to the same infringement

In an action brought by the owner of the copyright or by the exclusive licensee:

(a) a judgment or order for the payment of damages in respect of an infringement of copyright shall not be given or made under section 115 if a final judgment or order has been given or made in favour of the other party directing an account of profits under that section in respect of the same infringement; and

(b) a judgment or order for an account of profits in respect of an infringement of copyright shall not be given or made under that section if a final judgment or order has been given or made in favour of the other party awarding damages or directing an account of profits under that section in respect of the same infringement.

Note: However, not all owners of the copyright are entitled to damages (other than additional damages) or an account of profits: see section 100AG.

125 Liability for costs

Where, in an action to which section 120 applies, whether brought by the owner of the copyright or by the exclusive licensee, the other party is not joined as a plaintiff (either at the commencement of the action or at a later time), but is added as a defendant, the other party is not liable for any costs in the action unless he or she enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings.

Division 4—Proof of facts in civil actions

126 Presumptions as to subsistence and ownership of copyright

In an action brought by virtue of this Part:

(a) copyright shall be presumed to subsist in the work or other subject‑matter to which the action relates if the defendant does not put in issue the question whether copyright subsists in the work or other subject‑matter; and

(b) where the subsistence of the copyright is established—the plaintiff shall be presumed to be the owner of the copyright if he or she claims to be the owner of the copyright and the defendant does not put in issue the question of his or her ownership.

126A Presumptions relating to subsistence of copyright

(1) This section applies to an action under this Part in which the defendant puts in issue the question whether copyright subsists in the work or other subject matter to which the action relates.

Labels or marks

(2) If a copy of the work or other subject matter, or the packaging or container in which the copy is packaged or contained, bears a label or mark stating the year and place of the first publication, or of the making, of the work or other subject matter, then that year and place are presumed to be as stated on the label or mark, unless the contrary is established.

Foreign certificates

(3) If a certificate or other document issued in a qualifying country in accordance with a law of that country states the year and place of the first publication, or of the making, of the work or other subject matter, then that year and place are presumed to be as stated in the certificate or document, unless the contrary is established.

(4) For the purposes of this section, a document purporting to be a certificate or document referred to in subsection (3) is, unless the contrary intention is established, taken to be such a certificate or document.

126B Presumptions relating to ownership of copyright

(1) This section applies to an action under this Part in which the defendant puts in issue the question of the plaintiff’s ownership of copyright in the work or other subject matter to which the action relates.

Labels or marks

(2) If a copy of the work or other subject matter, or the packaging or container in which the copy is packaged or contained, bears a label or mark stating that a person was the owner of copyright in the work or other subject matter at a particular time, then the person is presumed to have been the owner of the copyright at the time, unless the contrary is established.

Foreign certificates

(3) If a certificate or other document issued in a qualifying country in accordance with a law of that country states that a person was the owner of copyright in the work or other subject matter at a particular time, then the person is presumed to have been the owner of the copyright at the time, unless the contrary is established.

Chains of ownership

(5) If:

(a) subsection (2) or (3) applies; and

(b) the plaintiff produces a document stating the following:

(i) each subsequent owner of the copyright the subject of the action (including the plaintiff’s ownership);

(ii) the date each subsequent owner became the owner of that copyright;

(iii) a description of the transaction resulting in each subsequent owner becoming the owner of that copyright;

then the matters described in subparagraphs (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) are presumed to be as stated in the document, unless the contrary is established.

(6) If:

(a) neither subsection (2) nor (3) applies; and

(b) the plaintiff produces a document stating the following:

(i) the original owner of the copyright the subject of the action;

(ii) each subsequent owner of that copyright (including the plaintiff’s ownership);

(iii) the date each owner became the owner of that copyright;

(iv) a description of the transaction resulting in each owner becoming the owner of that copyright;

then the matters described in subparagraphs (b)(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are presumed to be as stated in the document, unless the contrary is established.

Offence

(7) A person commits an offence if:

(a) the person produces a document under subsection (5) or (6); and

(b) the person is reckless as to whether the document is false or misleading.

Penalty: 30 penalty units.

127 Presumptions in relation to authorship of work

(1) Where a name purporting to be that of the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work appeared on copies of the work as published or a name purporting to be that of the author of an artistic work appeared on the work when it was made, the person whose name so appeared, if it was his or her true name or a name by which he or she was commonly known, shall, in an action brought by virtue of this Part, be presumed, unless the contrary is established, to be the author of the work and to have made the work in circumstances to which subsections 35(4), (5) and (6) do not apply.

(2) Where a work is alleged to be a work of joint authorship, the last preceding subsection applies in relation to each person alleged to be one of the authors of the work as if references in that subsection to the author were references to one of the authors.

(3) Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a photograph:

(a) it is established that, at the time when the photograph was taken, a person was the owner of the material on which the photograph was taken or, if the ownership of that material as at that time is not established, that a person was the owner of the apparatus by which the photograph was taken; or

(b) neither the ownership as at the time when the photograph was taken of the material on which it was taken nor the ownership as at that time of the apparatus by which it was taken is established but it is established that, at the time of the death of a person, the photograph was owned by the person or, if the ownership of the photograph as at that time is not established, was in the possession or custody of the person;

the person shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, to have been the person who took the photograph.

(4) However, if the owner of the material or apparatus was a body corporate, then paragraph (3)(a) only applies if the presumption is required to determine the ownership of the copyright in the photograph.

Note: For example, the presumption does not apply if it is required to determine the duration of the copyright in the photograph.

128 Presumptions in relation to publisher of work

Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, the last preceding section does not apply, but it is established:

(a) that the work was first published in Australia and was so published during the period of 70 years that ended immediately before the commencement of the calendar year in which the action was brought; and

(b) that a name purporting to be that of the publisher appeared on copies of the work as first published;

then, unless the contrary is established, copyright shall be presumed to subsist in the work and the person whose name so appeared shall be presumed to have been the owner of that copyright at the time of the publication.

129 Presumptions where author has died

(1) Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, it is established that the author is dead:

(a) the work shall be presumed to be an original work unless the contrary is established; and

(b) if it is alleged by the plaintiff that a publication specified in the allegation was the first publication of the work, and that it took place in a country and on a date so specified—that publication shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, to have been the first publication of the work, and to have taken place in that country and on that date.

(2) Where:

(a) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work has been published;

(b) the publication was anonymous or is alleged by the plaintiff to have been pseudonymous; and

(c) it is not established that the work has ever been published under the true name of the author, or under a name by which he or she was commonly known, or that the identity of the author is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry;

paragraphs (1)(a) and (b) apply, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to the work, in like manner as those paragraphs apply where it is established that the author is dead.

129A Presumptions relating to computer programs

(1) This section applies to an action under this Part relating to copyright in a literary work that is a computer program if:

(a) articles or things embodying all or part of the program have been supplied (by sale or otherwise) to the public; and

(b) at the time of the supply, the articles or things, or their containers, bore a label or other mark consisting of the letter “C” in a circle accompanied by a specified year and the name of a person.

(2) It is presumed that:

(a) the computer program is an original literary work; and

(b) the computer program was first published in the year; and

(c) the person was the owner of copyright in the program when and where the articles, things or containers were labelled or marked;

unless the contrary is established.

(3) A presumption about a person under subsection (2) does not imply that the person was the only owner of copyright in the program when and where the articles, things or containers were labelled or marked.

130 Presumptions relating to sound recordings

(1) This section applies to an action under this Part relating to copyright in a sound recording if:

(a) records embodying all or part of the recording have been supplied (by sale or otherwise) to the public; and

(b) at the time of the supply, the records or their containers bore a label or other mark.

(2) If the label or mark contained a statement described in an item of the table, the matter described in the item is presumed, unless the contrary is established.

Statements and matters presumed unless the contrary is established
Item	Statement	Matter presumed
1	A specified person was the maker of the recording	The person was the maker of the recording
2	The recording was first published in a specified year	The recording was first published in the year
3	The recording was first published in a specified country	The recording was first published in the country

(3) If the label or mark consisted of the letter “P” in a circle accompanied by a specified year and the name of a person, it is presumed that:

(a) the recording was first published in the year; and

(b) the person was the owner of copyright in the recording when and where the records or containers were labelled or marked;

unless the contrary is established.

(4) A presumption about a person under this section does not imply that the person was:

(a) the only maker of the recording; or

(b) the only owner of copyright in the recording when and where the records or containers were labelled or marked.

130A Acts relating to imported copies of sound recordings

(1) In an action for infringement of copyright described in section 37, 38, 102 or 103 by an act involving an article that is a copy of a sound recording, it must be presumed that the copy is not a non‑infringing copy unless the defendant proves that the copy is a non‑infringing copy.

Note 1: Sections 37 and 38 deal with infringement of copyright in literary, dramatic and musical works (among other things) by commercial importation and dealings involving articles.

Note 2: Sections 102 and 103 deal with infringement of copyright in sound recordings (among other things) by commercial importation and dealings involving articles.

(2) The definition of article in sections 38 and 103 does not affect this section.

130B Acts relating to imported copies of computer programs

(1) In an action by a plaintiff for infringement of copyright described in section 37 or 38:

(a) relating to the plaintiff’s copyright in a literary work that is a computer program; and

(b) involving an article that has embodied in it a copy of the program;

it must be presumed, unless the defendant proves otherwise, that the copy is not a non‑infringing copy so far as it relates to the plaintiff’s copyright.

Note: Sections 37 and 38 deal with infringement of copyright in literary works (among other things) by commercial importation and dealings involving articles.

(2) The definition of article in section 38 does not affect this section.

130C Acts relating to imported copies of electronic literary or music items

(1) In an action by a plaintiff for infringement of copyright described in section 37, 38, 102 or 103:

(a) relating to the plaintiff’s copyright in a work, or in a published edition of a work, that is, or is part of, an electronic literary or music item; and

(b) involving an article that has embodied in it a copy of the electronic literary or music item;

it must be presumed, unless the defendant proves otherwise, that the copy is not a non‑infringing copy so far as it relates to the plaintiff’s copyright.

Note 1: Sections 37 and 38 deal with infringement of copyright in a work by commercial importation and dealings involving articles.

Note 2: Sections 102 and 103 deal with infringement of copyright in a published edition of a work (among other things) by commercial importation and dealings involving articles.

(2) The definition of article in sections 38 and 103 does not affect this section.

131 Presumptions relating to films

(1) Where the name of a person appeared on copies of a cinematograph film as made available to the public in such a way as to imply that the person was the maker of the film and, in the case of a person other than a body corporate, that name was his or her true name or a name by which he or she was commonly known, that person shall, in an action brought by virtue of this Part, be presumed, unless the contrary is established, to be the maker of the film and to have made the film in circumstances to which subsection 98(3) does not apply.

(2) Subsection (3) applies to an action under this Part relating to copyright in a cinematograph film, if:

(a) articles or things embodying the film have been supplied commercially; and

(3) It is presumed that:

(a) the film was first made in the year; and

(b) the person was the owner of copyright in the film when and where the articles, things or containers were labelled or marked;

unless the contrary is established.

(4) A presumption about a person under subsection (3) does not imply that the person was the only owner of copyright in the film when and where the articles, things or containers were labelled or marked.

Division 4A—Jurisdiction and appeals

131A Exercise of jurisdiction

(1) The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory in an action under this Part shall be exercised by a single Judge of the Court.

(2) Despite subsection 39(2) of the Judiciary Act 1903, the Supreme Court of a State or Territory does not have jurisdiction in relation to applications under section 115A of this Act (injunctions against carriage service providers providing access to online locations outside Australia).

131B Appeals

(1) Subject to subsection (2), a decision of a court of a State or Territory (however constituted) under this Part is final and conclusive.

(2) An appeal lies from a decision of a court of a State or Territory under this Part:

(a) to the Federal Court of Australia; or

(b) by special leave of the High Court, to the High Court.

131C Jurisdiction of Federal Court of Australia

Jurisdiction is conferred on the Federal Court of Australia with respect to actions under this Part.

131D Jurisdiction of Federal Circuit Court of Australia

Jurisdiction is conferred on the Federal Circuit Court of Australia with respect to civil actions under this Part (other than section 115A).

Division 5—Offences and summary proceedings

Subdivision A—Preliminary

132AA Definitions

In this Division:

article includes a reproduction or copy of a work or other subject‑matter, being a reproduction or copy in electronic form.

distribute, except in Subdivision E, includes distribute by way of communication.

place of public entertainment includes premises that are occupied principally for purposes other than public entertainment but are from time to time made available for hire for purposes of public entertainment.

profit does not include any advantage, benefit, or gain, that:

(a) is received by a person; and

(b) results from, or is associated with, the person’s private or domestic use of any copyright material.

132AB Geographical application

(1) Subdivisions B, C, D, E and F apply only to acts done in Australia.

(2) This section has effect despite section 14.1 (Standard geographical jurisdiction) of the Criminal Code.

Subdivision B—Substantial infringement on a commercial scale

132AC Commercial‑scale infringement prejudicing copyright owner

Indictable offence

(1) A person commits an offence if:

(a) the person engages in conduct; and

(b) the conduct results in one or more infringements of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter; and

(d) the infringement or infringements occur on a commercial scale.

(2) An offence against subsection (1) is punishable on conviction by a fine of not more than 550 penalty units or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both.

Note: A corporation may be fined up to 5 times the amount of the maximum fine (see subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914).

Summary offence

(3) A person commits an offence if:

(a) the person engages in conduct; and

(b) the conduct results in one or more infringements of the copyright in a work or other subject‑matter; and

(c) the infringement or infringements have a substantial prejudicial impact on the owner of the copyright and the person is negligent as to that fact; and

(d) the infringement or infringements occur on a commercial scale and the person is negligent as to that fact.

Penalty: 120 penalty units or imprisonment for 2 years, or both.

(4) An offence against subsection (3) is a summary offence, despite section 4G of the Crimes Act 1914.

Determining whether infringements occur on commercial scale

(5) In determining whether one or more infringements occur on a commercial scale for the purposes of paragraph (1)(d) or (3)(d), the following matters are to be taken into account:

(a) the volume and value of any articles that are infringing copies that constitute the infringement or infringements;

(b) any other relevant matter.

Defence relating to law enforcement and national security

(6) This section does not apply in respect of anything lawfully done for the purposes of law enforcement or national security by or on behalf of:

(a) the Commonwealth or a State or Territory; or

(b) an authority of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory.

Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (6) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

Defence for certain public institutions etc.

(7) This section does not apply in respect of anything lawfully done by the following in performing their functions:

(a) a library (other than a library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individual or individuals);

(b) a body mentioned in:

(i) paragraph (a) of the definition of archives in subsection 10(1); or

(ii) subsection 10(4);

(d) a public non‑commercial broadcaster, including:

(i) a body that provides a national broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992; and

(ii) a body that holds a community broadcasting licence within the meaning of that Act.

Note 1: A library that is owned by a person conducting a business for profit might not itself be conducted for profit (see section 18).

Note 2: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (7) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(8) This section does not apply in respect of anything lawfully done by a person in connection with a work or other subject‑matter if:

(a) the person has custody of the work or other subject‑matter under an arrangement referred to in section 64 of the Archives Act 1983; and

(b) under subsection (7), it would be lawful for the National Archives of Australia to do that thing.

Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (8) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

Subdivision C